特斯拉供應(yīng)商手冊(cè)

ThesupplieracknowledgesthatthisSupplierHandbookconstitutesproprietaryandconfidentialbusinessinformationofTeslaMotors,

Inc.ByreceivingandreviewingthisSupplierHandbook,thesupplieragreestomaintainconfidentialityofthisSupplierHandbookandits

contentsinstrictaccordancewithTesla’scurrentformofone-waynon-disclosureagreementor,ifapplicable,thesignednon-disclosure

agreementthenineffectbetweenTeslaandthesupplier.

SupplierHandbook

BMS-0000051|Revision06

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

品質(zhì)協(xié)會(huì)(www.PinZ)@Tigerwu分享

1of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

Foreword

Revision06ofthisdocumentbringssignificantchangestobothBMS-0000051(thisdocument)andBMS-0000258(“SupplierQualityAssuranceManual”).

Asofthisrevision,thelastrevisionsofBMS-0000051andBMS-0000258havebeencombinedunderthelabelBMS-0000051.Asaresult,BMS-0000258isnowobsolete.

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

2of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

Contents

Section1Introduction 4

Section2DocumentPurpose&Structure 4

Section3GeneralExpectations&Procedures 5

3.1SupplierResponsibilities 5

3.1.1SeniorManagementResponsibilities 5

3.1.2Confidentiality 6

3.2QualityManagementSystem(QMS)Requirements 6

3.2.1QualityActivities 6

3.3IndustryStandards 10

Section4SupplierAssessmentandQualification 11

4.1AssessmentandQualificationProcess 11

4.1.1SupplierAssessment 11

4.1.2SupplierQualificationandNomination 12

4.1.3AssessmentCorrectiveAction 12

4.2Audits 12

4.2.1ProcessAudits 12

4.2.2SafetyCriticalAudits 13

4.3SupplierRisk 13

4.4SupplierPerformanceFeedback 13

Section5GeneralRequirements 14

5.1Safety&CriticalCharacteristics 14

5.1.1SafetyCriticalComponentsandCharacteristics 14

5.2ChangeControl 15

5.2.1ECO-EngineeringChangeOrder 15

5.2.2PCR-ProcessChangeRequest 15

5.3ControlPlans 16

5.4MSA-MeasurementSystemsAnalysis 17

5.5MPR-MatingPartsRequest 18

5.6TransportationRequirements 18

5.6.1Packaging 18

5.6.2Labeling 19

5.6.3Preservation 19

5.6.4Shipping 19

5.6.5Invoicing 20

5.6.6CertificateofCompliance 21

5.7RegulatoryCompliance 21

5.7.1MaterialRegulatoryCompliance 21

5.8NonconformingParts 21

5.8.1DeviationApproval 22

5.8.2SCAR-SupplierCorrectiveActionRequest 22

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

3of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

5.8.3ProductContainment/ControlledShipping 23

5.8.4Warranty 24

5.9HVPT-HighVolumeProductionTrial 25

Section6TQP-TeslaQualificationProcess 26

6.1Overview 26

6.2Specification 27

6.2.1ProgramSchedule 27

6.2.2InspectionStandard 27

6.2.3MeasurementsSystemsAnalysis(MSA)forEquipmentProposal 28

6.2.4ControlPlan(Prototype) 28

6.2.52DDrawingGD&T 29

6.2.6DesignforManufacturing(DFM)Complete 29

6.3ProcessSetup 30

6.3.1ProcessFlowChart 30

6.3.2PFMEA-ProcessFailureModeandEffectsAnalysis 30

6.3.3ControlPlan(Production) 31

6.3.4MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)forEquipmentAcceptance 31

6.4ProcessValidation 32

6.4.1MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)forEquipmentValidation 32

6.4.2ValidationTesting 32

6.4.3CapacityStudy 32

6.4.4CapabilityStudy 33

6.4.5SDS-SampleDataSheet 34

6.4.6AAR-AppearanceApprovalReport 35

6.4.7PackagingPlan 36

6.4.8ControlPlan(SafeLaunch) 36

6.5Implementation 38

6.5.1MaterialRegulatoryComplianceSubmissions 38

6.5.2SafetyRegulatoryComplianceSubmissions 38

6.5.3Traceability 38

6.5.4PFS-ProblemFollowSheet 38

6.5.5TQPApproval 39

Section7Appendix 40

7.1Abbreviations&Definitions 40

7.2ExternalContactInformation 41

7.3CriticalCharacteristicSymbolsandDefinitions 42

Section8References 44

Section9RevisionHistory 45

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

4of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

Section1Introduction

TheSupplierHandbookisintendedforsupplierswhodirectlysupplypartsand/ormaterialstoTesla.ItservestoworkinconjunctionwithrelevantindustrystandardsandtoprovideclarificationofTesla’srequirementsandexpectations.

Teslaiscommittedtooperatingasaworld-classinnovativeleader,andtosupportthatcommitment,suppliersarechosenbasedontheiroperatingexcellenceandmethodologies.WefrequentlyevaluateoursuppliersandthoroughlylookforwardtodoingcontinuedbusinesswiththosewhohaveTesla’sbestinterestsinmind.

Asabusinesspartner,yourfeedbackisextremelyvaluedandweencourageyoutoshareyourinputonallareascoveredinthisandanyotherdocuments,orinanyotheraspectsofourbusiness.SitevisitstoTeslaarealsoencouragedandyoushouldatalltimesfeelfreetoprovidefeedback,whetherminorormajor.

Section2DocumentPurpose&Structure

ThisdocumentcoversTesla’soperatingstandardsandaimstoguidesuppliers,step-by-step,towardsasuccessfulmassproductionprogramusingthedefaulttasksandstages.Teslarepresentativesarepermittedtohavesuppliersdeviatefromsomeofthesetasks,orpartthereof,andmaychoosetodosoifdeemedappropriate.

Thisandallpertainingdocumentsshouldbereadassoonasphysicallypossible,toensureaclearunderstandingforallwhoareinvolvedoftheirresponsibilities.Severaldocumentsarereferencedthroughoutthisdocumentandmaybefoundonthe

SupplierPortal

,orasotherwisenoted,ifcontrolledbyTesla.DocumentsthatarenotcontrolledbyTesla,suchasindustrystandards,mustbeobtainedseparatelyfromanappropriateorganization.

Thisdocumentisbestvieweddigitallytomakeuseofinternallinks;individualsusingahardcopyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevision.Anyfuturerevisionsbecomeeffectiveuponissuancetothesupplier.

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

5of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

Section3GeneralExpectations&Procedures

3.1SupplierResponsibilities

1.Suppliersareexpectedtoprovide100%conformingproducts,ontimeandinthespecifiedquantities,alongwithallrequiredsupportingdata.

2.SuppliersshallimmediatelyandopenlycommunicatewithTeslaanyqualityordeliveryrelatedproblemsandareexpectedtorespondtoissuesimmediately.

3.SuppliersshallleveragetheirexpertiseandprovidefeedbackonpartorprocessdevisedbyTeslatohighlightconcernsorimprovementsthatcouldbemadetomeetqualityrequirements,reducecost,time,yield,etc.Lackoffeedbackshallbedeemedasacceptanceofthedesignandprocess.

4.Suppliersarestronglyencouragedtoapplycontinuousimprovementtechniquesthatimpactquality,serviceandcost.

5.SuppliersshallmaintainacontingencyplantosatisfyTesla’srequirementsintheeventofanemergency.Theseplans,andthoseofallsub-suppliers,aretobemadeavailableuponrequesttoTesla.Emergenciesmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto,utilityinterruptions,laborshortages,keyequipmentfailuresandwarrantyreturns.

3.1.1SeniorManagementResponsibilities

SupplierSeniorManagementshall:

1.Overseethequalityplanningandqualitysystemactivitiesaswellasallregulatorycomplianceactivities.

2.EnsureallTesladocumentationisunderstoodandfollowedwithinthesupplier’sorganization.

3.EnsureadequateresourcesareprovidedtomeetallTeslarequirementsandallrelateddepartmentsaretrainedinregardstotherequirementsandguidelinesofthisdocument.

4.EnsurethecontrolandretentionofdocumentcopiesandanysubsequentrevisionsprovidedbyTesla.

5.OverseequalityofcommunicationanddocumentationreleasedtoTeslaandensureclearandconciseinformationandinformationintegrity.

6.Ensurecontrolandretentionofdocumentationregardingregulatorycomplianceforthetimeperiodsrequiredbyspecificregulations(upto30yearsafterendofproductioninsomecases).

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

6of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

3.1.2Confidentiality

InadditiontotheNon-DisclosureAgreement,thefollowingisrequired:

1.TheSuppliershallestablishasystemtomanageconfidentialitythatbeginsatsourcingdecisionandcontinuesthroughthelifeofthepart.

2.Anydata,information,orknowledge(generalandspecific)obtainedthroughactivitieswithTeslashallbesecurelycontrolled,treatedwithstrictconfidence,andproperlydestroyedwhennolongernecessary.

3.Anybreachofconfidentiality,orconcerns,mustbereportedtoTeslamanagementimmediately.

3.2QualityManagementSystem(QMS)Requirements

1.Thequalitysystemshallbedefinedanddocumentedtodescribetherequirementsforallqualityrelatedactivities.

2.Thesuppliershallestablish,document,andmaintainaqualitymanagementsystemasameansofensuringthattheproductconformstothespecifiedrequirements.

3.Qualityrecordsshallbemaintainedtodemonstrateconformancetospecifiedrequirementsandtheeffectiveoperationofthequalitysystem.

4.Thequalitysystemshallensureallqualityactivitieshavebeenproperlyimplementedduringtrialbuildsandmonitoredthereafter.

5.Thesystemshall,ataminimum,meetTesla’sSupplierHandbookrequirements.ItisalsodesiredthatthequalitysystemiscertifiedtotheISO9001and/orISO/TS

16949standards.

6.QualityReporting:

Thesuppliershallusethe

SupplierPortal

tosubmitallrequireddocumentation

andevidence.

Thesupplierwillalsoreceiveapprovalforindividualtasksandpartstatus

throughtheSupplierPortal.

ExtradatadesignatedbyTeslamayberequiredtobereported.

3.2.1QualityActivities

ThesupplierisresponsibleforthefollowingactivitiesneededtoensureproductsareconsistentlymanufacturedtoTeslarequirements.

1.ProgramSchedule

Thesuppliershallestablishadvancedqualityplanningaspartoftheoverall

programbasedontimingprovidedbyTesla.

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

7of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

2.ProcessMonitoringandOperatorInstructions

Thesuppliershallpreparedocumentedprocessmonitoringandoperator

instructionsforallemployeeshavingresponsibilitiesforoperationofaprocessorprocesses.

Theseinstructionsshallbeaccessibleattheworkstationandinclude

propervisualaids.

3.VerificationofEquipmentSet-ups

Equipmentset-upsshallbeverifiedwheneveraset-upisperformed(e.g.,

initialrunofalot,materialchangeover,toolchange,etc.).

Change-overinstructionsshallbeavailableforset-uppersonnel.First-off,last-offpartcomparisonsarerecommended.

4.ReceivingInspection

Thesuppliershallensureincomingproductisinspected,orotherwise

verified,asconformingtospecifiedrequirements.

5.In-ProcessInspectionandTest

Thesuppliershallinspectandtestthein-processproductasrequiredby

therelevantcontrolplanordocumentedprocedures.

6.FinalInspectionandTest

Thesuppliershallcarryoutallfinalinspectionsandtestinginaccordance

withtherelevantcontrolplanordocumentedprocedures.

7.InspectionandTestRecords

Thesuppliershallestablishandmaintainrecordswhichprovideevidence

thattheproducthasbeeninspectedand/ortested.

8.InspectionMeasuringandTestEquipment

Thesuppliershallestablishandmaintaindocumentedproceduresto

control,calibrate,andmaintaininspection,measurementandtestingequipment.

9.InternalQualityAudits

Thesuppliershallplanandimplementinternalqualityauditstoverify

whetherqualityactivitiesandrelatedresultscomplywithplannedarrangements.

ResultsshallbemadeavailabletoTeslauponrequest.

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

8of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

10.QualityRecords

Qualityrecordsshallbemaintainedtodemonstrateconformanceto

specifiedrequirementsandtheeffectiveoperationofthequalitysystem.

11.EngineeringChangeOrder(ECO)Implementation

Thesuppliershallhaveasysteminplaceforthecontroland

implementationofEngineeringChanges.Processflowandstandardtimingmustbemadeavailableonrequest.

12.ProcessChangeImplementation

Thesuppliershallhaveasysteminplaceforthecontroland

implementationofprocesschanges.

13.NonconformingParts

Thesuppliershallestablishandmaintaindocumentedproceduresto

ensurethatpartswhichdonotconformtospecifiedrequirementsarepreventedfromunintendeduse,installationorshipment.

14.Packaging,Labeling,PreservationandShipping

Thesuppliershallestablishandmaintaindocumentedproceduresfor

handling,storage,packaging,preservationanddeliveryofproduct.

15.TrainingandQualificationofTeamMembers

Thesuppliershalleffectivelymanageacomprehensivetrainingprogram

forallemployees.Individualneedsshallbeidentifiedthroughanevaluationprocessthatincludesreferencestoretainedemployeetrainingrecords.

EmployeesworkingonTeslaprojectsareexpectedtohavecompleteda

comprehensivetrainingprogramwhichfocusesondevelopingtheemployees’capabilitiesandmotivation.

AlltrainingnecessarytomeetTeslaobjectivesshallbecompletedbythe

firstoffprocesstrial.

Thesuppliershoulddevelopamethodfordocumentingteammembers'

progressandcapability.

16.IdentificationandTraceability

ThesupplierisresponsibleforpreparingtheInspectionStandard.

IdentificationandTraceabilityinformationshouldbeincludedintheoriginaldraft.

IdentificationandTraceabilityactionsmustcomplywiththerequirements

setontheEngineeringDrawingand/orInspectionStandard.

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

9of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

Identification

ThesuppliermustadheretotheidentificationrequirementsspecifiedonthepartdrawingorInspectionStandard.Incaseswherethereisnospecification,thesuppliermustworkcloselywithTeslatodeterminetheappropriatelevelofidentificationthatmustbeagreedupon.

Traceability

Eachsuppliermustcontrolthetraceabilityoftheirownandsub-suppliersproducts,fromreceivedrawmaterialsthroughshipping.Whereappropriate,suppliersareencouragedtoaddserialnumbers,orotherformsoftraceabilitytoeachpart.

17.Sub-SupplierControl

TheroleoftheTier1supplierincoordinatingandguidingallsub-supplier

qualityassuranceactivitiesmustbesimilartotheTier1suppliers’requirementsinthisdocument.

TheTier1supplierisresponsibleforthepartqualityandproduction

readinessofallsub-supplier’s(directedbyTeslaorotherwise),aswellasevaluatingallsub-supplier'sparts/materialsandconductingqualityapprovals.

TeslaMUSTNOTbedelayedbyasub-supplierbeingunpreparedforMass

Productionstart-up.

18.SupplierContactSheet

ASuppliercontactsheetshallbesubmittedtoTeslatoidentifykey

personneltobecontactedintheeventofaqualityproblemorconcern.

Thecontactsheetshallbere-submittedtoTeslaaschangesoccur.

19.AnnualValidation

Suppliersmayberequiredtoperformannualassessmentsperthe

directionofTesla.

Assessmentsmayinclude,butarenotlimitedto:On-GoingReliability

Testing(ORT),layout,testingaspossibility,etc.

20.RegulatoryComplianceManagementProcess(RCMP)

SuppliersshallimplementanRCMPtoensurethatpertinentproduct

substancedataisgatheredfromtheirsupplychains,reviewedforaccuracyandadherencetodatastructurerequirements,consolidatedintoasinglecomplianceprofileforeachproductandsubmittedtoTeslainatimelymanner.

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

10of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

3.3IndustryStandards

Whereapplicabletotheirbusiness,suppliersshallmaintainthelatestrevisionsofthestandardsshownbelow.ApplicableassessmentsmustbeconductedannuallyataminimumandtheresultsmadeavailabletoTesla.

1.AIAG-AdvancedProductQualityPlanning(APQP)andControlPlan

2.AIAG-FailureMode&EffectsAnalysis(FMEA)ReferenceManual

3.AIAG-MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)ReferenceManual

4.AIAG-ProductionPartApprovalProcess(PPAP)

5.AIAG-StatisticalProcessControl(SPC)

6.CQI-09-HeatTreatSystemAssessment

7.CQI-11-SpecialProcess:PlatingSystemAssessment

8.CQI-12-CoatingSystemAssessment

9.CQI-15-WeldingSystemAssessment

10.CQI-17-SpecialProcess:SolderingSystemAssessment

11.CQI-23-MoldingSystemAssessment

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

11of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

TeslaQualificationProcess(TQP)

ImprovementPlan

No

Status:

OnHold

Status:

Phase-Out

Yes

No

Acceptable?

ApprovedSupplierList

ProcessDevelopment

Status:

Approved

Production

Deliveries

Yes

Yes

No

Development?

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

Section4SupplierAssessmentandQualification

Thefollowingisaguidelineoftherequirementsforsupplierevaluations,includinguseofTeslasourcing,partsandprocessaudits,processsign-offauditsandsupplierfeedback.

4.1AssessmentandQualificationProcess

NeedFormal

Assessment?

SupplierScreening

Supplier

Profile

SupplierAssessment

Notify

Supplier

No

Yes

Yes

No

SupplierAssessment

Proceed?

Acceptable?

4.1.1SupplierAssessment

Anon-siteevaluationmaybeperformedduringTesla’splanningstageforeachpotentialnewsupplier,inordertoestimatethelevelofsuccessoftheprogramassociatedwitheachsupplier.Whentheassessmentiscomplete,thetotalscorewillbecategorizedasfollows:

91%-100%

Exceptional

81%-90%

PreferredSupplier

71%-80%

GoodSupplier

61%-70%

FairSupplier

<60%

Unacceptable

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

12of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

4.1.2SupplierQualificationandNomination

Thecriteriaforevaluationwillconsiderthefollowing:

Engineering

FinancialStability

Logistics

ManufacturingProcesses

PiecePriceCost

ProgramManagement

Quality

SupplierManagement

ToolCost

ToolManagement

Theresultofthesourcingaudit(ifrequired)willbeconsideredduringthesuppliernominationprocess.Iftheassessmentshowssatisfactoryresultsandallcommercialpointsareinorder,thesupplierwillbequalifiedandaddedtoTesla’sapprovedsupplierslist.

4.1.3AssessmentCorrectiveAction

1.Intheeventtheassessmentrevealsthatcorrectiveactionsmustbecompletedbeforeasuppliercanbequalified,anactionplanwillberequestedfromthesupplierfortheelementsthatwereidentifiedduringtheassessment.

2.ThesuppliershallprovideacorrectiveactionplantoTeslawithin14daysofnotification,statingclearlythecorrectiveactionstobetakenandindicatingtheplannedimplementationdateforeachcorrectiveaction.

3.ThesuppliershallupdateTeslaatplannedintervalsontheprogressforthecorrectiveaction.

4.ThesuppliershallnotifyTeslawhenallcorrectiveactionshavebeenimplemented.

5.Oncethecorrectiveactionimplementationiscomplete,Teslamaydecidetore-auditthesupplier.Alternatively,verificationofthecorrectiveactionsmaytakeplaceduringsubsequentaudits.

4.2Audits

4.2.1ProcessAudits

DuringNewProductIntroduction(NPI)ormodification,Teslamaydecidetocarry

outaprocessaudit.Thisauditcoversbothdocumentationandprocessimplementation,andwillbecarriedoutatasuitablepointintime.

Teslamaydecidetore-auditonceallcorrectiveactionshavebeenimplemented

oratanappropriatepointintime.

Suppliersmustassignaninternalauditchampionresponsibleforconducting,at

minimum,annualauditstoensureallprocessesmeetTesla’srequirements.

HARDCOPIESAREUNCONTROLLED.ControlledDocumentsresideelectronically.Individualsusinganuncontrolled

copyareresponsibleforensuringthattheyareusingthelatestrevisionofthisdocument.

?TeslaMotors,Inc.|ProprietaryandConfidentialBusinessInformation

13of47

PublicationDate:7/14/2016

BMS-0000051

SupplierHandbook

Revision06

4.