新世紀(jì)實(shí)用英語寫作Chapter 5

Chapter5DEVELOPINGCRITICALTHINKINGSKILLSINWRITING2021/5/91DevelopingCriticalThinkingSkills

5.1CriticalThinkingandWriting5.2ArgumentativeWriting5.3EffectiveWaysofDevelopingCriticalThinkingSkills

2021/5/925.1CriticalThinkingandWritingWhatisCriticalThinkingCriticalThinkinginWritingLogicalReasoningCommonLogicalFallacies2021/5/93

(1)WhatisCriticalThinking

analyzingcapacitysummarizingcapacitysynthesizingcapacityreasoningcapacityappraisingcapacity2021/5/94(2)CriticalThinkinginWritingAdvancingathesisIssuesinvolvedinadvancingathesis2021/5/95

作用例子效果標(biāo)題提出需要解決的問題OriginsoftheGreatEnglishVowelsShift”(英語元音大轉(zhuǎn)移溯源)引起讀者的注意力或興趣主題引發(fā)讀者思考“TheGreatEnglishVowelsShiftwasresultsofthedynamicinteractionsofthespeakersovertime”(英語元音大轉(zhuǎn)移是語言動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展的結(jié)果)引發(fā)讀者不同的看法或觀點(diǎn)WhatIsaThesis?標(biāo)題和主題的區(qū)分可通過下面的表格闡釋：2021/5/96HowtoAdvanceaThesis?Threecriticalquestionscanhelptochooseathesis:Doesthethesisassertanarguableopinion?Doesthethesisrespondtoaconcernorquestionatissue?Doesthethesislenditselftoreasonedsupport?2021/5/97IssuesInvolvedinAdvancingaThesis論證就是引用一個(gè)或一些已知為真的判斷來確定另一個(gè)判斷的真實(shí)性的思維過程。任何論證都是由三個(gè)方面組成的，包括論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證方式。論點(diǎn)是論證的對象。論點(diǎn)是整個(gè)論證推理過程中的中心。論據(jù)是論證中確定論點(diǎn)真實(shí)性所依據(jù)的判斷。一篇有說服力的文章應(yīng)當(dāng)回答下列三個(gè)問提：Whatisthequestionatissue?Whatistheauthor’spointofview?Dotheauthor’sreasonselicitreaders’belief?2021/5/98(3)LogicalReasoningInductiveReasoning（歸納推理）在科學(xué)研究中歸納推理應(yīng)用廣泛。歸納推理指的是通過觀察具體的例證得出一般性結(jié)論的推理過程。DeductiveReasoning（演繹推理）演繹推理與歸納推理形成鮮明對照。演繹推理得出的結(jié)論是肯定的、無疑義的。演繹推理的含義是利用普遍適用的規(guī)則和前提得出結(jié)論。2021/5/99InductiveorDeductiveReasoning?Whenitrains,thegrassgetswet.Itrainedtoday.Therefore,thegrassiswet.Thegrasshasbeenweteverytimeithasrained.Therefore,ifitrainstomorrow,thegrasswillgetwet.2021/5/910TwoRulestoFollowinReasoning在演繹推理過程中，應(yīng)當(dāng)注意推理的有效性（deductivevalidity）。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)推理的合理性和有效性，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循兩條原則：◆所有前提中提到的內(nèi)容都是真實(shí)的；◆三段論式的推理是合乎理性的。2021/5/911SpecificRulesforDeductiveReasoning自從亞里士多德以來，邏輯學(xué)家提出了眾多的衡量演繹推理的準(zhǔn)則，下面試舉幾例說明：中項(xiàng)必須有周延性三段論式中，兩個(gè)前提不能都是否定的個(gè)特稱前提不能得出結(jié)論2021/5/912中項(xiàng)必須有周延性大前提：Allzebrasarestriped.小前提：Thisanimalisstriped.結(jié)論：Therefore,thisanimalisazebra.

三段論式中一定要有三個(gè)項(xiàng)(terms)，即大項(xiàng)、中項(xiàng)、小項(xiàng)；上述例子中，isazebra是大項(xiàng)，striped是中項(xiàng)，animal是小項(xiàng)，其中中項(xiàng)起到連接大前提和小前提的作用。這個(gè)三段論式的結(jié)論是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)橹许?xiàng)沒有周延性(distributed)。換句話說，斑馬（zebra）只是身上有條紋的動(dòng)物中的一個(gè)種類。這個(gè)三段論式中的“有條紋的”（striped）判斷詞并沒有涵蓋所有身上有條紋的動(dòng)物。因此，這是一個(gè)無效的推理。上述例子說明，演繹推理三段論式中的中項(xiàng)必須具有周延性。2021/5/913三段論式中，兩個(gè)前提不能都是否定的大前提：NomemberoftheGreenPartyvotedforthetaxcut.小前提：Mr.Jacobsdidnotvoteforthetaxcut.結(jié)論：Mr.JacobsisamemberoftheGreenParty.

上述三段論式中的小項(xiàng)Mr.Jacobs沒有對削減稅收投贊成票，但是這并不說明Mr.Jacobs屬于GreenParty。在這個(gè)三段論式中，不能兩個(gè)前提都具有否定的含義。因此，結(jié)論是錯(cuò)誤的。2021/5/914兩個(gè)特稱前提不能得出結(jié)論大前提：JanetBakerisasoprano.小前提：JanetBakerisamusician.結(jié)論：?

如果兩個(gè)前提都是特稱肯定命題，則這兩個(gè)前提中沒有一個(gè)項(xiàng)是周延的。這樣，不論哪一個(gè)項(xiàng)做中項(xiàng)，都是不周延的，因此不能得出結(jié)論。

總之，歸納推理中所選用的樣本必須是真實(shí)的，同時(shí)結(jié)論的可靠性應(yīng)該隨著樣本量的增大而增強(qiáng)。演繹推理的前提應(yīng)具有真實(shí)性，推理過程應(yīng)該是有效的，同時(shí)不違反邏輯思維的規(guī)則。2021/5/915HastyGeneralization(輕率的概括):證據(jù)不充分時(shí)所做的歸納。e.g.DeathsfromdrugoverdosesinMetropolishavedoubledinthepastthreeyears.Therefore,moreAmericansthaneveraredyingfromdrugabuse.

FalseAnalogy(虛假的類比):因?yàn)閮煞N事物之間有某些相似之處，就得出結(jié)論說，這兩種事物之間在其他方面也相似。e.g.Xistoooldtobetheprincipalbecauseanolddogcannotlearnnewtricks.

Equivocation(模棱兩可):指在論述中改變了概念的含義。e.g.Itisnotinthepublicinterestforthepublictoloseinterestinpolitics.（4）CommonLogicalFallacies2021/5/916Either...or...Reasoning(兩者取一):指復(fù)雜的問題讓人感覺似乎只有兩個(gè)解決方案供選擇，即或者選A或者選B，而實(shí)際的選擇不只限于A或B。e.g.Eithergotouniversityorforgetaboutgettingajob.BeggingtheQuestion(循環(huán)論證):爭論時(shí)提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，但是提出的論據(jù)是以提出的觀點(diǎn)為基礎(chǔ)。e.g.Wrestlingisadangeroussportbecauseitisunsafe.RedHerring(轉(zhuǎn)移注意力):在爭論中提出一個(gè)不相關(guān)的問題以引開聽眾的注意力。e.g.Whyworryaboutpandasbecomingextinctwhenweshouldbeconcernedabouttheplightofthehomeless?2021/5/917Self-Contradiction(自相矛盾):這種邏輯錯(cuò)誤是指兩種情況不能同時(shí)都是真實(shí)的。e.g.Onlywhennuclearweaponshavefinallydestroyeduswillwebeconvincedoftheneedtocontrolthem.PostHoc/FalseCause(錯(cuò)誤的因果關(guān)系)：因?yàn)锳發(fā)生在B之后，就認(rèn)為B是A發(fā)生的原因.e.g.SinceGovernorLeetookoffice,unemploymentforminoritiesinthestatehasdecreasedby7percent.GovernorLeeshouldbeapplaudedforreducingunemploymentamongminorities.ArgumenttothePeople(利用人的偏見):這種錯(cuò)誤利用了人們的偏見。e.g.Inacourtoflaw,thejuryvotebymajority;therefore,theywillalwaysmakethecorrectdecision.

2021/5/918ArgumenttothePerson/AdHominem(用情感代替理智):把聽眾或讀者的注意力從論點(diǎn)本身轉(zhuǎn)移開，去關(guān)注提出論點(diǎn)的人的外貌、習(xí)慣或性格。e.g.Wecouldtakeherpositioninfavorofjailingchildabusersseriouslyifshewerenotsonastytothechildrenwholivenextdoortoher.ArgumenttoIgnorance(訴諸無知):如果一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)不能被證明是錯(cuò)誤的，那么它就是正確的。這種錯(cuò)誤很有鼓動(dòng)性，因?yàn)樗昧巳藗兊拿孕判睦砘蛘邿o知。e.g.Sincenoonehasproventhatdepressiondoesnotcausecancer,wecanassumethatitdoes.Bandwagon(人云亦云):有這種思維的人認(rèn)為，多數(shù)人都在說或做的事情就是正確的。e.g.Everyoneknowsthateatingchocolatemakeschildrenactive.2021/5/919

Overgeneralization(過度概括):在證據(jù)尚不充分的基礎(chǔ)上做出了具有高度概括性的結(jié)論。這種錯(cuò)誤的陳述經(jīng)常與all，always，never等表示絕對含義的詞語連用。e.g.Alldemocratsareliberals.NonSequitur(無前提的推理):這種邏輯錯(cuò)誤指的是結(jié)論與前提不相關(guān)。e.g.Icantellsheisanatheist,becauseshenevergoestochurch.GuiltbyAssociation(語義株連):邏輯推理的三段論式中起媒介作用的中項(xiàng)或聯(lián)接項(xiàng)沒有得到周延。e.g.

Dogshavefourlegs.Lambshavefourlegs.Therefore,dogsarelambs.

2021/5/9205.2ArgumentativeWriting

Compositiontypesinwriting:

（1）Comparative–ArgumentEssay（2）Pro-and-ConEssay（3）Inductive-and-DeductiveEssay（4）Cause-and-EffectEssay2021/5/921（1）Comparative-ArgumentEssay比較型議論文主要用于比較一個(gè)事物的不同方面，或幾種相似的事物的不同之處,多有涉及某一事物的正反、利弊、優(yōu)劣等兩方面的問題，如advantagesanddisadvantagesbenefitsandproblemspositiveandnegativeaspectssimilaritiesanddifferencessuccessandfailure2021/5/922TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofStudyingAbroad2021/5/923StudyingoverseashasbeenacceptedasadesirableoptionformanyChinesefamilieslately.Obviously,itpromisesagreatrangeofrewards.Inthefirstplace,it’sachancetohaveaccesstoadvancedscienceandtechnologyaswellasdesirableworkingconditions,whichisbarelyavailableathome.Inaddition,exposedtoentirelynewideasandcustoms,onecanpolishhisforeignlanguageandhasawonderfulexperience.However,studyingabroadmightaswellbecomethesourceofendlesshardships.Aboveall,learningaforeignlanguageisfarfromaneasythingatthebeginningforalmosteveryone.Besides,acompletelynewenvironmentconstitutesabarriertooverseasstudents,whichisespeciallytruetotheyoung.Anadditionaldifficultyliesinthefinancialpressureforfamiliesleftbehind.Itcanbeverycostlytostudyabroad.Ithasalwaysbeenaharshdecisiontomake,anditissensibletotakeintoconsiderationalltherelevantfactors,whichincludefinancialconditions,accessibilityofhelpincasesofemergencyandthestudents’adaptabilitytonewsurroundings.Personally,Iredeemthatgoingabroadpromisesmorechances.SampleWriting2021/5/924ThePositiveandNegativeAspectsofOnlineShopping2021/5/925Oneofthecontroversialissuestodayisonlineshopping.Accordingtoarecentsurvey:alargeproportionofthepublicusedtoshoponlineandanevengreaterproportionisplanningtogiveitatry.Shoppingonlineisnotonlyafashion,butitsadvantageshavealsobeenwellrecognized.Convenienceandlowpricescanalwaystopotherstobethebestreasonsforsomeconsumerstochooseinternettodotheirshopping.Noonecandenythemanybenefitsthatithasbroughtabout.However,everythingalwayshasprosandcons,andit’sthesamecasewithonlineshopping.Deceptionandpoorqualityareoftenlistedasthemosttroublesomeproblemswiththiswayofpurchasing.Andwhat’smoreimportantisthataslongaswegoonshoppinginavirtualworld,theseproblemsseemtobeunavoidable.Inordertomakethebestoutoftheonlineshoppingaswellasavoidpotentialrisks,Isuggestthatweshouldnotshopthiswayunlesswearetoooccupiedtodoitinthemallinperson,ortheshopsonlineareownedbyourfriendsoracquaintances.Onlyinthiswaycanweenjoyonlineshoppingtothefull.SampleWriting2021/5/926GoingonaSelf-touroraPackageTourWhenfacedwithchoicesforapleasantvacation,someneverhesitatetochooseaself-plannedtouroverapackageone.Inthefirstplace,thiswayoftouringpromisesfreedomandflexibilitytocertaindegree,sincetheycanpickuptheirfavoritesitesanddecideonthetimespentateachplace,letalonewhattohaveformeals,whichoftenmakesagreatpartofthefunintraveling.However,that’snotthecasewitheveryperson,becausesomeotherswilldefinitelychooseapackagetourtospendtheirtimeinamoreefficientandeasyway.Asisobviouslyrevealedbythewordpackage,suchatourwillsavethetouristshugeamountofenergybyprovidingplanneditinerary,arrangingeverydetailbeforegatheringthetravel-loverstogether.Besides,noonecandenythepossibilityforonetodevelopgreatrelationshipontheroad.Viewingthecontradictoryopinions,bothapproacheshavefavorableadvantagesforpotentialtourists.SoIdon’tthinkitwouldmakeanysensetorushintoachoicebeforetakingintoaccounttherelevantsituations,includingfund,time,thetargetdestinationoreventhepersonalphysicalconditions.2021/5/927辯論型議論文主要是就目前社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)話題或有爭議性的觀點(diǎn)和問題發(fā)表議論，要求寫作者審視正反兩方面的論據(jù)，通過對同一問題的兩種不同觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較或?qū)Ρ?，從不同角度進(jìn)行分析和評價(jià)、支持或駁斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以論證說明，最后得出結(jié)論。

通常辯論型議論文有兩種類型：AorB類型Myviewon類型

(2)Pro-and-ConEssay2021/5/928"Ican'tstandthepressureandcompetition,"explainedonefriendofminewhenaskedwhyhedecidedtoquithishighly-paidbutdemandingpositioninhiscompanyrecently.Myfriendmayhavehisownreasons,butIdon'tthinkhisdecisioniswiseinreality.

Itistruethatmyfriend'scaseisnotunique.Inthelastfewyearsquiteanumberofmenandwomenhavechosentodosomethinglesscompetitiveatthecostofacomfortable,easylifeahighly-paidjobcanobtain.Theyareafraidthatthestressesandstrainsofworkwillrobthemofjoyandhappinessanddothemharmbothphysicallyandmentally.Infact,however,stressisn'tthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Unlessitgetsoutofcontrol,acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandchallenge,andtogivepurposeandsignificancetoanotherwisemeaningless,idlelife.Peopleunderstresstendtoexpresstheirfullrangeofpotentialandtoactualizetheirownpersonalworth-theveryaimofahumanlife.

Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Whatwecandoistodevelopouradaptiveabilitiestodealwithitratherthantoescapefromit.IsStressaBadThing?2021/5/929WhyWeWork

Whydowework?Theanswersdifferfromonepersontoanotherbecausetheyadoptdifferentattitudestowardswork.Somepeoplelivetowork.Theydevotethemselvestotheirwork.Theaimforwhichtheyworkistorealizethevalueoflife,topromotethedevelopmentofsocietyandtomakemorepeoplelivehappily.Theymakegreatcontributiontosocietyandatthesametimetheyalsofindpleasurefromtheirwork.

Onthecontrary,otherpeopleworktolive.Theyregardworkasawayofmakingaliving.Thepurposeforwhichtheyworkistokilltimeortomakeenoughmoneytosupportthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Theyoftenconsiderworkaswhattheyhavetodo.Sotheycan’tpickuppleasureandenjoymentfromtheirwork.Suchpeople,oncetheycanaffordtosupportthemselvesandtheirfamilies,perhapsquittheirwork.

Inmyopinion,weshouldn’tgototheextremes.Sincewearemembersofsociety,weshoulddowhatwecantobetteritsothatwecanliveinmorecomfortableandmoreconvenientsurroundings.Goodlifeisanassuranceofsmoothwork.Onlywhenwerealizethiscanwelivehappilyandworkwell.2021/5/930

Althoughhonestisbelievedtobeavirtue,therearestilldishonestpeopleinoursociety.Forexample,somebusinessmensellfakecommoditiestotheirconsumers;somestudentscheatintheexams.Dishonestpeopleareshort-sighted.Thosewhosellfakeproductsmaymakemoneyatfirst,butconsumerswon'tbuytheirproductsanymore.Asaresult,theywouldlosetheirfortuneorevenbesenttoprison.Bycontrast,honestpeoplewouldgainalot.Thosewhoalwaystellthetruthorkeeptheirpromisenotonlyletotherstrustthembutgainrespectfromotherpeopleaswell.Suchpersonsaresuretohavealotofgoodfriends.Becausetheyaretrustworthyandrespectable,everyoneiseagertomakefriendswiththem.Besides,itiseasierforapersonwithagoodrecordtogetagoodjob.Generallyspeaking,everyemployerwantshisemployeestobehonest.Sowecansaythatanyonewhoishonestwillgetrewardsforgooddeeds.Inaword,honestwinstrust,respectandhonor.Soitisimportantthatweshouldbehonest.

ItPaystoBeHonest2021/5/931PetRaisingNowadays,withtheimprovementofthepeople’slivingstandard,somepeopleformahabitofraisingsmallordomesticanimalsaspets.Someraisesmalldogsorcatsastheirpetswhileothersraisevariousbirdsorfishesastheirpets.Therearestillevensomepeopleraisingsnakesandotherunusualanimalsastheirpets.Doesanyonehavethesameopinionofraisinganimalsaspets?No,somepeopleobjecttotheideaofraisinganimalsaspets.Tothem,animalshavetheirownrighttoliveanaturallifelikehumanbeings.Ontheotherhand,thewaypeopleraiseanimalsaspetshaveanegativeinfluenceonthesurroundingssuchasdogs’barkingatmidnight,dogs’chasingpeopleonthestreetandsoon.What’smore,someanimalswilltransmitsomediseases.Inmyopinion,Idonotliketheideatoraiseanimalsatpets.Animalshavetheirownrighttoleadalifeastheylike.Weshouldnotdeprivethemoftheirnaturalright.Inthisway,wewillliveinapeacefulworldinharmonywiththeotherlivingcreatures.

2021/5/932(3)InductiveandDeductiveEssay闡述說明型議論文要求寫作者就某一問題或現(xiàn)象正面闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)，并分析說明其理由。通常要用例證對其重要性、必要性、利弊關(guān)系或正誤關(guān)系等進(jìn)行論證說明，有時(shí)還需要提出解決問題的辦法或建議。這樣的寫作充分展現(xiàn)了思辨的分析技能與推理技能。闡述說明型議論文有兩種類型：HoworWhat類型SuggestionorMeasure類型2021/5/933Achievingcontentment“Contentmentisnaturalwealth,luxuryisartificialpoverty,”andthisiswhatSocrateshastoldus.Formanyofus,ithasbeeningrainedintoourlivesthattheproperwaytodiffusediscontentistopurchasetheoutwarditemthatisseeminglycausingthediscontentment.However,wewerefrustratedwithclutter.Wediscoveredthetimethatwaswastedmanagingourpossessionsanddeterminedthatwevalueotherthingsfarmorethanphysicalbelongings.Itisoursenseofcontentment.Notonlydoescontentmentprovidetheopportunityforminimalism,italsoreducesyourstresslevel,improvesyouroutlook,relaxesyourbody,andmakesyourlifeenjoyable.Thereisanunmistakablefreedomthatfollowscontentment:afreedomtobewhoyouare,enjoywhoyouare,andlivethelifeyouweredestinedtolive.Thereisawaythatcanhelpusfurtherdevelopcontentmentinourlives:,takecontrolofyourattitude,becomegratefulandstopcomparingyourselftoothers.Thepracticewillgiveyouafinerappreciationforwhatyouown,whoyouare,andwhatyouhavetooffer.Takeprideinyourpersonhoodandtheprogressthatyouhavemade,butneverbecomesocontentthatyoucannotfindroomforimprovement.2021/5/934HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?Nowadays,therearemanybookstellingpeoplehowtobehaveinajobinterview.Peoplelookingforajobusuallyattachgreatimportancetojobinterviews.Anddoingwellinajobinterviewmeansagoodchanceofbeingemployed.Toleaveadeepimpressionontheinterviewer,thefirstthingyouhavetodoisdressingyourselfproperlysothatyoumaylookmatureandconfident.Payattentiontothewayyoutalkandbehave,forsuchlittlethingsareoftenignored.Whatismore,youshouldprepareabriefself-introductionincludingyourworkingexperiencesandspecialabilities.Ifyoufollowtheadvice,youwillmostprobablysucceedinajobinterviewandinmostcases,youwillgetthejobyouaredreamingof.2021/5/935IDregistrationPolicyforMobilePhoneUsersPeoplewerenotrequiredtoshowandhavetheiridentitiesregisteredwhentheyboughtaSIMcardbefore.ExceptsomeSIMcardsdesignatedforparticularpeople,youcouldgetalmostwhatyouwish一nomatterwhatkindofSIMcardandhowmanycardsyouwant.Allseemedsosimpleandconvenient.Obviously,theeasyaccesstoSIMcardshasitsdrawbacks.Themostannoyingoneistherampantspreadofspammessages,telephoneharassmentandfraud.Thereason:amobilephonenumberthatgivesnousefulinformationmakesitdifficulttochasetheanonymouscallerorsender.Besides,manyuserstendtodiscardcardsatrandomandthatcauseswasteofresources.WhenpeopleareaskedfortheirIDinthepurchaseofSIMcards,however,theproblemsmentionedabovewillbesolvedeasily.SinceSIMcardscanbeusedtoidentifyusers,peoplewillfeeltrappedwhentheyintendtosendspammessagesorcommittelephonefrauds.AndthefactthattheirSIMcardscontainconfidentialinformationconcerningtheirpersonalinterestsmakespeoplethinktwicebeforethrowingthemaway.2021/5/936MyFavoritePastime

IusuallyspendmyleisuretimeonvariousthingssuchaswatchingTV,reading,swimmingandplayingtabletennis.Butifyouaskmewhatmyfavoritepastimeis,Iwoulddefinitelysaythatitisplayingcomputergames.IlikecomputergamesandsurfingontheInternet.Manypeoplebelieveplayingcomputergamesisharmfultoone'shealth,especiallytotheeyes.ButIdon'tquiteagree.Ithinkplayingcomputergamesbenefitsme.First,asawayofrelaxation,italsogivesmeasenseofaccomplishment.Secondly,IgainalotofknowledgeIcannotfindintextbooks.Forinstance,whenIplayedCivilizationII,Ibegantorealizetheimportanceofscience,becauseitwasimpossibletodefeattheenemyinthegameifyoudidn'tdevelopscience.Finallyandmostimportantly,IhavetouseanEnglish-ChinesedictionaryfromtimetotimebecausemostofthegamesareinEnglish.SothemoregamesIplay,thegreaterprogressImakeinEnglish.Thegamesareentertainingandinstructive.IalsolikesurfingontheInternet.Thereisahugeamountofinformationthere.Ithasbecomemoreandmorepopularandimportant.ItissaidthatthosewhocontroltheInternetwillconquertheworldinthefuture.ThatisperhapsanillusionbutIwanttobeamasterofthefuture.Inaword,Ilikeplayingwithmycomputerverymuch.Itappealstomycuriosityandmydesiretoescapefromthelimitedworldofmyroom.2021/5/937(4)CauseandEffectEssay因果分析型議論文一般用于解釋和分析公眾所關(guān)心的某一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)問題，要求寫作者用因果推理方法從主觀或客觀上對其成因加以解釋說明，或從多視角對其可能產(chǎn)生的后果和影響進(jìn)行分析和論證，并提出自己的看法或建議。因果分析型議論文多數(shù)為Why類型2021/5/938ThePressureofLivinginModernCitiesCouldcitylivingbemakingyoucrazy?Anewreportsaysthatweaksocialtiesmaybetoblameforthehigherincidenceofmentaldisordersincities.It'snotthehustleandbustleoflivinginthe"concretejungle"surroundedbypeoplethat'smakescitydwellersmentallyunstableeither.Infact,it'stheopposite.Citiespackedwithpeoplecanactuallymakepeoplefeeldisconnected,anonymousandsociallyisolated.Thisistheironyofbeingsurroundedbymillionsofpeople,yetfeelinglikeahermit.Itseemstruethateveryindividual,schoolorareacharacteristicshadaspecificlinktopsychosis.Livinginacitywasassociatedwitha41percenthigherchanceofpsychosiscomparedtoruralliving,andthelifetimeriskoflivinginacityandgettingthediseasemightbeabout15percentmorethanthoseinruralareas.Outofallthevariablesexamined,aweaksocialconnectionwasthemostsignificant.Inviteafewfriendsandgetoutofthecityforawalkinnature.Otherstudieshaveshowngettingoutdoorsforsome"greenexercise"mayhelpcurbdepressiontoo.Otherresearchhasshownthatsocialnetworksprovidesupporttopromotementalhealthandbufferstress.Infact,recentresearchshowedhappypeopletalkmore.Somethingtothinkaboutasyouavoideyecontactintheurbanjungle.

2021/5/939WeNeedHumor

Asuspiciouscustomermurmured,“Iwonderifthismilkisfresh.”Thequick-wittedwaiteranswered,“Fresh?ThreehoursagoitwasGRASS!”

See?Ahumorousresponsemaysolveyourproblem.

Someoneaskedayoungartist,"Didyousellanyofyourpaintingsattheartshow?""No,butIamencouraged,"hereplied."Somebodystoleone."Andyearslaterhebecameworldknown.

Humormaysustainusinhardtimesandbringhappinessineverydaylife.

Oncemyneighbortoldmethatheshavesfiftytimesaday.Washecrazy?Ofcoursenot—heisabarber.

So,mydearfriends,remember,weneedhumorandtrytobehumorousinyourlife.Nexttime,whenyouareasked,“HowcanIstopwaterfromcomingintomyhouse?”Say,“Don’tpaythewaterbill.”2021/5/940Whydopeoplelovetodriveacar?

Peoplegenerallyprefertodrivetheircarssimplybecausetheyprefercontrol.Theycan’tcontrolthebustoddlinginabittoolateorthespeedofthetrain.Peoplehavetheillusiontheyareincontrolwhendrivingtheirowncars.It’sonlyanillusion.Accidentsareevidenceoftheillusionofcontrol,norcanwecontroltheflowoftrafficnomatterhowhardwewillourselvestohavesuchafantasticpower,andofcourse,wecan’tcontrolthepoliceofficer’sactionwhenhedecidestopullusoverforwhatweconsideredaterriblyminordrivinginfraction.Thefinancialbenefitsarequiteobviouswhenconsideringpublictransportation.Ofcourse,peoplearesecretlyinlovewiththeircars,eventhebeatupoldbeautiesthatarequietlyworkingtheirwaytothegravedemandacertainloyalaffectionfromusthesamewaywehaveappreciatedtheirloyalserviceevenwhenitseemeditwaspainfultogive.Peoplearesecretlyinlovewiththeirillusionofcontrol.這個(gè)段落很幽默又優(yōu)美，介紹人們對汽車的喜愛合情合理，但是從根本上講真相卻是“幻覺”。2021/5/941PleaseBePunctualWiththeadventoftheeraofknowledgeeconomy,timeistreasuredbyanincreasingnumberofpeople.However,manyyoungpeopleattachlittleimportancetopunctuality,which,inmyopinion,willgiverisetomanyproblems.First,youmayimpressotherpeopleasbeingunreliableanddishonest.Whenyouarelateforajobinterview,thebossmayrefusetogiveyouthechancesincepeopletendtoassumethatifyoucannotfulfillyourpromise,youhavenosenseofresponsibilityandcando