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登錄系統(tǒng)用戶投稿手冊UseofwordprocessingsoftwareItisimportantthatthefilebesavedinthenativeformatofthewordprocessorused.Thetextshouldbeinsingle-columnformat.Keepthelayoutofthetextassimpleaspossible.Mostformattingcodeswillberemovedandreplacedonprocessingthearticle.Inparticular,donotusethewordprocessor'soptionstojustifytextortohyphenatewords.However,douseboldface,italics,subscripts,superscriptsetc.Whenpreparingtables,ifyouareusingatablegrid,useonlyonegridforeachindividualtableandnotagridforeachrow.Ifnogridisused,usetabs,notspaces,toaligncolumns.Theelectronictextshouldbepreparedinawayverysimilartothatofconventionalmanuscripts(seealsotheGuidetoPublishingwithElsevier:Notethatsourcefilesoffigures,tablesandtextgraphicswillberequiredwhetherornotyouembedyourfiguresinthetext.SeealsothesectiononElectronicartwork.Toavoidunnecessaryerrorsyouarestronglyadvisedtousethespell-check'and'grammar-check'functionsofyourwordprocessor.ArticlestructureAuthorsshoulduseascientific/engineeringattitudetowardstheiranalyses.Thenumberscomputedshouldhavetheappropriatenumberofsignificantfigures.Pleasedonotusemoresignificantfiguresthantheobservationsallow.,formostsurveys2or3aresufficient).Decimalfractionsshouldhavealeadingzero,.ratherthan.001Authorsareencouragedtolookatthearticlesrecentlypublishedinthejournaltounderstandtheaimsofthejournal.Essentialtitlepageinformationandinformative.Titlesareoftenusedininformation-retrievalsystems.Avoidabbreviationsandformulaewherepossible.Authornamesandthefamilynamemaybeambiguous.,adoublename),pleaseindicatethisclearly.Presenttheauthors'affiliationaddresses(wheretheactualworkwasdone)belowthenames.Indicateallaffiliationswithalower-casesuperscriptletterimmediatelyaftertheauthor'snameandinfrontoftheappropriateaddress.Providethefullpostaladdressofeachaffiliation,includingthecountrynameand,ifavailable,thee-mailaddressofeachauthor.Correspondingindicatewhowillhandlecorrespondenceatallstagesofrefereeingandpublication,alsopost-publication.Ensurethattelephoneandfaxnumbers(withcountryandareacode)areprovidedinadditiontothee-mailaddressandthecompletepostaladdress.Contactdetailsmustbekeptuptodatebythecorrespondingauthor.Present/permanentanauthorhasmovedsincetheworkdescribedinthearticlewasdone,orwasvisitingatthetime,a'Presentaddress'(or'Permanentaddress')maybeindicatedasafootnotetothatauthor'sname.Theaddressatwhichtheauthoractuallydidtheworkmustberetainedasthemain,affiliationaddress.SuperscriptArabicnumeralsareusedforsuchfootnotes.AbstractAconciseandfactualabstractisrequired.Theabstractshouldstatebrieflythepurposeoftheresearch,theprincipalresultsandmajorconclusions.Anabstractisoftenpresentedseparatelyfromthearticle,soitmustbeabletostandalone.Forthisreason,Referencesshouldbeavoided,butifessential,thencitetheauthor(s)andyear(s).Also,non-standardoruncommonabbreviationsshouldbeavoided,butifessentialtheymustbedefinedattheirfirstmentionintheabstractitself.Theabstractshouldnotbemorethan100words.KeywordsThefirstpageofthemanuscriptshouldalsocontainashortlistofcarefullychosenkeywordsorcontentindicators.AcknowledgementsCollateacknowledgementsinaseparatesectionattheendofthearticlebeforethereferencesanddonot,therefore,includethemonthetitlepage,asafootnotetothetitleorotherwise.Listherethoseindividualswhoprovidedhelpduringtheresearch.,providinglanguagehelp,writingassistanceorproofreadingthearticle,etc.).ArtworkElectronicartworkGeneralpointsMakesureyouuseuniformletteringandsizingofyouroriginalartwork.字體和字號一致Savetextinillustrationsas'graphics'orenclosethefont.Onlyusethefollowingfontsinyourillustrations:Arial,Courier,Times,Symbol.插圖字體Numbertheillustrationsaccordingtotheirsequenceinthetext.插圖安先后順序排序Usealogicalnamingconventionforyourartworkfiles.Providecaptionstoillustrationsseparately.插圖說明Produceimagesneartothedesiredsizeoftheprintedversion.Submiteachfigureasaseparatefile.分別提交插圖Adetailedguideonelectronicartworkisavailableonourwebsite:Youareurgedtovisitthissite;someexcerptsfromthedetailedinformationaregivenhere.FormatsRegardlessoftheapplicationused,whenyourelectronicartworkisfinalised,please'saveas'orconverttheimagestooneofthefollowingformats(notetheresolutionrequirementsforlinedrawings,halftones,andline/halftonecombinationsgivenbelow):EPS:Vectordrawings.Embedthefontorsavethetextas'graphics'.TIFF:Colororgrayscalephotographs(halftones):alwaysuseaminimumof300dpi.TIFF:Bitmappedlinedrawings:useaminimumof1000dpi.TIFF:Combinationsbitmappedline/half-tone(colororgrayscale):aminimumof500dpiisrequired.IfyourelectronicartworkiscreatedinaMicrosoftOfficeapplication(Word,PowerPoint,Excel)thenpleasesupply'asis'.Pleasedonot:Supplyfilesthatareoptimisedforscreenuse.,GIF,BMPPICT,WPG);theresolutionistoolow;Supplyfilesthataretoolowinresolution;Submitgraphicsthataredisproportionatelylargeforthecontent.ColorartworkPleasemakesurethatartworkfilesareinanacceptableformat(TIFF,EPSorMSOfficefiles)andwiththecorrectresolution.If,togetherwithyouracceptedarticle,yousubmitusablecolorfiguresthenElsevierwillensure,atnoadditionalcharge,thatthesefigureswillappearincolorontheWeb.,ScienceDirectandothersites)regardlessofwhetherornottheseillustrationsarereproducedincolorintheprintedversion.Forcolorreproductioninprint,youwillreceiveinformationregardingthecostsfromElsevierafterreceiptofyouracceptedarticle.Pleaseindicateyourpreferenceforcolor:inprintorontheWebonly.Forfurtherinformationonthepreparationofelectronicartwork,pleaseseePleasenote:Becauseoftechnicalcomplicationswhichcanarisebyconvertingcolorfiguresto'grayscale'(fortheprintedversionshouldyounotoptforcolorinprint)pleasesubmitinadditionusableblackandwhiteversionsofallthecolorillustrations.FigurecaptionsEnsurethateachillustrationhasacaption.Supplycaptionsseparately,notattachedtothefigure.Acaptionshouldcompriseabrieftitle(notonthefigureitself)andadescriptionoftheillustration.Keeptextintheillustrationsthemselvestoaminimumbutexplainallsymbolsandabbreviationsused.TextgraphicsTextgraphicsmaybeembeddedinthetextattheappropriateposition.Further,high-resolutiongraphicsfilesmustbeprovidedseparatelywhetherornotthegraphicsareembedded.SeefurtherunderElectronicartwork.TablesNumbertablesconsecutivelyinaccordancewiththeirappearanceinthetext.Placefootnotestotablesbelowthetablebodyandindicatethemwithsuperscriptlowercaseletters.Avoidverticalrules.Besparingintheuseoftablesandensurethatthedatapresentedintablesdonotduplicateresultsdescribedelsewhereinthearticle.ReferencesCitationintextPleaseensurethateveryreferencecitedinthetextisalsopresentinthereferencelist(andviceversa).Anyreferencescitedintheabstractmustbegiveninfull.Unpublishedresultsandpersonalcommunicationsarenotrecommendedinthereferencelist,butmaybementionedinthetext.Ifthesereferencesareincludedinthereferencelisttheyshouldfollowthestandardreferencestyleofthejournalandshouldincludeasubstitutionofthepublicationdatewitheither'Unpublishedresults'or'Personalcommunication'.Citationofareferenceas'inpress'impliesthattheitemhasbeenacceptedforpublication.Citationstowellknownfacts,statisticalandpsychologicaldocuments,mathematicaltechniquesorarticlesmorethaneightyearsoldshould,ingeneral,beavoided.WebreferencesAsaminimum,thefullURLshouldbegivenandthedatewhenthereferencewaslastaccessed.Anyfurtherinformation,ifknown(DOI,authornames,dates,referencetoasourcepublication,etc.),shouldalsobegiven.Webreferencescanbelistedseparately.,afterthereferencelist)underadifferentheadingifdesired,orcanbeincludedinthereferencelist.Pleaseonlyrefertopeerreviewedarticles.ReferencesinaspecialissuePleaseensurethatthewords'thisissue'areaddedtoanyreferencesinthelist(andanycitationsinthetext)tootherarticlesinthesameSpecialIssue.ReferencemanagementsoftwareThisjournalhasstandardtemplatesavailableinkeyreferencemanagementpackagesEndNote(andReferenceManager(support/.Usingplug-instowordprocessingpackages,authorsonlyneedtoselecttheappropriatejournaltemplatewhenpreparingtheirarticleandthelistofreferencesandcitationstothesewillbeformattedaccordingtothejournalstylewhichisdescribedbelow.ReferencestyleText:Indicatereferencesbynumber(s)insquarebracketsinlinewiththetext.Theactualauthorscanbereferredto,butthereferencenumber(s)mustalwaysbegiven.Example:'asdemonstrated[3,6].BarnabyandJones[8]obtainedadifferentresult'List:Numberthereferences(numbersinsquarebrackets)inthelistintheorderinwhichtheyappearinthetext.Examples:Referencetoajournalpublication:J.vanderGeer,Hanraads,.Lupton,Theartofwritingascientificarticle,J.Sci.Commun.163(2010)51-59.Referencetoabook:W.StrunkJr.,.White,TheElementsofStyle,fourthed.,Longman,NewYork,2000.Referencetoachapterinaneditedbook:.Mettam,.Adams,Howtoprepareanelectronicversionofyourarticle,in:.Jones,.Smith(Eds.),IntroductiontotheElectronicAge,E-PublishingInc.,NewYork,2009,pp.281-304.JournalabbreviationssourceJournalnamesshouldbeabbreviatedaccordingtoIndexMedicusjournalabbreviations:小Listoftitlewordabbreviations:*CAS(ChemicalAbstractsService):小VideodataElsevieracceptsvideomaterialandanimationsequencestosupportandenhanceyourscientificresearch.Authorswhohavevideooranimationfilesthattheywishtosubmitwiththeirarticlearestronglyencouragedtoincludethesewithinthebodyofthearticle.Thiscanbedoneinthesamewayasafigureortablebyreferringtothevideooranimationcontentandnotinginthebodytextwhereitshouldbeplaced.Allsubmittedfilesshouldbeproperlylabeledsothattheydirectlyrelatetothevideofile'scontent.Inordertoensurethatyourvideooranimationmaterialisdirectlyusable,pleaseprovidethefilesinoneofourrecommendedfileformatswithapreferredmaximumsizeof50MB.VideoandanimationfilessuppliedwillbepublishedonlineintheelectronicversionofyourarticleinElsevierWebproducts,includingScienceDirect:□+Pleasesupply'stills'withyourfiles:youcanchooseanyframefromthevideooranimationormakeaseparateimage.Thesewillbeusedinsteadofstandardiconsandwillpersonalizethelinktoyourvideodata.FormoredetailedinstructionspleasevisitourvideoinstructionpagesatNote:sincevideoandanimationcannotbeembeddedintheprintversionofthejournal,pleaseprovidetextforboththeelectronicandtheprintversionfortheportionsofthearticlethatrefertothiscontent.SupplementarydataElsevieracceptselectronicsupplementarymaterialtosupportandenhanceyourscientificresearch.Supplementaryfilesoffertheauthoradditionalpossibilitiestopublishsupportingapplications,high-resolutionimages,backgrounddatasets,soundclipsandmore.SupplementaryfilessuppliedwillbepublishedonlinealongsidetheelectronicversionofyourarticleinElsevierWebproducts,includingScienceDirect:Inordertoensurethatyoursubmittedmaterialisdirectlyusable,pleaseprovidethedatainoneofourrecommendedfileformats.Authorsshouldsubmitthematerialinelectronicformattogetherwiththearticleandsupplyaconciseanddescriptivecaptionforeachfile.FormoredetailedinstructionspleasevisitourartworkinstructionpagesatSubmissionchecklistThefollowinglistwillbeusef