考研精讀筆記正式版

Coalintherichworld：Themixedfortunesofa①Otherdeveloeconomiesarejustaskeenoncoal,ifnotyetonsuchagrand這句話是第三段的段首句，是很自然的承上啟下句“justas”承“otherdeveloeconomies”同時啟“other的““ifnotyetonsuchagrandscale”則限定了這段話討論的側重。這個句子看似簡單，但很多學生未②Andatthemomentcoalisfallingfromfavourin讀者可能對“infavourof”比較熟悉，這句話中的“fallingfromfavour”是它的反義表達，類似的表達還有fashionNokiahaslongfallenoutoffashioninmanyItistruethatprintedbooksarefallingfromfavorforsomepeople,buttheyareunlikelytobecomple recedbyelectronicbooks.③ThisbodesillforAmerica’scoalThisisalreadythethirdquarteroftheyear,andthefiguresdonotbodewellforthesalesofthemultinationalfirm.Thefirstwinoftheleaguebodeswellforafruitful④CoalmaybedowninAmerica.Butitisnotyet這兩句話其實巧用了英文中的一個表達：downandout.這個詞的本意來自拳擊比賽，被擊倒的一方如果可以繼續(xù)比賽就只是“downdownandout“窮困潦倒，最著名的用法可能是?的小說《倫敦巴黎落魄記（英文名是DownandOutinParisandLondon）的書名。當然這個表達還有個靈活的變體：downbutnotout.顧名思義，雖然落魄但不至于到絕望的地①Indeveloeconomiescoal’sadvantages—beingcheapandwidelyavailable—aredeemedtooutweighthehealth)andonthenetasawhole(burningcoalproducescarbondioxide,themostimportantlong-livedgreenhousegas).【解析】本句主干是coal’sadvantages…aredeemedtooutweighthedamage，這是一個結構，主語部分是aredeemedtooutweighthedamage是主語補足語，thedamage之后直到句尾是省略了從屬連詞that的定語從句itinflictsbothonpeople…andonthenet…，修飾thedamage。在這個定語從句中，onpeople…和onthenet…是并列的兩個狀語，在第一個狀語中，neartheceswhereitisburned作定語，修飾people，而定語從句whereitisburned又修飾theces。在第二個狀語中，asawhole作狀語。兩②America’scoalbusiness,liketherestofthecountry’senergyindustry,hasbeenupendedbytheadventofshalegas,nowavailableinunforeseentiesatunforeseenprices.America’scoalbusinesshasbeenupended，其后是由by引導的狀語，表明了upend這一動作atunforeseenprices作定語，修飾shalegas。能源產(chǎn)業(yè)運。③AroundhalfofAmerica’sgas-firedcapacityismadeupofso-calledcombined-cyclegasturbines(CCGT)whichgeneratepowercomewhatmay(therestisusedin“peakers”whichgenerateonlywhenneeded).AroundhalfofAmerica’sgas-firedcapacityismadeupofso-calledcombined-cyclegasturbines，這仍是一個句，其后是由which引導的定語從句，修飾combined-cyclegasturbines，在定語從句④TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasalreadyproposedrestrictionsoncarbonemissionswhichwouldinpracticebannewcoal-firedntsafter2013unlessfittedwithcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)—atechnologyhasnotyetbeenmadetoworkonacommercialbasis,thoughfacilitiesnnedforCaliforniaandTexasmaychangethat.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasalreadyproposedrestrictionsoncarbonemissions，這是一個主謂賓結構，主語是TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency，謂語是hasalreadyproposed，賓語是restrictionsoncarbonemissionswhichrestrictionswhich定語從句中，其主干是一個主謂賓結構：whichwouldinpracticebannewcoal-firedntsafter2013，其后是一個讓步狀語從句unlessfittedwithcarboncaptureandstorageCCS)carboncaptureandstorage的同位語，在同位語中，though引導了一個讓步狀語從句，其中nnedforCaliforniaandTexas為過去分詞短語作定語，修facilities。①Combined-Inelectricpowergenerationacombinedcycleisanassemblyofheatenginesthatworkintandemfromthesamesourceofheatconvertingitintomechanicalenergywhichinturnusuallydriveselectricalgenerators.Theprincipleisthataftercompletingitscycle(inthefirstengine),thetemperatureoftheworkingfluidinthefirstheatengineisstillhighenoughthatasecondsubsequentheatenginemayextractenergyfromthewasteheatenergy)fromitBycombiningthesemultiplestreamsofworkuponasinglemechanicalshaftturninganelectricgenerator,theoverallnetefficiencyofthesystemmaybeincreasedby50–60Thatis,fromanoverallefficiencyofsay34%(inasinglecycletopossiblyanoverallefficiencyof51inamechanicalcombinationoftwocycles)innetCarnotthermodynamicefficiencyThiscanbedonebecauseheatenginesareonlyabletouseaportionoftheenergytheirfuelgenerates(usuallylessthan50Inanordinarynoncombinedcycleheatenginetheremainingheat(e.g.,hotexhaustfumes)fromcombustionisgenerallywasted.【FromWikipedia】②CleanAirTheCleanAirActisaUnitedStatesfederallawdesignedtocontrolairpollutiononanationallevel.ItisoneoftheUnitedStates'firstandmostinfluentialmodernenvironmentallaws,andoneofthemostcomprehensiveairqualitylawsintheworld.AswithmanyothermajorU.S.federalenvironmentalstatutes,itisadministeredbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),incoordinationwithstate,local,andtribalernments.Itsimplementingregulationsarecodifiedat40C.F.R.SubchapterC,Parts50-97.【FromWikipedia】③WyomingListeniisastateinthemountainregionofthewesternUnitedStates.Thestateisthetenthlargestbyarea,theleastpopulousandthesecondleastdenselypopulatedstateinthecountry.Themineral-extractionindustry—especiallycoal,oil,naturalgas,andtrona—alongwiththetravelandtourismsector,arethemaindriversbehindWyoming'sWyomingproduced395.5millionshorttons358.8millionmetrictons)ofcoalin2004greaterthananyotherstate.Wyomingpossessesareserveof68.7billiontons62.3billionmetrictons)ofcoal.MajorcoalareasincludethePowderRiverBasinandtheGreenRiverBasin.【FromWikipedia】Coalintherichworld：ThemixedfortunesofaWhyistheworld’smostharmfulfossilfuel1beingburnedlessinAmericaandmoreinEurope?ThefirstoftwostorieslooksatAmerica’scheapgasandnewrulesfossilfuelsuchascoaloroil,thatwasformedovermillionsofyearsfromtheremainsofanimalsornts礦物(如→fossil:theremainsofananimalorantwhich ehardandturnedintorock化e.g.fossilsovertenmillionyearsoldINAhigh-techworld,dirtyblacklumps2ofcoalmightseemlikeananachronism3.Yetcoalisfarfromathingofpast.past.Howeverwhizzy?youriPad,yourwall- evisionoryourelectriccar,thechancesarethatitpoweredbythestuff.Coal-firedpowerstationsprovidetwo-fifthsoftheworld’selectricity,andthereareevermoreofthem.Inthedoublingoftheworld’selectricityproductionoverthepastdecade,two-thirdsoftheincreasecamefromcoal.Attheserates,coalwillvie?withoilastheworld’slargestsourceofprimaryenergywithinfiveyears.Asrecentlyas2001,itwasnotmuchmorethanhalfasimportantasoil.apieceofsthhardorsolidusuallywithoutaparticularshape(通常為無定形的)e.g.alumpofcoalcheesewood一塊煤/奶酪/a,acustomoranideathatseemsold-fashionedanddoesnotbelongtothepresent過時的人(或風俗、思e.g.Themonarchyisseenbymanypeopleasananachronisminthemodernworld.很多人認為君主制在現(xiàn)代世havingfeaturesthatmakeuseofadvancedtechnologye.g.awhizzynewhandheldcomputer①熟詞生義，有“登上，爬上”之義，這里為~sth(on/onto/insth) tofixsthintopositiononsth,sothatyoucanuseit,lookatitorstudyit鑲嵌；安置e.g.Thespecimensweremountedonslides.e.g.Thediamondismountedingold.toorganizeandbeginsth【SYNe.g.tomounta/n/anexhibition發(fā)起/運動；舉辦展toincreasegraduallye.g.Pressureismountingontheernmenttochangethelaw.迫使修改法律的壓力不斷增加e.g.Thedeathtollcontinuestomount.人數(shù)持續(xù)增加tocompetestronglywithsbinordertoobtainorachievesth【SYNe.g.arowofrestaurantsvyingwitheachotherforbusinesse.g.Screamingfansviedtogetclosertotheiridol.尖聲喊叫的者爭先恐后地涌向他們的偶像ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofCoalisfarfromathingoftheexnationsofMainIdeasofP1:Coalisfarfromathingofthe biggestelectricityproducer.In2001,accordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency,aclubofrichcoaldemandwasabout600mtonnesofoilequivalent(25exajoules?).By ’scoaldemandhadarisefromtwo-thirdsoftheenergyAmericagetsfromoiltotwicethat’sdomesticcoalproducesmoreprimaryenergythanMiddleEasternoil①~yourthirsttodrinksothatyounolongerfeelthirsty緩和(口渴)；解(渴【SYN②tosatisfyadesire滿足(有“口渴”之義，可引申為~(for astrongdesireforsth渴望；渴【SYNe.g.athirstforknowledgeParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofThemainfactorhasbeentheunslakableforenergyinexnationsofMainIdeasofP2:ThemainfactorhasbeentheunslakablethirstforenergyinOtherOther economiesarejustaskeenoncoal,if1?notyetonsuchagrandscale.In ,producing watt11hoursofelectricityin2010took311mtonnesofoilequivalent,andthepowersector’scoaldemandgrowingataround6%ayear.TheIEA couldsurpassAmericaastheworld’ssecond-largestcoalconsumerbyusedtoadmitthatsthispossible,buttosaythatitisnotverye.g.Sowhatifhewaslate.Whocares?他就是了又怎么樣。誰在乎aunitofelectricalpowerequaltoamillionmegawatts電功率單位)太(拉)瓦,兆瓦①tothinksthorhaveanopinionaboutsth【SYNthink,assumebelieveguess,e.g.IreckonthatI'mgoingtogetthatjob.e.g.He'llbefamousonedayWhatdoyoureckondoyouagree總有一天,②tobegenerallyconsideredtobesth【SYNconsidere.g.Childrenarereckonedtobemoresophisticatednowadays.人們認為今天的孩子比過故③~sthat tocalculateanamountanumberetc.e.g.Theageoftheearthisreckonedatabout4600millionyears.估計地球的大約為46億年e.g.Theyreckonthattheirprofitsaredownbyatleast20%.20%ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofOtherdeveloeconomiesarejustaskeenexnationsofMainIdeasofP3:OtherdeveloeconomiesarejustaskeenonButifAmericanolongerdominatesthebusinessasitoncedid,whatishappeningtotheindustrythereisstillabletotrigger13changesfaraway.AndatthemomentcoalisfallingfromfavourinAmerica.tomakesthhappensuddenly【SYNsete.g.Nutscantriggeroffaviolentallergicreaction.e.g.totriggeranalarmParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofWhatishappeningtotheAmerican’sindustrystillabletotriggerchangesfarAtthemomentcoalisfallingfromfavourin承接S1，目前煤炭在的重MainIdeasofP4:AtthemomentcoalisfallingfromfavourinKingnoInIn economiescoal’sadvantages—beingcheapandwidelyavailable—aredeemed1?tooutweighthedamageitinflicts1?bothonpeoplenear ceswhereitisburned(burningitgivesoff1?particlesthatpeople’shealth)andon netasawhole(burningcoalproducescarbondioxide,themostimportantlived1?greenhousegas).Inrichcountriesyoumightexpectthecost-benefitbalancetotip1?theotherway,anduseusetobe .Butthingsarenotquitethatsimple.InAmericacoalisindeedbeingburnedlessandbutnotprincipallythanksto,ofwhichAmericahasrelativelylittle.MeanwhileinEurope,whichtoseeitselfasaworldleaderonclimate,theyareusingmoreandmoreofthetohaveaparticularopinionaboutsth【SYNe.g.Theeveningwasdeemedagreatsuccess.大家認為這次非常成功。e.g.Shedeemeditprudentnottosayanything.她認為什么都不說是明智的。tomakesb/sthsuffersthunpleasant使打擊；使吃苦e.g.Theyinflictedahumiliatingdefeatonthehometeam.e.g.Theysurveyedthedamageinflictedbythestorm.他們了暴風雨造成的損失16.giveIfsomethinggivesofforgivesoutagas,heat,orasmell,itproducesitandsendsitoutintotheair.釋放，放出，【SYNemitproducereleasesende.g.naturalgas,whichgivesofflesscarbondioxidethancoal...二氧化碳釋放量低于煤炭的天然氣havingalonglife;lastingforalongtime長的；長壽的；經(jīng)久耐用的；持久【SYNlong-lastingtipthebalance/toaffecttheresultofsthinonewayratherthananothere.g.Inaninterview,smartpresentationcantipthescalesinyourfavour.在面試中,的表現(xiàn)是一種有利的條件tomovesthintothisposition(使)傾斜,傾倒,【SYNe.g.Theboattippedtooneside.ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofIndeveloeconomiescoal’sadvantagesdeemedtooutweighthedamageitRichcountriesexpectthecost-benefitandcoalusetobedropThingsarenotquitethatexnationsofMainIdeasofP5:Thingsarenotquitethatgas,gas,nowavailableintiesatunforeseenprices.InApril2012thepricefellbelow$2perBritishthermal21units22,orBtus($7permegawatt23hour).Thishasmadegasincreasinglyattractivetopowercompanies,whichhavebeenswitchingawayfromcoalinincreasingnumbers.toturnsbsthupsidedowne.g.Thebicyclelayupendedinaditch.the~ofsth/sbthecomingofanimportantevent,,invention,etc.(重要、人物、發(fā)明等的)出現(xiàn),到e.g.theadventofnewtechnology①connectedwithheate.g.thermalenergy②(ofclothing衣服)designedtokeepyouwarmbypreventingheatfromescafromthebody保暖的；防寒e.g.thermalunderwear保暖afixedty,etc.thatisusedasastandardmeasurement單位；單e.g.aunitoftimelengthweight時間/長度/e.g.aunitofcurrencysuchastheeuroorthedollar貨幣單位,e.g.Womenareadvisednottodrinkmorethanfourteenunitsofalcoholperweek.建議婦女每周飲酒不超過十四aunitformeasuringelectricalpowersixmillionwatts兆瓦,百萬瓦特(電能計量單位ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofAmerica’scoalbusinesshasbeenupendedtheadventofshaleexnationsofMainIdeasofP6:America’scoalbusinesshasbeenupendedbytheadventofshaleAtitspeak,in1988,coalprovided60%ofAmerica’selectricity.Evenin2010,whentheshale-gasboomwaswellunderway2?,itstillaccountedfor42%.Bythemiddleof2012,though,gasandcoalwereroughlyneck-and-neck2?,eachwitharoundathirdofpowergeneration.underhavingstartede.g.PreparationsarewellunderwayforaweekofspecialeventsinMay.五月份特別活動周的準備工作已經(jīng)順利neckandlevelwithsbinaraceorcompetition(比賽中)勢均力敵,不分上下,ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofAtitspeak,in1988,coalprovided60%America’sEvenin2010coalstillaccountedforBythemiddleof2012,gasandcoalMainIdeasofP7:thechangesoftheproportionsofTherearetwoTherearetworeasonsforthinkingtheshiftfromcoalmaybelong-lasting.Oneisthatnewgasiscontinuingcomeonstream2?,andgettingcheapertoproduce.Thoughpriceshavestartedtorisefromtheirearlierbottom2?levels(theyarenow$3.43permBtu),itisunlikelytocostmorethancoalforagoodwhile.Anditwillfairly2?easytousemoregaswithouthavingtobuildnewpowerstations.AroundhalfofAmerica’sgas-capacityismadeupofso-calledcombined-cyclegasturbines2?(CCGT)whichgeneratepowercomewhat(therestisusedin“peakers”whichgenerateonlywhenneeded).Utilisation3?ratesinCCGTshaverisen,butstillonly50%;theycanusebe/comeontobeinoperationoravailablee.g.Thenewcomputersystemcomesonstreamnextmonth.thelowestpointorlevelthatispossiblee.g.Priceshitrockbottom.e.g.Themarriagehadreachedrockbottom.已經(jīng)走到了盡頭e.g.rock-bottompricesfairadv.tosomeextentbutnotverye.gafairlyeasybooke.g.Iknowhimfairlywell,butIwouldn'tsaywewerereallyclosefriends.我相當了解他,但并不是說我們是真正的e.g.Igojoggingfairlyregularly.amachineoranenginethatreceivesitspowerfromawheelthatisturnedbythepressureofwaterairorgas渦theactofusinge.g.Yetgrowthisstillmoreimportantforthestandardoflivingthanuntilisationofexistingcapasity.然而，對于生活ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofTherearetworeasonsforthinkingtheshiftcoalmaybelong-Oneisthatnewgasiscontinuingtocomestream,andgettingcheapertoexnationsofMainIdeasofP8:Therearetworeasonsforthinkingtheshiftfromcoalmaybelong-TheTheotherreasonwhycoal’sdeclineasafuelmaycontinueisthatgas ntsmeetenvironmentalmoreeasily.InthesecondObamaadministration31thesearelikelytostay ceorbeextended.Theindustry’slobbying32powerlooksweakerfollowingtheelection.MittRomney,whoregularlyattacked ’s“waroncoal”,haditsfullsupport,butthatsupportdidnotdeliver33himtheswing3?statesofand①theernmentofacountry,especiallytheUS(尤指)e.g.theBushadministratione.g.Successiveadministrationshavefailedtosolvethecountry'seconomicproblems.一屆又一屆均未能解②theactivitiesthataredoneinorderton,organizeandrunabusiness,schoolorotherinstitution(企業(yè)、學校e.g.IworkintheSalesAdministrationdepartment.e.g.universityadministrations③theprocessoractoforganizingthewaythatsthisdonee.g.theadministrationofjusticetotrytoinfluenceapoliticianortheernmentand,forexample,persuadethemtosupportoropposeachangeinthelaw(或):e.g.FarmerswilllobbyCongressforhighersubsidies.農(nóng)民將國會提高對農(nóng)業(yè)的補貼有“傳送，分娩”之義，還有①KEEPPROMISE履行諾言）~(onsth) todowhatyoupromisedtodoorwhatyouareexpectedtodo;toproduceorprovidewhatpeopleexpectyouto履行諾言；不負所望；兌現(xiàn)e.g.Ifyoucan'tdeliverimprovedsalesfigures,you'refired.如果你不能按照要求提高銷售額,②(GIVESPEECH)togiveaspeech,talk,etc.orotherofficialstatement；宣布；發(fā)布e.g.Sheisduetodeliveralectureongeneticengineering.根據(jù)安排她要作一個關于遺傳工程的。e.g.Thejuryfinallydelivereditsverdict.陪審團終于宣布了裁決。(HANGANDMOVE擺動)tomovebackwardsorforwardsorfromsidetosidewhilehangingfromafixedpointtomakesthdothis(使)擺動,搖擺,搖蕩e.g.Hisarmsswungashewalked.e.g.Hesatonthestool,swinginghislegs.ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofTheotherreasonisthatgasntsenvironmentalregulationsmoreexnationsofMainIdeasofP9:TheotherreasonisthatgasntsmeetenvironmentalregulationsmoreAsAsthingsstand, ntswillhavetocomplywith erningemissionsofmercuryandothernasties3?by2015.Courtchallengestofurtherrulestocontrolemissionsofsulphurdioxideandoxidesofnitrogenmaydelaythesenewstandards,butwillnotkillthem.Andenvironmentalrulespromulgated3?undertheCleanActActdonotrequirecongressionalapproval.Should3?MrObamadecidetomake byfiat3?,coalindustrywillfeelthecontainingpoison;poisonous的；引起e.g.toxicchemicals/fumes/gases/substances的化學品/煙霧/氣體/物e.g.todisposeoftoxicwaste處理廢verybadorunpleasante.g.Thiscoffeehasanastytaste.e.g.Decaffeinatedcoffeestillcontainssomestimulantsandothernastieslinkedwithcancr.脫的咖啡仍含有e.g.Aschooltechnicianpiratedanythingfromnastiestocomputergames.學校的一名技術人員做盜版，從黃→nasty:afilm/moviethatshowsoffensivescenesofand黃色片；電視toannounceanewlaworsystemofficiallyorpublicly宣布,頒布,發(fā)布(新法律或體制)有“應該，應當”之義，這里為usedtorefertoapossibleeventorsituation(表示可能)假如,萬一e.g.Shouldanyonecall(=ifanyonecalls),pleaselthemI'mbusy.如果有人打 anofficialordergivenbysbinauthority(當權者的)法令,命令,【SYN①Ifaorisfeelingthepinch,theydonothaveasmuchmoneyastheyusedto,andsotheycannotbuythethingstheywouldliketobuy.感到手頭拮據(jù)；感到囊中羞澀e.g.Consumersarespendinglessandtradersarefeelingthepinch.②Ifyouareinapinchyouareinadifficultsituation.身處困境；處境艱難Everyoneknewhewasinapinch.每個人都知道他境況艱難。ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofPowerntswillhavetocomplywitherningOnceMrObamadecidetomakeenvironmentalbyfiat,thecoalindustrywillfeeltheMainIdeasofP10:OnceMrObamadecidetomakeenvironmentalbyfiat,thecoalindustryfeeltheTheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasalreadyproposedrestrictionsoncarbonemissionswhichwouldpracticebanpracticebannewcoal- ntsafter2013unlessfitted?1withcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)—ahasnotyetbeenmadetoworkonacommercialbasis,though nnedforCaliforniaandTexaschangethat.EvenwithoutCCS,moderncoal-firedpower nts,thoughmoreefficientthantheoldonesofofgas- ntswiththesamecapacity.Agasfacilitycanalsobebuiltintwotofouryears,insteadoffoureight,givingutilitiesmoreflexibilitywhenaddingtoputorfixsthsomewhere安置,安裝(在某處)e.g.Theroomswereallfittedwithsmokealarms.所有的房間都安裝了煙霧器。ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofTheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyalreadyproposedrestrictionsoncarbon承接P10，環(huán)保局已提議對碳排Moderncoal-firedpowerntsareexpensivethanthoseusingoldMainIdeasofP11:TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasalreadyproposedrestrictionsonThisThisbodes?2illforAmerica’s nts.Thecombinationofcheapgasandexpensiveregulationmeansthatgigawatts?3ofcoal-firedpowercapacity—asixthofthetotal—couldbeshutdownby2017,accordingtoNavigant,aconsultancy.Othersputthefigurehigher.bodewell/ill(forsb/tobeagood/badsignforsb/sth(對/某事)是吉兆,【SYNe.g.Thesefiguresdonotbodewellforthe'sfuture.這些數(shù)據(jù)對于公司的前景不是個好兆頭(innouns;usedinunitsofmeasurement構成名詞,用于計量單位)吉(咖)e.g.gigahertze.g.gigawattsParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofThisbodesillforAmerica’scoalexnationsofMainIdeasofP12:ThisbodesillforAmerica’scoalThismeanstroubleforAmerica’scoalminers.Coalproductionislikelytohavefallenbyroughly100mtonnesin2012,comparedwith2011,oraround10%ofthetotal.Asurge??inexportssoftenedtheblow??:theyrosebyaquarterinthefirsthalfof2012,toaround66mtonnes.Theindustry’sinfrastructureisnotgeared??toexport—ithardhardtogetcoalfromWyomingontoshipsbound??—butifthatwereystsreckon,couldcouldreach200mtonnesayear.Inthe miningcompanieshavebeenclosingpits??,shedding??jobsSharepricessurged.n.~(in/ofsth)asuddenincreaseintheamountornumberofsth;alargeamountofsth(數(shù)量的)急劇上升,激增；大量；一大批e.g.asurgeinconsumerspendingsoften/cushionthetomakesththatisunpleasantseemlessunpleasantandeasiertoaccept→blow:asuddeneventwhichhasdamagingeffectsonsbsthcausingsadnessordisappointmente.g.Losinghisjobcameasaterribleblowtohim.失業(yè)給他造成了沉重的打擊。e.g.Itwasashatteringblowtoherpride.那事徹底摧毀了自尊心。vgearsthtotowardssthtomakechangeorpreparesthsothatitissuitableforaparticularpurpose使與…相適應；使適合于e.g.Thecoursehadbeengearedtowardsthespecificneedsofitsmembers.課程已作調(diào)整,以滿足學員的特別需beboundtotravelling,orreadytotravel,inaparticulardirectionortoaparticularce正旅行去(某地)；準備前往(某地)e.g.homewardboundgoinghome)e.g.aneboundforDublin開往都柏林的飛e.g.Paris-bounde.g.northboundsouthboundeastboundwestbound向北/向南/向東/toputrightsththatiswrong【SYNe.g.torectifyafaulte.g.Wemusttakestepstorectifythesituation.要采取措施整頓局面有“深洞，深坑”之義，可引申為①adeepholeinthegroundfromwhichmineralsaredugoute.g.achalkgravelpit白堊/②(MINE礦coalminee.g.pitclosures煤礦關閉之前學過，復下，togetridofsththatisnolongerwanted去除；擺e.g.Thefactoryissheddingalargenumberofjobs.e.g.aquickwaytoshedunwantedpounds(=extraweightorfatonyourbody)快速減肥的方法e.g.Museumshavebeentryinghardtoshedtheirstuffyimage.博物館一直努力改變自己沉悶的形象。tojointhingstogetherintoonetobejoinedintoone(使)結成一體,合并e.g.Thetencompaniesconsolidatedforgreaterefficiency.為提高效率,這兩家公司已合并。ParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofThismeanstroubleforAmerica’scoalexnationsofMainIdeasofP13:ThismeanstroubleforAmerica’scoalThedeclineofcoal,though,willbeprotracted?2.Coal-firedpowerstationsarebuilttolast—thecurrentlycurrentlyoperatingwasbuiltinthe1930s—sounlessnewthemtoclose,theywillberetiredBy2017orso,reckonsBrattleGroup,aconsultancy,coalusewillstabiliseagain,asgasdemandfinallymakesgaspricesdearer?3thancoal.CoalmaybedowninAmerica.Butitisnotyettracteddelaysdisputesnegotiations持久的延誤/爭論/【SYNprolongedexpensivecostingalotofmoneye.g.Everything'ssodearnowisn'tit?現(xiàn)在什么東西都那么貴,【OPPParagraphStructureoftheRelationsofThedeclineofcoalwillbeexnationsofCoalmaybedowninAmerica,butitisnotMainIdeasofP14:ThedeclineofcoalwillbeAsnaturalgas cescoal,U.S.utilitiesinvestbigintheOneofthelargestcompaniesthatownsutilitiesintheU.S.,Southern,announcedabigdealthisweekthathighlightsjusthowaggressivelypowerfirmsarelookingtoboosttheirnaturalgaspowerresourcesattheexpenseofthedecliningcoalindustry.OnMonday,Southern(so)saiditnstobuynatural-gasdistributorAGLResources(gas)for$8billionincash.Thedeal,whichisfor$12billionbutincludes$4billionindebt,offersAGLshareholdersa38%premiumoverAGL'sstockpricewhenthedealfirstclosed.Whencombined,thenew willbethesecondla