2010年全國(guó)入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題及參

2010 入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（一）試Section Useof[B]，[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsataephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornentnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting1workers’productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect,”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomeninthent．Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7sometingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers'behavior10Afterseveraldecades，thesamedatawere toeconometric ysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshadanothersurprisein thedescriptionsonrecord，nowasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinItturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledinterpretationsofwhathappened．15，lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before20ateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown.1.[A].6.7.[A]asfar[B]forfear[C]incase[D]solong1.12.[A]Contrary[B]Consistent[C]Parallel[D]Peculiar13.14.15.[A]In[B]For[C]In[D]As16.17.18.[A][B][C][D]19.20.SectionⅡReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts．Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]．MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1．(40points)TextOfallthechangesthathavetakenceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.theturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar2,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness.andeventhosereviewswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnest ,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorli rygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinournalism,wrote,"thatIamtemptedtodefine"journalism"as"atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswho y,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheMancheGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaythegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2Aartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-cityBEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsChigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofDyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismonNewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWar2werecharacterizedABcasualCelaborateDradicalWhichofthefollowingwouldShawandmostprobablyagreeAItiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticBItiscontemptibleforwriterstobeCWritersarelikelytobetemptedintoDNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticWhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoAHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreadersBHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeeninCHisstylecaterslargelytomodernDHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurWhatwouldbethebesttitlefortheANewspapersoftheGoodOldBTheLostHorizoninCMournfulDeclineofDProminentCriticsinTextnOverthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusi receivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlnprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.OneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingaNowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasinlectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face;becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfiarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sreconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patienttrendatthesupremecourt”,saysHaroleC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratJorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecausetheirlimitedvaluetotheirconnectionwithassetthepossiblerestrictionontheirthecontroversyoverWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskiItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtItinvolvesaverybigbusinessIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheTheword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablylossofgoodincreaseofchangeofenhancementofWelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodareimmunetolegalareoftenunnecessarilylowertheesteemforpatentincreasetheincidenceofWhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectoftheAloomingthreattobusiness-methodProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodTextInhisbookTheTipPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texinhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexinthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelowhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.havefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinteral,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinctwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho,accordingtotheownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyothersattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworktwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofwon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanyBuildingonthebasictruthaboutinteralinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe.BycitingthebookTheTipPoint,theauthorintends[A]yzetheconsequencesofsocial[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowservesasasolutiontomarketingproblems[B]hashelpedexincertainprevalenttrends[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvaliditywhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocial allinkscanbeenhancedthroughtheinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthemostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaTheunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheonesstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofareinfluencedandtheninfluenceareinfluencedbytheinitialwhatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialTheeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersTextmBankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks, dthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemUnfortunay,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmore domtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheir estatement.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppoli ycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallnning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong. commissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.theyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewntobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.ButbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreBankerscominedthattheyweredfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultthediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem[C]thebanks’long-termassetlosses[D]theweakeningofitsindependenceAccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptkeepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongnet”inthatmisinterpretedmarketpriceindicators[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisonePartForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkincesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriedmerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstojustthekindofmarketretailers[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket? ynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,changewillultima ybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternaticonsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakeAllinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hos,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe’sretailwholesalemarkets,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,marginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains. →EPartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10Points)Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.oWhenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit,weinventdisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectinsectswouldeatusupofbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.TheevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertoItisharmfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointpfadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresencepfabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpre