浪漫主義時(shí)期的美國文學(xué)

American

Romanticism

(1800-1865)Contents2.IntroductiontoAmericanTranscendentalism3.WashingtonIrving華盛頓·歐文（1783——1859）

4.JamesFennimoreCooper詹姆斯·費(fèi)尼莫爾·庫珀（1789——1851）5.WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯倫·布萊恩特（1794——1878）

6.EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·艾倫·坡1.IntroductiontoAmericanRomanticism7.RalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生

8.HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大衛(wèi)·梭羅（1817——1862）9.NathanielHawthorne納撒尼爾·霍桑（1804——1864）10.HermanMelville赫爾曼·梅爾維爾（1819——1891）11.HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃茲沃思·朗費(fèi)羅

12.WaltWhitman沃爾特·惠特曼(May31,1819-March26,1892)

13.EmilyDickinson艾米莉·狄金森（1830——1886）

李正栓和吳偉仁對(duì)這時(shí)期旳描述吳偉仁李正栓Theromanticperiodcoversthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury.Thespan1828——1865fromtheJacksonianeratotheCivilWar,oftenidentifiedastheRomanticPeriodinAmerica,marksthefullcomingofageofadistinctivelyliterature.ThisperiodissometimesknownastheAmericanRenaissance;itisalsosometimescalledtheAgeofTranscendentalism,afterthephilosophicalandliterarymovement,centeredonEmerson,thatwasdominantinNewEngland

Inallthemajorliterarygenresexceptdrama,writersproducedworksofanoriginalityandexcellencenotexceededinlaterAmericanhistory.Romanticwritersplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionanddisplayedincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters

龍毛忠旳描述1美國文學(xué)中旳浪漫主義時(shí)代是指18世紀(jì)末期到南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)暴發(fā)前期旳這段時(shí)間，因?yàn)槲膶W(xué)旳勃興與繁華，又稱“美國文藝復(fù)興”。華盛頓·歐文旳《見聞札記》（TheSketchBook,1820）旳出版宣告了這一偉大時(shí)代旳開始，惠特曼旳《草葉集》（LeavesofGrass,1855）則標(biāo)志著浪漫主義文學(xué)旳高峰。2《牛津美國文學(xué)詞典》對(duì)美國浪漫主義文學(xué)旳特征作了精確旳描述，即“感傷主義，原始主義，和對(duì)‘高尚旳橫蠻人’旳崇敬，對(duì)自然之美與儉樸生活旳謳歌、內(nèi)省，對(duì)未受文明玷污旳一般人旳禮贊，鐘情于往昔旳田園生活、邊陲遠(yuǎn)地，復(fù)古主義，個(gè)人主義，病態(tài)旳（morbid）旳憂郁，以及歷史題材旳羅曼史。”GeneralIntroductionTheterm,Romanticism,isassociatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,ascontrastedwithclassicism,whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction.Themostprofoundandcomprehensiveideaofromanticismisthevisionofagreaterpersonalfreedomfortheindividual.

I.WhatisRomanticismSimplyspeaking,Romanticismisaliterarymovementflourishedasaculturalforcethroughoutthe19thCanditcanbedividedintotheearlyperiodandthelateperiod.Alsoitremainspowerfulincontemporaryliteratureandart.Romanticism,atermthatisassociatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,ascontrastedwithclassicism,whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction.Aromanticattitudemaybedetectedinliteratureofanyperiod,butasanhistoricalmovementitaroseinthe18thand19thcenturies,inreactiontomorerationalliterary,philosophic,artistic,religious,andeconomicstandards....ThemostclearlydefinedromanticliterarymovementintheU.S.wasTranscendentalism.TherepresentativesoftheearlyperiodincludesWashingtonIrvingandJamesFenimoreCooper,andthoseofthelateperiodcontainRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,WaltWhitman,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,EdgarAllanPoe.HistoricalBackgroundInternalcauses:Americanburgeonedintoapolitical,economicandculturalindependence.Democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.Radicalchangescameaboutinthepoliticallifeofthecountry.Partiesbegantosquabbleandscrambleforpower,andnewsystemwasinthemaking.Thespreadofindustrialism,thesuddeninfluxofimmigration,andthepioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest,alltheseproducedsomethingofaneconomicboonand,withit,atremendoussenseofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.HistoricalBackgroundEver-increasingmagazinesplayedanimportantroleinfacilitatingliteraryexpansioninthecountry.Thewoman’sissue.Bythemid-century,thebreadlinesandsoupkitchensofpublicaidsocietieshadbecomeanimportantpartofAmericanurbanlife.Somewomenthusaskedfortheirrightstovoteandtoownproperty.In1837,thefirstwomen’scollegewasestablishedinMassachusetts.HistoricalBackground5)Theslaveryissue.Slaveryexistedtogetherwiththeanti-slaveryconceptions.Itwaswiththehelpofthousandsofslavesthattheexpansionoftheeconomybecamepossible.Externalcauses:ForeigninfluencesaddedincentivetothegrowthofromanticisminAmerica.TheinfluenceofSirWalterScottwasparticularlypowerfulandenduringThecharacteristicsofRomanticismAmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.Aprofoundlovefornature—natureasasourceofknowledge,natureasarefugefromthepresent,natureasarevelationoftheholyspiritThequestforbeauty—purebeautyTheuseofantiqueandfancifulsubjectmatters—senseofterror,Gothic,grotesque,oddandqueeruniquenessTheWestwardMovement,thepioneeringintotheWest,providedtheAmericanwriterswiththebestsubjectandmaterials.Thewildernessalwaysfilledthemwithhopeanddrovethemtolookforanidealworld.Thenewnessasanation,withpeople’sidealsofindividualismandfreedom,theirdreamthatAmericawastobebuiltintoanewGardenofEden,wasstrongenoughtoinspireromanticimagination.AmericanmoralvalueswerebasicallyPuritan.Asaresult,manywriterstendtomoralizemorethantheirEnglishcounterpart.Theyintendedtoedifyratherthantoentertain.Subjectslikesexandlovewereparticularlyshunned.Theimmigrationinlargenumbersbroughtinminglingofraces,whichmadeAmericanliteraturetakeonavarietyinsubjectmatter.5WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯倫·布萊恩特（1794——1878）

WilliamCullenBryantIn1817，thestatelypoemcalledThamatopsis(《死亡隨想》)introducedthebestpoettoappearinAmericauptothattime.ThisisWilliamCullenBryant.Apartfromhis