漢英翻譯教程期末考試溫習要點

.直譯法英譯按原文的字面翻譯,其比喻意義同原文一樣生動,譯文使讀者能很快聯(lián)想起英文中的對等成語.如:竭澤而漁todrainapondtocatchallthefish(相當于killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs)2)打草驚蛇tostirupthegrassandalertthesnake(相當于wakeasleepingdog)3)易如反掌tobeaseasyasturningoverone'shand(相當于aseasyasfallingoffalog)4)玩火自焚togetburntbythefirekindledbyoneself(相當于fryinone’sowngrease)5)掌上明珠apearlinthepalm(相當于theappleofone’seye)6)對牛撫琴toplaythelutetoacow (相當于castpearlsbeforeswine)7)緘舌閉口tokeepone’smouthclosedlikeabottle(相當于keepastilltongueinone’shead)8)雪中送炭tosendcharcoalinsnowyweather(相當于helpalamedogoverastile)9)畫蛇添足todrawasnakeandaddfeettoit (相當于paintthelily)很多漢語成語不必然有超級對等的英語成語,但它們的字面翻譯也能使譯文讀者取得正確無誤的形象意義.如:聲東擊西toshoutintheeastandstrikeinthewest刻骨銘心tobeengravedonone’sheartandbones3）井底之蛙tobelikeafrogatthebottomofawell4）調(diào)虎離山tolurethetigerfromthemountain5）口蜜腹劍tobehoney-mouthedanddagger-hearted2.意譯法如：手忙腳亂inafranticrush 立竿見影getinstantresults它雖難以保全成語的文化特色和具體形象，卻能簡練明快的反映出成語的喻義。1）粗枝大葉:withbigbranchesandlargeleavestobecrudeandcareless2）無孔不入totakeadvantageofeveryweaknesstogetintoeveryhole3）揚眉吐氣toraisetheeyebrowsandletoutabreathtofeelproudandelated）燈紅酒綠withredlightsandgreenwinedissipatedandluxurious5）大張旗鼓tomakeagreatarrayofflagsanddrumsonalargeandspectacularscale6）海闊天空（totalk）atrandomwithavastseaandaboundlesssky7）搖搖欲墜（ofasituation）beingunstablethewindandrainarerocking有一部份漢語成語帶著必然的中國文化背景,有的成語在字面上就含中國古代的人名,地名,有的出自寓言或歷史的典故.對這部份成語,字面翻譯是無法為外國讀者所接受的.如加上解釋性文字,就失去了成語精練的特點.咱們最好的辦法就是繞開其文化背景,直接譯出其真正的內(nèi)含義義.1）毛遂自薦tovolunteerone’sservice2）葉公好龍professedloveofwhatonereallyfears3)南柯一^夢afonddreamorillusoryjoy四面楚歌tobebesiegedonallsides錙銖必較tohaggleovereverypenny6)罄竹難書(ofcrime)toonumeroustomention初出茅廬atthebeginningofone’scareer傾國傾城tobeexceedinglybeautiful懸梁刺股tobeextremelyhard-workinginone’sstudy東施效顰crudeimitationwithludicrouseffect3.套譯法。指套用譯語中某個與漢語成語喻義相近的成語來進行翻譯的方式?？煞譃椋簝蓚€成語的字面意義和包含義義大體一致。如：赴湯蹈火gothroughfireandwater七顛八倒atsixesandsevens滴水穿石constantdrippingwearsawaythestone沒精打采inlowspirits雜亂無章outoforder英雄所見略同Greatmindsthinkalike.兩個成語的比喻形象有所不同，但比喻意義大體一致。如：小題大做makeamountainoutofamolehill洗心革面turnoveranewleaf過河拆橋kickdowntheladder乳臭未干bewetbehindtheears，格格不入belikesquarepegsinroundholes大發(fā)雷霆blowone,stop胡作非為throwone,sweightabout物以類聚Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.一文不名withoutapennytoone'sname弱不由風asweakaswater山窮水盡attheendofone'srope揚眉吐氣toholdone'sheadhigh3）漢語成語本來是翻譯的產(chǎn)物，因此可直接以英語成語回譯之。如：君子協(xié)定agentleman,sagreement滾石不生苔Arollingstonegathersnomoss.吠犬不咬人Abarkingdogneverbites.火中取栗pullthechestnutsoutofthefire.加注法。它是在譯文中添加讀者理解成語所需的文化信息和背景知識，其特點在于既能保留成語的比喻形象和文化包含，又能確保譯文容易為譯語讀者所理解接受。.增譯法。指在譯文中直接增補理解成語所需的相關(guān)信息。總而言之翻譯漢語成語時為了保留原文形象能直譯則盡可能直譯即按字面翻譯；不能直譯時咱們也不能因詞害義可以翻譯其實際意義；如能在英文中找到意義完全對等的成語咱們也可采用這種套譯法。一般來講正規(guī)文體中漢語成語多采用形象的逐字翻譯；非正規(guī)文體中多采用簡練的大意翻譯。.6.2四字格的翻譯策略四字格又稱四字結(jié)構(gòu)，是漢語的一種獨特的辭匯現(xiàn)象。它是由四個漢字組成的詞語。其詞語內(nèi)部的組合關(guān)系也相對穩(wěn)定。四字格包括漢語中所有四個字組成的詞語結(jié)構(gòu)，也就包括了四字成語。雖然成語也有三字成語和多字成語，但大多數(shù)成語是四字結(jié)構(gòu)，因此四字格和成語的翻譯方式有很多一路的地方。但值得注意的是，有很多四字結(jié)構(gòu)或前后兩部份意義重復，或前后兩部份只具有整體意義。翻譯時只需譯出一個意義或整體意義，以避免譯文累贅。如生動活潑lively輝煌燦爛brilliant植樹造林afforestation繁榮強盛prosperous豐功偉績greatachievements風調(diào)雨順goodweatherforthecrops聲嘶力竭oshoutoneselfhoarse心灰意懶tofeeldisheartened雞皮疙瘩goose-flesh海枯石爛asoldasthehills總之，四字格的翻譯是靈活多樣的，既要照顧形式，也沒必要拘泥于形式。但也不能完全不顧形式造成濫譯和誤譯，必需以語義相符、功能相似為客觀標準，盡可能使譯文自然、貼切，可讀性強。如以下四字格及供參考譯文：質(zhì)地優(yōu)良tobeexcellentinquality/withsuperiorquality品種齊全incompleterangeofarticles選料考究choicematerial做工精細fineworkmanship色澤鮮明bright-colored貨到付款paymentagainstarrival名牌產(chǎn)品namebrandproduct馳譽中外tobepopularbothathomeandabroad久負盛名withalongstandingreputation名垂青史willberememberedthroughouttheage名垂青史togodowninhistory眾所周知obewidelyknown冒充產(chǎn)品fakegoods偽劣產(chǎn)品low-qualitygoods歡迎訂購orderwelcome投資熱點investmenthotspot敬請光臨You'reinvitedtocome.工業(yè)園區(qū)industrialPark經(jīng)濟特區(qū)specialeconomiczone土地租賃landlease國有資產(chǎn)stateassets無形資產(chǎn)intangibleassets物價指數(shù)price-riseindex開拓進取toworkhardwithapioneeringspirit德才兼?zhèn)鋡ithbothprofessionalabilityandpoliticalintegrity公平競爭faircompetition國家機關(guān)stateagency懲處腐敗tocombatcorruption暫行條例interimregulations合法權(quán)益lawfulrightandinterest長治久安tomaintainlong-termstability諺語的翻譯（-）直譯方式，把原文的內(nèi)容，形式和精神都輸入到譯文中去，盡力減少翻譯中的損失。1）明槍易躲，暗箭難防Itiseasytododgeaspearintheopen,buthardtoguardagainstanarrowshotfromhiding.2）城門失火，殃及池魚afireoncitywallbringsdisastertothefishinthemoat.3）路謠知馬力舊久見人心.Asalongroadtestsahorse,sstrength,soalongtaskprovesaperson'sheart4）初生牛犢不怕虎.New-borncalvesmakelittleoftigers.5)落井下石Hitamanwhenheisdown.6)天下烏鴉一般黑Allcrowsareequallyblack.7)秀才不出門，全知天下事。Withoutsteppingoutsidehisgate,thescholarknowsallthewideworld’saffairs.意譯世人拾柴火焰高Manyhandsmakelightwork.此地無銀三百兩.a.Aguiltypersongiveshimselfawaybyconspicuouslyprotestinghisinnocence.b.no300taelsofsilverburiedhere.君子一言，駟馬難追Awordspokenispastrecalling生靈涂炭plungethepeopleintomiseryandsuffering套譯：一方面可使譯文加倍通順；另一方面更易為譯文讀者理解和接受.1)三思而后行.Lookbeforeyouleap.(直譯:thinkthriceandthendoit.)愛屋及烏Loveme,lovemydog.3)心有余而力不足Thespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweak.4)貓哭老鼠toshedcrocodiletears.5)笨鳥先飛Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.新官上任三把火Anewbroomsweepsclean.7)人靠衣裳馬靠鞍Atailormakestheman.8)一朝被蛇咬十年怕井繩Aburntchilddreadsthefire.大伯笑呵呵地對我說:“咱們北方人都喜歡睡炕,你也將就點吧.俗語說:“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗嘛.Unclesaidtomesmilingly,“wenorthernersliketosleeponourkangs.You’llhavetoputupwithit.Astheproverbgoes,DoastheRomansdo.”“謀事在人，成事在天”，咱們謀到了，靠菩薩的保佑，有些機緣，也未可知。（《紅樓夢》第六回）Manproposes,Goddisposes.Workoutaplan,trusttoBuddha,andsomethingmaycomeoutofitforallyouknow.3.6.3慣用語的翻譯（一）.慣用語的直譯1）連根拔tearupbytheroots2）走后門getinbythebackdoor3）走下坡路godownhill4）一窩蜂likeaswarmofbees5）及時雨timelyrain6）九牛二虎之力thestrengthofninebullsandtwotigers7）病急亂投醫(yī)turntoanydoctoronecanfindwhencriticallyill.（二）部份直譯的慣用語.（除直譯外,需加譯）.例:1）卷鋪蓋packupandquit2）飽眼福feastone’seyesonsth.3）咬耳朵whisperinsb’sear4）扇陰風,點磷火fanthewindsofevilandspreadthefiresofturmoil（三）慣用語的意譯.1）外行人amanoutsidethegatetalayman2）小廣播asmallbroadcaststationtspreadingofhearsayinformation風涼話coldwordstirresponsibleandsarcasticremarks扣帽子putacaponsb.tputalabelonsb.5）尋短見lookforashortviewtcommitsuicide或takeone,sownlife有些習慣用語有很濃的中國文化色彩,有的含有中國歷史典故或古代人名,有的涉及中國地名或宗教,若依照字面直譯,會讓英美讀者感到十分費解.如:賠了夫人又折