2022年四川省廣安市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總（含答案）

2022年四川省廣安市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總（含答案）學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.Whatshouldpeopledoduringthewarming-upexerciseforrunning?

A.Trytorunatabreathlessspeed.

B.Increasethepaceinagradualway.

C.Keeptalkingwiththeircompanions.

D.Warmupthemusclesbystretching.

2.

Theengineformaglevtrainsisusedtopulltraincarsalongsteeltracks.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.ABriefHistoryofAmericanAnti-SmokingCampaigns

TheFirstAnti-SmokingTreatise

TobaccoisanativeAmericanplantthatwasfirstusedasasmokingsubstanceinthereligiousceremoniesofIndianmedicinemenincoastalregionsofNorthandSouthAmerica.ItsusehadbecomewidespreadinEuropebythelate1500s,butwasnotwellreceivedbyall.KingJamesIofEnglandpublishedwhatmaybeconsideredthefirstanti-smokingtreatisein1604,whichdescribedtobaccosmokingas"acustomloathsometotheeye,hatefultothenose,harmfultothebrain,dangeroustothelungs".

DespiteKingJames'effort,tobaccouse,intheform.ofsnuffdippingandpipesmokingspreadinEnglandandthenquicklythroughouttheworld.TheEnglishcolonialcompanies,workingagainstthewishesoftheroyalfamily,promotedtheuseoftobacco.TobaccobecameaprofitableexportforthenewlyformedAmericancolonies.

Itwasnotuntilthe20thcenturythatlargenumbersofpeoplebegantousetobaccoinamuchmoredeadlyform.cigarette.Cancersofthemouth,lips,throatandnosehadalreadybeenlinkedwiththeuseofsnuff,cigarsandpipesbyafewastute(敏銳的)physicians.Withthedevelopmentoftheblendedcigarette,smokershadthe"advantage"ofbeingabletoinhalesmokeintotheirlungs,moreefficientlyexposingtheentirebodytomanyoftobacco'sharmfulsubstances.Theepidemicofcigarette-relateddiseasessoonfollowed.

TheGreatCigaretteAdvertisingCampaign

Before1915,cigaretteswerenotparticularlypopular.However,beginninginWorldWarⅠcigarettesalesrosesharply,boostedbydistributiontosoldiersandsailors,theinventionofmatchpacksandanunprecedentedpostwarcigaretteadvertisingcampaign.

Duringthewar,GeneralJohnJ.Pershingstated"youaskmewhatweneedtowinthiswar...Ianswertobaccoasmuchasbullets."CigarettesweresentoverseastoAmericantroops.Theyweresomuchmoreconvenienttosmokeinthetrenchesthanpipesorcigars.Millionsofsoldiersthustookupcigarettesmokingduringthewarandcontinuedtheirhabitoncetheyreturnedhome.

Thegreat20thcenturycigaretteadvertisingcampaignbeganrightafterWorldWarI,capitalizingonthepatriotismthataccompaniedthewareffort.Theadsoftenfeaturedtestimonials(證明)bymoviestars,athletesandevendoctors,whowentsofarastosuggestthatgoodhealthandgoodlooksweretherewardsofsmoking.Somecigarettemanufacturersmadeparticularlyboldhealthclaimsfortheirproducts,advertisingthattheirbrandcouldsteadythenervesorevenpreventsmoker'scough.

Theadvertisingcampaignsweresoeffectivethatby1939,aFortunemagazinesurveyshowedthat53percentofalladultAmericanmensmokedcigarettes(asdid66percentofthoseunder40).

Thewidespreaduseofcigarettesamongwomenlaggedsome25to30yearsbehindthatofmen.AlthoughafewdatingwomenhadsmokedcigarettesevenbeforeWorldWarI,womendidnottakeupsmokinginlargenumbersuntilthe1940s.DuringWorldWarⅡ,cigaretteswereagainsenttreetoAmericanmilitary.Athome,cigaretteadvertisingwastargetedatfemales,whohadtakenovertraditionalmalejobs.

FirstClues

Unknowntothesmokingpublic,animpressiveamountofspeculation--andsomehardscientificevidence--whichlinkedsmokingwithdiseasehademergedbetween1920and1940.Tobaccocompanieschosetoignorethisevidenceandcontinuedtopromotecigarettesheavily.

Bytoday'sstandards,themedicalevidencegatheredagainstcigarettesby1940wouldhavebeenenoughtostimulateathoroughinvestigationofthematterandtheextensivecoverageinthepopularpress.Unfortunately,thiswasnotthecaseatthetime.

Fewpeoplewereawareoftheevidence,andthosew

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

Youshouldprepareforyourcomputerdisasters______.

5.Howdoyoucreateasenseofpeacetoreleasethestressaccordingtothepassage?

A.BywatchingTV.

B.Bygoingshopping.

C.Bytalkingwithfriends.

D.Bylisteningtobeautifulmusic.

6.WhyMenandWomenCan'tCommunicate

—byDeborahTannen

Amanandawomanwereseatedinacarthathadbeencirclingthesameareaforahalfhour.Thewomanwassaying,"Whydon'twejustasksomeone?"Themanwassaying,notforthefirsttime,"I'msureit'saroundheresomewhere.I'lljusttrythisstreet."

Whyaresomanymenreluctanttoaskdirections?Whyaren'twomen?Andwhycan'twomenunderstandwhymendon'twanttoask?Theexplanation,forthisandforcountlessminorandmajorfrustrationsthatwomenandmenencounterwhentheytalktoeachother,liesinthedifferentwaysthattheyuselanguage—differencesthatbeginwithhowgirlsandboysuselanguageaschildren,growingupindifferentworlds.

Anthropologists,sociologistsandpsychologistshavefoundthatlittlegirlsplayinsmallgroupsorinpairs;theyhaveabestfriend,withwhomtheyspendalotoftimetalking.It'sthetellingofsecretsthatmakesthembestfriends.Theylearntouselanguagetonegotiateintimacy—tomakeconnectionsandfeelclosetoeachother.

Boys,ontheotherhand,tendtoplaycompetitivegamesinlargergroups,whicharehierarchical.High-statusboysgiveorders,andlow-statusboysarepushedaround.Soboyslearntouselanguagetopreserveindependenceandnegotiatetheirstatus,tryingtoholdcenterstage,challengeandresistchallenges,displayknowledgeandverbalskill.

Thesedivergent(有分歧的)assumptionsaboutthepurposeoflanguagepersistintoadulthood,wheretheylieinwaitbehindcross-genderconversations,readytoleapoutandcausepuzzlementorgrief.Inthecaseofaskingfordirections,thesameinterchangeisexperienceddifferentlybywomenandmen.Fromawoman'sperspective,youaskforhelp,yougetit,andyougettowhereyou'regoing.Afleetingconnectionismadewithastranger,whichisfundamentallypleasant.Butamanisawarethatbyadmittingignoranceandaskingforinformation,hepositionshimselfone-downtosomeoneelse.Farfrompleasant,thisishumiliating.Soitmakessenseforhimtopreservehisindependenceandself-esteematthecostofalittleextratraveltime.

Hereisanotherscenefromthedramaofthedifferencesinmen'sandwomen'swaysoftalking.Awomanandamanreturnhomefromwork.Shetellseverythingthathappenedduringtheday:whatshedid,whomshemet,whattheysaid,whatthatmadeherthink.Thensheturnstohimandasks,"Howwasyourday?"Hesays,"Sameoldratrace."Shefeelslockedout:"Youdon'ttellmeanything."Heprotests,"Nothinghappenedatwork."Theyhavedifferentassumptionsaboutwhat's"anything"totell.Toher,tellinglife'sdailyeventsandimpressionsmeansshe'snotaloneintheworld.Suchtalkistheessenceofintimacy—evidencethatsheandherpartnerarebestfriends.Sinceheneverspenttimetalkinginthiswaywithhisfriends,bestorotherwise,hedoesn'texpectit,doesn'tknowhowtodoit,anddoesn'tmissitwhenitisn'tthere.

Another'sourceofmutualfrustrationisthedifferenceinwomen'sandmen'sassumptionsabout"troublestalk."Shebeginstotalkaboutaproblem;heoffersasolution;shedismissesit,withpique(賭氣).Hefeelsfrustrated:"Shecomplains,butshedoesn'twanttodoanythingtosolveherproblems."Indeed,whatshewantstodoaboutitistalk.Sheisfrustratedbecausehissolutioncutsshortthediscussion,andimpliessheshouldn'tbewastingtimetalkingaboutit.

Thefemalesearchforconnectionandthemaleconcernwithhierarchyisevidenthere,too.Whenawomantellsanotherwomanaboutaproblem,herfriendtypicallyexplorestheproblem("Andth

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

Ifyourcompanysharesthesameofficebuildingwithsomeverylargebusinesses,makesure______.

8.

Inordertocomprehensivelyreflectthestateofeconomy,wemustresearchdeeplytoenhanceandimprove______.

A.scenarioanalysisandstresstesting

B.riskmanagementassumptions

C.predictiononfinancialrisk

D.multiplestandarddeviationevents

9.

ThepopularityofGrandTheftAuto3willstimulateproducerstoinvestmoreviolentvideogamesbecausetheyare______.

10.

Ifyoubuyanewhybrid,youcan______fromthefederalgovernment.

11.

Thequestionaboutsatisfactionwithpayandbenefitsisnotincludedinthe12questionsbecauseifsimportanttoallemployees,whether______ornot.

12.

IntheUnitedStatesinfluenzaisoneofthetenprinciplecausesofdeath.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.Accordingtothepassage,whataspectistheresponsibilityrevolutionmainlyconcernedwith?

A.Thechangeofthemindofconsumerstospendcautiously.

B.Theeffortofthecompaniestobeenvironmental.

C.Theeffortofthecompaniestobesustainable.

D.Thebehavior.ofthecitizentospendresponsibly.

14.Whatissaidabout"FutureSelf'inthepassage?

A.It'sharmfulanddrivespeopletobeunrealisticaboutthemselves.

B.Itisatherapyusedwidelytocuredepressioncausedbyjobloss.

C.Itcanmakepeoplehaveapositiveattitudetowardtheirfuture.

D.Itisakindofimaginationwhichcanberealizedwithefforts.

15.

Takinginterestsintoaccount,itisillogicalthatfree-tradersgivebribestoprotectionistvia______.

16.Vioxxshowednoconnectiontoheartproblemsinitsclinicaltrial.

17.

Animalscannotsurvivesomecatastrophiceventssuchasstarvation,disease,orcompetitionfromotherspecies.

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

OnthewaytoLochLomond,touristscanseelocalanimalslike______.

A.ordinarycattle

B.activegoats

C.recklesscattle

D.black-facedsheep

19.

Comparedwithothermajorindustrializedcountries,theUnitedStatesdependsmoreheavilyonoilimport.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.Inordertosaveresources,sustainablecommunitiesencouragepeopleto______.

A.usetelecommutingmethodstocontactfriends

B.cookathomeinsteadofoutsidetoavoidairpollution

C.integratethefunctionofworkingandlivingfortheirhome

D.forbiddrivingwithinthesustainablecommunities

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B9】

22.(34)

A.Readatextslowly.

B.Readwithoutthinkinghard.

C.Interpretatextintheirownway.

D.Concentrateonthemeaningofwordsonly.

23.聽力原文：M:Howareyourviolinlessonsgoing?

W:Verywell.MyteacherthinksI'mmakingprogress,andIfindthelessonswellworththetimeandtrouble.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanthinkofherviolinlessons?

(17)

A.Theycostherlotsofmoney.

B.Theyareveryrewarding.

C.Theyareveryeasytolearn.

D.Theyaregivenbyastrictteacher.

24.

【B8】

25.

【B2】

26.(32)

A.HecanstaywithhisrelativesintheUS.

B.Hecanplayhide-and-seekwithAmericanboys.

C.Hemusthaveatemporaryhomeandgotoschool.

D.HeshouldbesentbacktoCuba.

27.(36)

A.Professionalknowledgeisadecisivefactorinajobinterview.

B.Findingajobismoredifficultthanonecanimagine.

C.Self-confidenceismoreimportantforajobseeker.

D.Ajobseekershouldcreateagoodimageduringaninterview.

28.(35)

A.Catsareveryparticularaboutplacesforrest.

B.Catsareprettygoodatlookingafterthemselves,

C.Catslikeroamingaboutandsleepingwherevertheylike.

D.Catsrequirespecialcarefromtheirmasters.

29.【B2】

30.聽力原文：M:Hi,Janet.Youaresoluckytobedonewithyourfinalexamsandtestpapers.

W:Istillhave2morefinalexamstotake.

M:Really?

W:Yeah.Whatareyoudoingthissummer?Anythingspecial?

M:Well,actuallyyes.MyparentshavealwayslikedtakingmysisterandmetodifferentplacesintheUnitedStates,youknow,placeswithhistoricalsignificance.

W:Iguesstheywantedtoreinforcethestuffyoulearnedinschoolabouthistory.

M:Maybe.Andsoeventhoughweareoldernow,theystilldoitonceinawhile.

W:Oh,sowhereareyougoingthissummer?

M:Well,thissummerit'sfinallygoingtobeGettysburg.

W:Finally?Youmeantheynevertookyouyet?ImeanGettysburg.It'sprobablythemostfamousCivilWarsiteinthiscountry.andit'sonlyacoupleofhoursaway.Ithinkthatwouldbeoneofthefirstplacesthey'vetakenyouto.Ihavebeenthereacoupleoftimes.

M:Weweregoingtogothereaboutten…well,no,itwasexactlytenyearsago,butsomethinghappened.Icannotrememberthat.

W:Somethingchangedyourplans?

M:Yeah,don'taskmewhatitwas,butweendedupnotgoinganywherethatyear.Ihopethatdoesn'thappenagainthisyear.

(20)

A.TotakepartinanEnglishSummerCamp.

B.TotravelaroundthewholeEurope.

C.Toteachthestudentsinpoorareas.

D.TovisittheplaceswithhistoricalsignificanceinAmerica.

31.

【B10】

32.(22)

A.Janet.

B.Chris.

C.Herhusband.

D.Themanwhocalledherintheevening.

33.(26)

A.Inadequatemedicalcare.

B.Continuingsocialunrest.

C.Lackoffood,waterandshelter.

D.Rapidspreadingoftheepidemic.

34.(47)

35.【B5】

36.(21)

A.Whenyou'realwaysjustabouttodosomething.

B.Whenyou'vejustmovedfromthishousetothathouse.

C.Whenyouactuallygetintoasituation.

D.Whenthecircumstancesdonotchange.

37.

【B7】

38.聽力原文：W:Haveyoufinishedtheresearchpaperforpsychology?

M:Notyet,Ialwaysdon'twriteituntilthelastminute.

Q:Whatdidthemanmean?

(18)

A.Heneverdoesthingsearly.

B.Hehasalreadyfinishedit.

C.Heisn'tgoingtofinishit.

D.Hewillfinishitinafewminutes.

39.(19)

A.Callataxiforthewoman.

B.Rideahorsewiththewoman.

C.TaketheWomantothebusstation.

D.Drivethewomantothetrainstation.

40.

【B3】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.WhatcanweinferabouttheeducationalsystemintheNewYorkCityfromthepassage?

A.Charterschoolswillreplacetraditionalschoolsultimately.

B.OnethirdofthecurrentcharterschooloperatorsarefromHarlem.

C.Theschoolsystemwillbereformedinalargescale.

D.Charterschoolsarebecomingmoreandmorepopular.

42.

Carverbattledallhislifeagainstthedisposalofwastematerials,andproposedthatsubstitutebedevelopedto______.

43.

OneofthereasonswhyblackAmericanscouldnoteasilymixinAmericansocietyis______.

A.thatmostAmericansareimmigrants

B.duetotheirskincolor

C.thattheyspeaktheirlanguagedifferentlyfromAmericans

D.thattheywerefreetokeeptheirheritage

44.

Lookatthejokeinthelastpartofthepassage.Wecaninferthatmostpeoplewithdamagetotherightanteriorfrontallobe______.

A.didnotunderstandthejoke

B.wouldchooseanswerc

C.wouldchooseanswerb

D.wouldchooseanswera

45.

Thepassageisapieceof______.

A.descriptionB.narrationC.argumentationD.disposition

46.Whatwaspossiblyassumedabouthumansandthefruitflyinthepast?

A.Theywereequallycomplicatedintermsofgene.

B.Humansweremuchmoregeneticallycomplicatedthanthefruitfly,geneticallyspeaking.

C.Humansweretwiceascomplicatedasthefruitflyingene.

D.Thefruitflywaslessstablythanhumansinthestructureofgenes.

47.

Whydidn'tthestateandlocalairpollutionlawsachievetheendofreducingpollution?

A.Industriestendtodisregardthelawsbecausetheydon'twanttospendextramoneyontheprocessingofindustrialwastes.

B.Althoughmeasuresaretakentosendindustrialpollutantshigheruptheatmosphere,theamountofindustrialpollutantsremainsthesame.

C.Thesmokestacksbuilttoreleasepollutantsarenottallenough.

D.Onlyasmallnumberofindustriesareequippedtoliveuptothenewstandardsoftheairpollutionlaws.

48.

Thenewphysicsisexcitingbecauseit______.

A.offersacomprehensiveexplanationoftheuniverse

B.provestheexistenceofarulingintelligence

C.incorporatestheworkOfmenofgenius

D.makesscientifictheorizingeasiertounderstand

49.

Inthesecondparagraph,theword"real"in"realgoods"couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

A.highquality.B.concrete.C.utter.D.authentic.

50.

Reebok'sviewthat"consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution"(Para.2)impliesthat______.

A.thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingit

B.thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributors

C.thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellit

D.consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores

51.

What'sthispassagemainlyabout?

A.Theinternalstructureshowshowancienttreesgrew.

B.TheCO2leverexertsimpactontheleavesofancienttress.

C.AnalysisofancientfossilspaintpictureoftheEarth'searliesttrees.

D.Theancienttreeshavenoleavesandfewbranches.

52.

Tothewriter,thefactthatwomenaltertheirold-fashioneddressesisseenas______.

A.awasteofmoney

B.awasteoftime

C.anexpressionoftaste

D.anexpressionofcreativity

53.

Accordingtotheauthor,whichOfthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Criticalreadingcanmakeusbelievemoreinwhatweread.

B.Anopen-mindedthinkerisresponsibleforwhatheorshesays.

C.Ourattitudetowardwhatwereadmaychangeifwearegivenbetterreasons.

D.Weoughttoquestionthevalueofwhatwereadifitssourceisnotauthoritative.

54.

Someeconomistsmaintainthatthepracticeofdownsizingtendsto______.

A.winimmediateearningsforshareholders

B.improveproductivityandcompetitiveedge

C.leadtoamoreeffectiverecombinationofinvestments

D.alloftheabove

55.

【C3】

56.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtreeaccordingtothepassage?

A.FiatAutowasreluctanttotakedecisivemeasurestoadjustitsproduction.

B.Thelocalofficialjoblessrateisevenhighertakingmoreelementsintoaccount.

C.Fiat'sjobcutsgaverisetothewaveofunemploymentinnorthernItaly.

D.TheFiatgrouppreservesgreatdiversityinproducts.

57.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

HiddenvalleylooksalotlikethedozensofothercampsthatdotthewoodsofcentralMaine.There'salake,somesoccerfieldsandhorses.Butthecampersmakethedifference.They'reallAmericanparentswhohaveadoptedkidsfromChina.They'reatHiddenValleytofindbridgesfromtheirchildren'soldworldstothenew.DianaBeckerofMontville,Maine,watchesher3-year-olddaughterMikadancetoaChineseversionof"Twinkle,TwinkleLittleStar.""HersoulisChinese,"shesays,"butreallyshe'sgrowingupAmerican."

HiddenValleyandahandfulofother"culturecamps"servingfamilieswithchildrenfromoverseasreflectthehugeriseinthenumberofforeignadoptions,from7,093in1990to15,774lastyear.Aftercuttingthroughwhatcanbemilesofredtape,parentsoftencomehometofindanewdilemma."Atfirstyouthink,'Ineedachild',"saysSandyLachter,whowithherhusband,Steve,adoptedAmelia,5,fromChinain1995."Thenyouthink,'Whatdoesthechildneed?'"

Theculturecampsgivefamiliesaplacetofindanswerstothosekindsofquestions.Mostgrewoutoflocalsupportgroups.Whileparentsaddressweightyissueslikehowtoraisekidsinamixed-racefamily,theirchildrenjusthavefuntogethersuchasridinghorsesandsingingChinesesongs."Myphilosophyofcampingisthattheycouldbedoinganything,aslongastheyseeotherChinesekidswithwhiteparents,"saysthedirector,PeterKassen.

Thecampisacontinuationoflanguageanddanceclassesmanyofthekidsattendduringtheyear."Whenwerentedoutatheaterfor'Mulan',itwaspacked,"saysStephenChenofBoston.ClassesinChineselanguage,artandcalligraphy(書法)aretaughtbyexperts,likeRenneLuoftheGreaterBostonChineseCulturalCenter."Ourmissionistopreservetheheritage,"Lusays.

Kidswhoareveterancamperssaytheexperiencehelpsthemunderstandtheircomplexheritage.Sixteen-year-oldAlexwasborninIndiaandadoptedbyKathyandDavidBrintonofBoulder,Colo.,whenhewas7."IwentthroughastagewhereIhatedIndia,hatedeverythingaboutit,"hesays."Youjustcouldn'tmentionIndiatome."ButaftersixsessionsattheEastIndiaColoradoHeritageCamp,hehopestotraveltoIndiaafterhegraduatesfromhighschoolnextyear.

Campcanbealearningexperienceforthewholefamily.WhitneyNing,23,acounselorforfouryears,saystheKoreaHeritageCamphelpedherbecomeclosertoherparents."Theywerehesitantatfirst,"shesays,"butwhentheysawhowmuchitmeanttome,theybecameverysupportive."Sometimesthemostdirectroutearoundtheworldisacrossacampfire.

WhatattractsAmericanparentstoHiddenValley?

A.Adoptedchildrenholdgatheringhere.

B.Ithelpschildrenadapttothenewculturewell.

C.Ithelpsparentstoexchangetheirideas.

D.Thefamiliescomeforrelaxation.

58.

Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutdesert-adaptedmammals?

A.Theydonotneedtoeatmuchfood.

B.Theycaneatlargequantitiesquickly.

C.Theyeasilylosetheirappetites.

D.Theycantravellongdistanceslookingforfood.

59.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Someoftheoldworriesaboutartificialintelligencewerecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhethercomputerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputers,capableofrapidcomputationandlittleornocreativeactivity,weresoondubbed"electronicbrains.'Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplace,computerswerecalled"highspeedidiots",anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsofthehigh-speedidiottag.Ithasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsonearth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligent,itwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs.

Oneconsequenceofspeculationaboutthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecameclearthatwewerenotsurewhatwemeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthink,somemorethanothers,thoughweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblem,partlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.Theyareobviouslysometypeofmentalexperience,butaretheyatypeofthinking?Andthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurtherproblems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals—dogs,cats,apes,andsoon—arecapableofatleastbasicthought,butwhataboutfishandinsects?Itiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentestedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrain,thenmanyspeciesarecapableofthought.Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreatures,itwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartifacts.Andwhatistrueofthoughtisalsotrueofthemanyothermentalprocesses.Oneoftheimmensebenefitsofaresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtoscrutinize,withnewrigor,theworkingofthehumanmind.

Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Nofernoroaktreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestdigitalcomputer;norcanfrogsweldcarbodiesaswellasrobots.Itseemsthat,viewedintermsofintellect,thecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigheranimalscancompetewithcomputerswithregardtointellectandeventhenwithdiminishingsuccess.

Accordingtothefirstparagraph,humanbeings'attitudetowardstheearlycomputerscanbestbedescribedas______.

A.indifferentB.ambiguousC.contemptuousD.hostile

60.(57)

四、5.ErrorCorrection(5題)61.

【S5】

62.IfyouhadtosumuptheproblemsofAmericanhealthcarin

twowords,theywouldbe"cost"and"coverage".Thecountryspends

16%ofitsGDPonhealth.Yetasixofthepopulationlacksmedical【S1】______.

coverage.MostAmericansreceivehealthinsurancethroughtheir

employer.Thegovernmentpicksupthehillfortheelderandthepoor.【S2】______.

Butanestimating47millionpeoplefallthroughcrack--anumber【S3】______.

thatisrisingaspremiums(保險(xiǎn)金)soar.

Becausesomanypeopleshouldbewithoutmedicalcoveragein【S4】______.

theworld'srichestcountryisadisgrace.Itspoilsthelivesofthe

uninsured,whoareunabletogetaccesswithaffordabletreatmentat

anearlyage.Anditcastsashadowoffearwellbeyond,toAmerica's

middleclasseswhoworryaboutnottheirjobsbuttheirhealthcare【S5】______.

benefitsaswell.Itisalsogrosslyinefficient.Hospitalsareforced,

bylaw,tohelpanyonewhoarrivedintheemergencyroom.【S6】______.

Sincethosewithinsurancecoverageusuallycannotpayforthatcar,【S7】______.

thebillispassedoneveryoneelse,drivinguppremiums.Higher

premiums,byturn,swelltheranksoftheuninsured.【S8】______.

BreakingthatspiralwouldbeabigsteptowardsfixingAmerican

healthcare.Anditisonethatpoliticiansatlastseemreadytoget.Not【S9】______.

inWashington,wherereform.isstillstalled(延誤)byanargument

betweenconservatives,whomoreconsumerchoice,withthoseonthe【S10】______.

left,whothinkgovernmentinterventionistheanswer.Instead,state

governorsaretakingthelead.

【S1】

63.

【S8】

64.

【S2】

65.ScientistssaythewarmingoftheEarth'satmosphere

hasbeguntoaffectplantandanimallifearoundtheworld.

ScientistsfromtheUniversityofHanoverinGermany

reportedtheirfindinginthepublicationNature.Theysay【S1】______

globalwarmingisaffectingendangeringspecies,sealife【S2】______

andthechangeinseasonalactivitiesoforganisms.Studies

showthattheEarth'sclimatehaswarmedbyabout

six-tenthofonedegreeCelsiusduringthepastone-hundred【S3】______

years.Mostofincreasehastakenplaceinthelastthirty【S4】______

years.

TheGermanscientistshavestudieddifferentanimal

andplantpopulationsar