語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter 3幻燈片

ChapterThreeMorphology語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter33.1ClassificationofWordsinEnglishWordsOpenclasswordsTheyarethecontentwordsofalanguage,likenouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs,sincewecanregularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses.ClosedclasswordsTheyarethegrammaticalorfunctionalwordslikeconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounssincenewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem.語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3Example:Oneexamplewecanthinkofisthat,withthegrowthofthefeministmovement,somepeoplehavesuggestedthatweuse“e”pronouncedliketheletteritself,asanewneutralthirdpersonsingularpronoun,neithermasculinenorfeminine,whichcouldbeusedasthegeneralform.Others,however,havepointedoutthat“they”and“their”arealreadybeingusedasaneutralthirdpersonsingular,asinthesentences:1)Anyonecanjointheclubiftheylike.2)Everyonecandotheirbest.“e”or“they”語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter33.2internalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformationABlikedislikeorderdisorderappeardisappearapprovedisapproveagreedisagreeadvantagesdisadvantagesentangledisentanglePleasefindoutthedifferencesandconnectionbetweenthetwocolumns.語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3ThewordsincolumnBallconsistofatleasttwomeaningfulunits:Dis+approveDis+appearDis+likeAnotherfactaboutEnglishwordsisthattheirinternalstructureissubjecttorules.DisorderlydisgracefulOrderlydisgracefuldisMorphologythusreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords.語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter33.3Morphemes語(yǔ)素Morphemeisthemostbasicelementofmeaningortheminimalunitsofmeaning.InEnglish,asinglewordmayconsistofoneormoremorphemes,e.g.OnedesireTwodesire+ableThreedesire+able+ityFourun+desire+able+ity語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3Theaboveexamplestelluswhilesomemorphemeslikedesireandgirlcanconstitutewordsbythemselves.Otherslike–ish,-ableareneverwordsbutalwayspartsofwords.Thusun–islikedis-,justoccurringbeforeothermorphemes.Suchmorphemesarecalledprefixes.Othermorphemesoccuronlyassuffixes.語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3Traditionally,theseprefixesandsuffixeshavebeencalledboundmorphemes,i.e.theycannotoccur“unattached”,asdistinctfromfreemorphemes,justlikegirlorboy.boundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.freemorphemesisonethatmayconstituteawordbyitself.語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3CommonprefixesandsuffixesinEnglish表示否定的前綴：

un-

unfair,unhappy

non-

nonsmoker,nonviolent

in-

inedible,inexact,invincible,

dis-

disloyal,discontent

表示相反的前綴：

un-

unbind,uncover

de-

decrease,deduct

dis-

discover,discourage

ir-

irregular,irrelevant,

counter-counterattack,counteract

表示錯(cuò)誤或失當(dāng)?shù)那熬Y：

mis-

misjudge,misdirect,mistake

mal-

maltreat,malpractice

pseudo-

pseudo-classic,pseudo-scientific,pseudonym

語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3表示向背的前綴：

pro-

pro-Chinese,pro-American

anti-

anti-war,anti-social

表示程度的前綴：

arch-

archbishop,arch-fascist

super-

supermarket,superluxury

ultra-ultra-leftist,ultraconservative,

over-

overeat,overdressed,overflow,overdue,overdose

under-

undercook,underfeed,underestimate

mini-

mini-car,mini-skirt

semi-

semiskilled,semi-steel

表示時(shí)間的前綴：

pre-

pre-school,pre-war

fore-

foretell,forewarn

post-

post-war,postgraduate

語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3表示方位的前綴：

sub-

subway,submarine

inter-

international,interdependent,intersection,interact,internet,

trans-

transatlantic,transfer,translate,transform

英語(yǔ)中只有三個(gè)前綴，就是be-,en-/em-,a-,并不改變?cè)~根的基本意義，而是引起詞性的變化，如：

be-

befriend,belittle,benumb,befool

en-

enslave,enable,enlarge,encourage,endanger，envision,enrich,enlist,

em-

embody,empower

a-

asleep,ablaze

語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3英語(yǔ)的后綴具有較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)法作用，加在詞根上構(gòu)成派生詞，并不改變?cè)~根的基本意義，而是改變了詞性。

動(dòng)詞變名詞：

-ation

exploration,simplification,conversation,celebration,civilization,cooperation,decoration,expectation,location,navigation,suggestion,consideration,declaration,invitation,

-ment

arrangement,movement,equipment,achievement,announcement,appointment,argument,improvement,commitment,statement,

-al

refusal,proposal,memorial,approval,survival,

-ee

trainee,employee

-er

trainer,employer,worker,teacher

-age

drainage,coverage,usage,encourage,package,voyage,

形容詞變成名詞：

-ness

happiness,meanness,awareness,

-ity

diversity,acceptability

-ism

nationalism,fanaticism,socialism,

-ist

loyalist,racialist

語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3名詞、形容詞變動(dòng)詞：

-ify

beautify,simplify

-ize

modernize,hospitalize

-en

quicken,widen,broaden,soften,

-ate

accelerate,celebrate,generate,originate,populate,alienate,communicate,coordinate,estimate,

形容詞變副詞-ly語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3-y

hairy,sandy

-ish

foolish,Turkish

-esque

picturesque,Dantesque

-some

burdensome,troublesome

-ous

poisonous,humorous,generous,luxurious,continuous,mountainous,prosperous,

-tive

effective,destructive,distinctive,executive,objective,

-al

commercial,continental,digital,economical,environmental,financial,functional,official,oriental,tidal,universal,ancestral,critical,educational,formal,historical,initial,individual,national,physical,

-able

comparable,compatible,remarkable,suitable,available,enjoyable,

-ful

hurtful,careful,cheerful,peaceful,powerful,successful,

-less

careless,名詞變形容詞：

語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3名詞、形容詞變動(dòng)詞：

-ify

beautify,simplify

-ize

modernize,hospitalize

-en

quicken,widen,broaden,soften,

-ate

accelerate,celebrate,generate,originate,populate,alienate,communicate,coordinate,estimate,

語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3TryyourbesttofindoutEnglishwordswhichhaverespectivelyone,two,three,four,fiveandsixmorphemes.Activity語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3ActivityBoyBoy+ishBoy+ish+nessGentle+man+li+nessUn+gentle+man+li+nessInter+nation+al+iz(e)+ationAnti+dis+establish+ment+arian+ism反對(duì)否定設(shè)立行為過(guò)程者主義反對(duì)教會(huì)與國(guó)家分開(kāi)學(xué)說(shuō)語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3DerivationalandinflectionalmorphemesfreeMorphemesderivationalboundinflectional語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3YoumayhavenotedthatinEnglish,thereareboundmorphemeswhichcanchangethegrammaticalclassorthemeaningofthewords,likeAlcohol+icAttract+iveLove+lyInter+nationUn+comfort+ableDis+able+ityTheseboundmorphemesarecalledderivationalmorphemes.(派生詞素)語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3Similarly,thereareboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,case,etc.Theyneverchangetheirgrammaticalclass,neveraddanylexicalmeaning,likeCup+sBranch+esWalk+edTheseboundmorphemesarecalledinflectionalmorphemes.(屈折詞素)語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter33.4compoundsfreeMorphemesderivationalboundfreeinflectional

derivationalwordscompoundsCompoundwordisthecombinationoftwoormorefreemorphemes/wordsintoonelexicalunit.語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3Arethefollowingwordscompoundsorderivationalwords?BittersweetInhabitaleUndecidedUndertakewithoutClearwaySincerityinseparableinput

語(yǔ)言學(xué)chapter3

somerulesofcompoundwordA)whenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompou