victorian-era-維多利亞時期介紹

Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.VictorianEraByGloria&TracyPeriodanderasinEnglishHistoryVictorianEraEventsEconomySocietyCultureOutlineVictorianera

------PERIODSANDERASINENGLISHHISTORYTudorperiod(1485–1603)TudorsElizabethanera

(1558–1603)ElizabethI(Portrait)Stuartperiod(1603–1714)

Jacobeanera(1603–1625)

JamesIofEngland

Carolineera(1625–1642)CarolusGeorgianera(1714–1830)TheCircus,Bath,England.

Victorianera(1837–1901)

QueenVictoria

Edwardianera(1901–1910)Edwardviiengland

Victorianera

------BRIEFINTRODUTIONalongperiodofprosperity

overseasBritishEmpireprofits

industrialimprovementsathomeAtthesametime……theBelleépoqueeraofcontinentalEuropeandtheGildedAgeoftheUnitedStatesalongperiodofpeace

：knownasthePaxBritannica,andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidationNewImperialismledtoincreasing

colonialconflictsandeventuallytheAnglo-ZanzibarWarandtheBoerWar

PopulationofEnglandIrelandHouseofCommonsKeyWordsWhigsLiberalsToriesConservatives1850sVictorianera

------eVENTS1837

AccessionofQueenVictoriatothethrone1840

NewZealandbecomesaBritishcolony,throughtheTreatyofWaitangi.1840QueenVictoriamarriesPrinceAlbert

1840

BirthoftheQueen'sfirstchildVictoria,PrincessRoyal

;OpiumWar1841BirthofPrinceAlbertEdward

1842TheMinesActof1842bannedwomen/childrenfromworkingincoal,iron,leadandtin

mining.TheIllustratedLondonNewswasfirstpublished.Events1851

TheGreatExhibition(thefirstWorld'sFair)washeldattheCrystalPalace,withgreatsuccessandinternationalattention.TheVictoriangoldrush.IntenyearstheAustralianpopulationnearlytripled.1854CrimeanWar:TheUnitedKingdomdeclaredwaronRussia.1857TheIndianMutiny,awidespreadrevoltinIndiaagainsttheruleoftheBritishEastIndiaCompany,wassparkedbysepoys(nativeIndiansoldiers)intheCompany'sarmy.Therebellion,involvingnotjustsepoysbutmanysectorsoftheIndianpopulationaswell,waslargelyquashedwithinayear.Inresponsetothemutiny,theEastIndiaCompanywasabolishedinAugust1858andIndiacameunderthedirectruleoftheBritishcrown,beginningtheperiodoftheBritishRaj.1859CharlesDarwinpublishedOntheOriginofSpecies,whichledtovariousreactions.1861DeathofPrinceAlbert;QueenVictoriarefusedtogooutinpublicformanyyears,andwhenshedidsheworeawidow'sbonnetinsteadofthecrown.1867TheConstitutionAct,1867passesandBritishNorthAmericabecomesDominionofCanada.1875

BritainpurchasedEgypt'ssharesintheSuezCanal.astheAfricannationwasforcedtoraisemoneytopayoffitsdebts.1878TreatyofBerlin(1878).CyprusbecomesaCrowncolony.1882BritishtroopsbegantheoccupationofEgyptbytakingtheSuezCanal,inordertosecurethevitaltraderouteandpassagetoIndia,andthecountrybecameaprotectorate1888

TheserialkillerknownasJacktheRippermurderedandmutilatedfive(andpossiblymore)prostitutesonthestreetsofLondon.1870-1891UndertheElementaryEducationAct1870,basicStateEducationbecamefreeforeverychildundertheageof10.1901

Thedeathofthemuch-lovedVictoriasawtheendofthisera,andtheascensionofhereldestson,Edward,begantheEdwardianera,anothertimeofgreatchange.Victorianera

------economy

ColonialExpansionThemostpowerfuloftheBritishEmpireatthetimeofterritoryacross5continentswithatotalareaofupto33,500,000squarekilometers,theUnitedKingdomis137timesthatofthetotalglobalareaof1/4;itscolonywithapopulationofabout400,000,000,ofthetotalpopulationofthecolony75%.FromtheEarthneartheCanadianArctic,theAntarctictothevicinityofArgentina,fromtheCongoRiverinAfrica,Asia,South-EastAsiahaverangedfromthesizeoftheBritishcolony.WorldFactoryTothemid-19thcentury,theUnitedKingdomtobecometheworld'sfirstindustrializedcountries,whichexportalargenumberofmanufacturedgoods,importsofrawmaterialsandalargenumberofagriculturalandsidelineproducts.Britainbecometheworld'sfactory,theeconomiccenter.In1851,thenumberofBritishmerchantaccountfornearlyhalfofworldmerchantshipping,industrialproductsoccupied50%oftheworldmarket,productionofpigironaccountedfor53%oftheworld'scoaloutputaccountedfor50%oftheworld.Thesunneversets“RussiaandtheNorthAmericanplainsisourcorn,ChicagoandOdessaisourgranary,CanadaandtheBalticSeaisourforests,ourAustraliansheepfarms,ArgentinaandNorthAmericanprairietothewestofourcattlegrazing,andsentPeruviansilver,goldsentAustraliaandSouthAfrica,IndiaandChinahasprovideduswithtea,EastIndiestoprovideuswithcoffee,sugarandspices."------SOCIETYVictorianeraIndustrialRevolutionMiningThestatusofthepoorGeorgianandVictorianerasTheBritishclasssystem:

thenewandoldrich,theskilledandunskilled,theruralandurbanandmanymore.Britain'sagriculturaldepression(1873~1896)substantialaid

rentsweretoohigh,wagestoolow,andthehourslaborerswererequiredtoworkweretoolongfortheirincomeJaneAustenCharlesDickens