英語翻譯原文

StabilityofSlopes1IntroductionGravitationalandseepageforcestendtocauseinstabilityinnaturalslopes,inslopesformedbyexcavationandintheslopesofembankmentsandearthrotationalslipstheshapeofthefailuresurfaceinsectionmaybeacirculararcoranon-circularcurve．Ingeneral，circularslipsareassociatedwithhomogeneoussoilconditionsandnon-circularslipswithnon-homogeneousconditions．Translationalandcompoundslipsoccurwheretheformofthefailuresurfaceisinfluencedbythepresenceofanadjacentstratumofsignificantlydifferentstrength．Translationalslipstendtooccurwheretheadjacentstratumisatarelativelyshallowdepthbelowthesurfaceoftheslope:thefailuresurfacetendstobeplaneandroughlyparalleltotheslope.Compoundslipsusuallyoccurwheretheadjacentstratumisatgreaterdepth，thefailuresurfaceconsistingofcurvedandplanesections．Inpractice,limitingequilibriummethodsareusedintheanalysisofslopestability.Itisconsideredthatfailureisonthepointofoccurringalonganassumedoraknownfailuresurface．Theshearstrengthrequiredtomaintainaconditionoflimitingequilibriumiscomparedwiththeavailableshearstrengthofthesoil，givingtheaveragefactorofsafetyalongthefailuresurface．Theproblemisconsideredintwodimensions，conditionsofplanestrainbeingassumed．Ithasbeenshownthatatwo-dimensionalanalysisgivesaconservativeresultforafailureonathree-dimensional(dish-shaped)surface．2AnalysisfortheCaseofφu=0Thisanalysis,intermsoftotalstress，coversthecaseofafullysaturatedclayunderundrainedconditions,i.e.Fortheconditionimmediatelyafterconstruction．Onlymomentequilibriumisconsideredintheanalysis．Insection,thepotentialfailuresurfaceisassumedtobeacirculararc.Atrialfailuresurface(centreO，radiusrandlengthLa)isshowninFig.9.2.Potentialinstabilityisduetothetotalweightofthesoilmass(WperunitLength)abovethefailuresurface．ForequilibriumtheshearstrengthwhichmustbemobilizedalongthefailuresurfaceisexpressedaswhereFisthefactorofsafetywithrespecttoshearstrength．EquatingmomentsaboutO：Therefore(9.1)Themomentsofanyadditionalforcesmustbetakenintoaccount．Intheeventofatensioncrackdeveloping，asshowninFig.9.2，thearclengthLaisshortenedandahydrostaticforcewillactnormaltothecrackifthecrackfillswithwater．Itisnecessarytoanalyzetheslopeforanumberoftrialfailuresurfacesinorderthattheminimumfactorofsafetycanbedetermined．Basedontheprincipleofgeometricsimilarity，Taylor[9.9]publishedstabilitycoefficientsfortheanalysisofhomogeneousslopesintermsoftotalstress．ForaslopeofheightHthestabilitycoefficient(Ns)forthefailuresurfacealongwhichthefactorofsafetyisaminimumis(9.2)Forthecaseofφu=0，valuesofNscanbeobtainedfromFig.9.3.ThecoefficientNsdependsontheslopeangleβandthedepthfactorD，whereDHisthedepthtoafirmstratum．GibsonandMorgenstern[9.3]publishedstabilitycoefficientsforslopesinnormallyconsolidatedclaysinwhichtheundrainedstrengthcu(φu=0)varieslinearlywithdepth．Example1A45°slopeisexcavatedtoadepthof8minadeeplayerofsaturatedclayofunitweight19kN／m3:therelevantshearstrengthparametersarecu=65kN／m2andφu=0．DeterminethefactorofsafetyforthetrialfailuresurfacespecifiedinFig.9.4.映In乏Fig.襲9.4,汁the不cros銳s-se揭ctio胞nal啞area彩ABC超Dis袖70迎m逃2道.幼W謎eigh美tof隱soi枝lma索ss=7按0×19親=133疼0k圈N憲／他m抱The架cent鼓roid崖of蠶ABCD劑is衡4.5糖mfr法om港O橫．津The鐵angl么eAO貞Cis獎(jiǎng)89.肌5°an縣dra考dius百OC院is1群2.1筐m蔥．按The方arc群leng挪thA錘BCi膏sca述lcul路ated況as吧18.9股m霞．勵(lì)The琴fact品oro忌fsa揚(yáng)fety兇is單give漆nb柔y精：鍛This竟is鈔the勝fact省oro溪fsa迷fety逃for算the粗tri旁alf僑ailu謙res假urfa套ces麗elec決ted鞭and種isn貸ot地nec董essa鉤rily末the騙min卡imum路fac單tor吵ofs起afet吳y股．霞The鐘mini纏mum距fact雜oro勿fsa客fety華can打be疲esti堤mate瓣dby陡usi腥ngE似quat獲ion秀9.2.田From脾Fig盯.9.胸3饑，撥β模=45°碌and填assu慘ming壺tha雨tD圓isl默arg照e獸，畜the鬼valu渠eof聰N嶄s在is幼0.18取.攻Then跌The謀Met蘿hod務(wù)ofS找lice敬s腹Int退his排meth念odt罪hep慮oten脊tial麗fai齡lure飽sur如fac血e施，完ins旺ecti劣o嘴n酬，溉isa唱gain壽ass隙umed斧to很bea處cir附cula笨rar舉cwi況thc字entr蜘eO偷and逢radi玩us古r詢．伍The仁soil托mas坦s(A鎖BCD)慢abo明vea那屈tria箏lfa暑ilur下esu攔rfac駱e(AC延)近is除divi三ded出byv黎erti懂cal竄plan弦esi工nto榜ase括ries冰of蒼slic索eso息f糖wid抹thb啟,as理sho懸wni存nFi臣g.9.脅5.Th唱eba拔seo鋒fea些chs態(tài)lice聞is忍assu狼med繳tob南ea襯stra狡ight礦lin積e膠．嶺For鳥any樓slic各eth崗ein略clin獎(jiǎng)atio估nof向the祖bas博eto述the立hor席izon納tal衛(wèi)i壺s聯(lián)α意and積the清heig抱ht,甘meas瞇ured緊on告the艙cent鎮(zhèn)re-1貫ine,飽ish百.Th飽efa坦ctor話of鮮safe辮tyi銜sde崇fine障das灶the擁rat允ioo在fth該eav丹aila扣ble絡(luò)shea每rst熊reng遙th程(閱τ盜f敲)to風(fēng)the啟shea禾rst樣reng簽th伐(鐮τ慨m坦)wh譯ich摩must懲be樹mobi案lize醬dto帳mai嫌ntai服na建cond貍itio扁nof輝lim倘itin乒gequ宏ilib哪rium怕,i.倚e.這The按fact瓦oro工fsa栽fety墓is大take差nto大be刺the泡same影for渣eac番hsl甜ic孟e母，灘impl仆ying坦tha潔tth疤ere鴉must輩be葡mutu巧als尸uppo打rtb私etwe響ens句lice癢s狹，稅i.e.釀for敏ces缸must沒act棚bet判ween慰the事sli港ce牧s景．匆The寸forc末es(p傘eru錦nit吳dime浙nsio鵝nno紡rmal滔to小the奶sect哈ion)課acti擔(dān)ngo躬na孕slic覺e追ar詠e獲：單1.Th裙eto非tal舌weig享hto喉fth土esl巖ic恒e蝶，蔬W來=馬γ隆bh聯(lián)(貸γ喬sat勸whe毫rea蝦ppro禍pria抱te姥)磨．厲2.Th錯(cuò)eto困tal柜norm霜alf獄orce每on遙the準(zhǔn)bas棕e劉，鋤N(e蚊qual羊to拾潛σ曾l接)筍．腎Ing梨ener萄a(bǔ)lt撓his翠forc奇eha宮stw狠oco子mpon妙ent柳s狐，多the薄effe墾ctiv鑒eno騙rmal嘗for秀ceN句'(eq醒ual旱t游o啦σ請(qǐng)'l)舟and摧the寬bou塌ndar俱ywa繞ter舌forc膽eU(凱equa競lto死ul截)圖，熱wher咐eu剛ist轉(zhuǎn)hep計(jì)ore撿wate裂rpr慧essu稍rea恨tth略ece習(xí)ntre惠of玩the顆base唯and脆l(xiāng)i嫩sth鈴ele低ngth殺of疫t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