美國文學史及選讀考試整理

WashingtonIrving&BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田莊(1822)篇TheLegendofSleepyHollow&TalesofaTraveller旅客談(1824)CChristopherColumbus(1828)writingcharacteristicshumorous:thefunctionofhiswritingistoamuse,toentertaininsteadofteachingorinstructionvividandtruecharacterportrayal(3 (3)finished(refined)andmusicallanguage,thusregardedas“theAmn.Goldsmith”analysisonTheLegendofSleepyHollow(選自thesketchbook見聞札記)thestory:setting,character,plottheme:conflictsandpraiseconflictbetw.IchabodandBrom■conflictbetw.thevillageandtheoutsideworldJamesFenimoreCooperThTheSpy(1821):ahistoricalnovel■SThePilot(1824):aseanovelLeLeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841):frontiernovels趟TheLastMohicans(1826)(ColonialWarbetw.BritainandFrance)writingfeatures:/strongpoints:wecanseeavarietyofincidentsandtensions,complicatedplotandstructureandabeautifuldescriptionofnature.Weakpoints:characterizationisweak.Thereisunsatisfactorydescriptionofcharacters(esp.female).Heisnotfreefromsyntacticalawkwardness,heavy-handedattemptathumor.“WhereIrvingexcelsCooperisweak.”Dialectisnotauthentic.EdgarAllanPoeTTheFalloftheHouseUsherFeature:brevity(15pages)Iii.SingleeffectoriginalityinthemeToHelen篇ItwasinspiredbythebeautyofthemotherofaschoolmateofPoeinRichmond,Virginia.趟Thepoemisfamousforanumberofthings:itsrhymescheme:ababbitsvariedlinelengthsitsmetaphorofatravelonthesea藕4.itsoft-quotedlines:熔"TotheglorythatwasGreece,/AndthegrandeurthatwasRome."趟theme:praisetheidealloveandbeautyandancientGreekandRomancivilizationsTheRaven烏鴉勒theme:thelamentoverthedeathofabeautifulwoman熔tone:melancholyTranscendentalism(essayists,poets,novelists)篇Theirjournalis“TheDial”.箱Definition:Transcendentalismisidealism.(Emerson)b.features/ (1)stressonOversoul,thatisspirit.■(2)stresstheimportanceofindividual.回(3)freshconceptionofnature.significance輝(1)inspiredawholegenerationofwriterssuchasWhitman,MelvilleandDickinson., (2)dressesman'ssubjectiveinitiativeasopposedtomaterialism.箱(3)liberatedpeoplefromCalvin'soriginalsind.limitation/ (1)shallow:cutofffromreallifeorreality;initiatedbytherich,theywerelimitedinacertaincircle.So,insomedegree,theyhavebeencutofffromsociallifeandcan'tunderstandthesufferingsofthecommonpeople.姆(2)inwardcontradiction:gainknowledgebyintuition,showsitsidealisticaspect.R.W.Emerson(RalphWaldo)Nature(1836):theBibleofNewEnglandtranscendentalismTheAmericanScholar(1837):"America'sDeclarationofIntellectualThTheDivinitySchoolAddress神學院致辭(1838)勒Essays(1841/1847)勒RepresentativeMen(1850)姆EnglishTraits(1856)PoPoems(1847)significance趟(1)Heembodiedanewnation'sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.輝(2)hisstressonindividualism■Limitation:self-centered,individualHHisideasinfluencealotofwriterssuchasDikinson,HawthorneandWhitman.HenryDavidThoreau篇AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers康考德和梅里馬克河上的一周(1849)WWalden,orLifeintheWoods(1854)瀛CivilDisobedience不服從論(1849,anaddress)c.Walden熔mainideas:熔(1)onself-cultivationandhumanperfectibility,elevatedfromPuritanoriginalsin,believeininnervirtueandinwardlygracecriticismoncivilizationandcapitalismonlytruthandknowledgecan'tbetakenaway,trustinfutureandinmanStyle:pithy(colloquialsayings),vividdescription,symbolsandimagesNathanielHawthorneTWTwice-ToldTales(1837):acollectionofshortstories菱MossesfromanOldManse古屋青苔(1846):anothercollectionofshortstories熔TheHouseoftheSevenGables七個尖角的閣樓(1851):ontheeffectofacurseTheScarletLetter(1850):masterpiece/ It'snotalovestory,tryingtoshowthemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsofsinonhischaracters.勒“A"：Adultery-Able-Angel“A"A”onchest:sinner,confessed,died,showsanhonestman翎Moral:manshouldbetrueandhonestandreadytoshowone,sworsttotheworld(批評與自我批評)HermanMelvilleTyTypee(《泰比》1846)OmOmoo(《奧穆》1847)■Mardi(《馬爾迪》1847)蠲這三部作品描寫塔希提群島和馬吉薩斯群島以及他在島上的奇遇。勒Redburn(《萊德勃恩》1849)：描寫了他的第一次航海經驗以及在利物浦港貧民窟的見聞。WWhiteJacket(《白外套》1850)：根據(jù)他在美國海軍軍艦上服役時期的生活體驗寫成。PiPierre(《皮埃爾》1852)瀛IsraelPotter(《伊斯萊爾?波特》1855):historicalnovelPiaPiazzaTales(《廣場故事》1856):acollectionofshortstory藕MobyDick(《白鯨》1851):masterpiece熔(1)awhalingbook:anencyclopediaofwhaling/descriptionofawhaler'slife趟(2)atragedyaboutmanfightingagainstuniverse(hostile)Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.描Mancanobserveandevenmanipulateinaprudentway,buthecannotinfluenceandovercomenatureatitssource.瞋(3)alienation異化：篇betweenmanandman箱betweenmanandsociety(ship)趟betweenmanandnatureAhabisthebestrepresentative.■Tohimtheworldexistsforhissake.Hisselfhoodmustbeassertedattheexpenseofallelse:livesmaybesacrificed,andnaturemayhavetobevanquishedinorderthathemaydowhathewills.熔RichardChasesays:theideaMelvilleconveysinitis"deathspiritual,emotional,physical".theme:questsymbolism趟thevoyage:ametaphorfor"searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience".thePequod皮闊德:theshipoftheAmericansoul/theendeavorofthecrews:"themaniacalfanaticismofourwhitementalconsciousness"勒MobyDick:(manyinterpretations)thesymbolofnatureW.C.Bryant篇theanalysisonToaWaterfowl致水鳥趟Itisthe"mostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage".(MatthewArnold)熔Itisapoemofnatureinquatrainsrhyminginabab.theme:fromabirdanditsflighttoanordinarypersonandhiscourseoflife,thispoemconveysthateverythinginnatureisunderthebeneficenceandprotectionofthePower.HenryWadsworthLongfellowTheme:idealizedlove,children,familyandfriendshipAPsalmofLife趟Thepoemisdividedinto9stanzas,eachcomposedoftwoiambictetrameterlinesandtwotrochaictrimeterlinesrhymingabab.Thefirsttwostanzasrefutethepessimismthatlifeisbutadream,affirmingthecontrarythatlifeisreal.藕Thefollowingstanzasurgethereadertoactinthepresentandtoleave"footprints"asgreatpeopledidinordertoinspirethefollowers.趟Thelaststanzaendswitharesoundingnotewhileadmonishingpeopletolearntowaitaswellastolabor.Realism(the19th-centuryliterarymovementthatreactedtoromanticismbyinsistingonafaithful,objectivepresentationofthedetailsofeverydaylife.)features:口i.objectivedescription(concernforthecommonplace/thelow)口ii.criticismofsocietyandreality,exposingandcriticizingthesociety;thewriters’dissatisfaction;nolongereulogizehumanglority口iii.verisimilitude逼真性(truetodetails)口iv.influencedbybourgeois’中產階級democraticideas(notoverthrowbutreform,changes)口v.reformative:toreformthesociety,nottochangecompletely口features:Naturalism(Apost-Darwinianmovementofthelate19thcenturythattriedtoapplythe"laws"ofscientificdeterminismtofiction.)isatheorywhichappliedscientificconceptsandmethodstosuchproblemsasplotdevelopmentandcharacterisation.口ComparisonbetweenRealismandNaturalism:口Realism.口i.objective口ii.creationoftypes口iii.influencedbyBritishRom.workswithhope口Naturalism口i.scientificaccuracy口ii.collectmaterialfromtheirlives口iii.againstthis,hopeless/gloomypictureofthesocietyWaltWhitmanLeavesofGrass《草葉集》，themes口i.unityofallmanandofmanwithinuniverse口ii.equalityofallman口iii.cycleoflifeanddeath口iv.enthusiasticideatowardWestwardExpansion口v.brotherhoodSongofMyself自我之歌口(1)influenceofTranscendentalism:praiseofindividualism口(2)cycleoflifeanddeath口(3)idealofdemocracy:equalitybetweendifferentracesandbrotherhoodEmilyDickinsonABirdcamedownthewalkIdiedforBeautybutwasScarceIHeardaFlybuzzwhenIdiedBecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath-H.B.StoweUncleTom'sCabin(1851):masterpiecesignificance:口1.intensifiedandstrengthenedabolitionistsentiment;口2.gaveabetterbalanced,morespecificpictureofplantationlife;口3.praisedthemeritsofslavesandshowedgreatsympathyforthemHenryJames口TheAmerican(1877):beginswithinternationaltheme口DaisyMiller(1878):bringstheauthorfirstinternationalfame口TheWingsoftheDove(1902)口TheAmbassadors(1903)口TheGoldenBowl(1904)口ThePortraitofALady貴婦畫像masterpiece口IttellsaboutthefateofoneofthosesplendidJamesianAmericangirls,IsabelArcher,arrivinginEurope,fullofhope,andwithawilltoliveafreeandnoblelife,onlytofailpreytothesinisterdesignsoftwovulgarandunscrupulousexpatriates,MadamMerleandGilbertOsmondInternationaltheme國際主題：口themeetingofAmericaandEurope;AmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceandthemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom;fortheAmericanitwasaprocessofprogressionfrominexperiencetoexperience,frominnocencetoknowledgeandmaturity.ThoseAmericanheroesorheroinswhoconfrontingEuropeansophistication,eithertriumphedoveritorwereoverwhelmed.MarkTwain口TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCount卡拉維拉斯縣有名的跳蛙(1865):ashortstory口TheInnocentsAbroad國外的無辜者(1869):lettersonhistravellinginEuropeandNearEast口RoughingIt苦行記(1872):onhisexperienceinthewesternAmerica口TheGildedAge(1873):hisfirstnovel,collaboratedwithCharlesDudleyWarner口TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)口TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克貝利，費恩歷險記(1884):masterpiece口LifeontheMississippi(1883)口AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt誤闖亞瑟王宮(1889)口TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg敗壞了哈德萊堡的人(1900)口TheMysteriousStranger(1916)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer口1.Itis"aboy'sbook"whichsets20yearsbeforeCivilWar.口2.themes:口1)picaresque以流浪漢和無賴為題材的(adventurestory)口2)moralgrowthofTom口3.techniques:verisimilitude,humor,colloquialstyleDeadpan(鐵面幽默)：oralhumor/thetellerhasastrictfacebutthelistenersarelaughing.Language:dialectsasformsofartJackLondon口ThePeopleoftheAbyss深淵居民(1903):aboutLondon'sslum口TheIronHeel鐵蹄(1908):thefirstproletariancriterionnovelwhichenvisagesthedevelopmentoffascism口TheCalloftheWild野性的呼喚(1903):themostwidelyreadbook口TheSeaWolf海狼(1904)口Thesetwonovelsreflecttheideasofthelawofsurvivalandthewilltopower口MartinEden馬丁伊登(1909):areflectionofthecontradictionbetweenthesecompeteingbeliefsc.MartinEden--theme:thefailureofAmericanDream.Afterherealizedhisdreamofgettingintotheupperclass,healsorealizedtheemptinessofitandcommittedsuicide.口"Thisisabookthatmissedfirewithamajorityofthecritics.Writtenasanindictmentofindividualism,itwasacceptedasanindictmentofsocialism;writtentoshowthatmancannotliveforhimselfalone,itwasacceptedasademonstrationthatsuccessmadefordeath.HadMartinEdenbeenasocialisthewouldnothavedied."口ConsciouslyLondonmeantthenoveltoshowthatonlyabeliefinthepeople,onlythedevotionofone'slifetoacausegreaterthanonself,couldgivelifeanyrealmeaning.T.Dreisser西奧多?德萊塞口SisterCarrie嘉莉妹妹(1900):thefirstnovel,masterwork口JannieGerhardt(1911)口TheFanancier(1912)口TheTitan(1914)口TheStoic(1947)口TheGenius(1915)口AnAmericanTragedy美國悲劇(1925)口DreiserLooksatRussia(1928)c.SisterCarrie口theme:theemptinessofAmeircanDream口i.junglelaw口Famousactressbankmanager(theunfitisboundtodie)<——口Countrygirl(abletofollowherinstinct)commitsuicide口ii.chanceandluck口iii.criticismofAmericanvalues:moneyandsex—thestandardstoseeifapersonissuccessful口iv.concernforthepoorJazzAge:theJazzAgelastedfrom1919-1929,thedecadeenjoyedeconomicprosperity.Thewarandeconomicboomencouragedabreakingwiththetradition(Puritanism).Peopleupheldthevalueofmoney-makingandpleasure-seeking.EzraPound埃茲拉?龐德Imagism意象派Poundbecamethemostimportantfigure.Imagistpoetryreachedthepeakofliteratureforthreethingsappeared:i.amanifestoii.threeprinciplesiii.alotofwritingsPoundsaid,animageis"thatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime."InaStationoftheMetro在地鐵車站1.Thisisthemuch-quotedmasterpieceofPoundandarepresentativeoftheImagistpoetry.2.Inform,thepoemissimilartotheJapanesehaiku,atwo-linecoupletwithrhymes.Pound'spoemremindstheChineseoftwolinesbyaTangpoet,BaiJuyi.WhendescribingthesadyetbeautifulfaceofYangHuifei,aTangemperess,thepoetwrote,Thebeautifulface,lonesomewithtears;Apearbranch,radiantwithrain.3.ThepoemisarepresentativeofImagistpoemsinthattheimageofpetalsonawet,blackboughbestrepresentsthepictureofthoselovelyfacesinthecrowdandthattheimageisdominantinthepoemtheimageitselfisthepoem.T.S.Eliotpoetry:PrufrockandOtherObservations(1917)Poems(1920)TheWasteLand(1922)TheHollowMen(1925)AshWednesday(1930)FourQuartets(1943)plays:SweeneyAgonistes(1932)MurderintheCathedral(1935)TheCocktailParty(1950)TheConfidentialClerk(1954)criticalessays:TheSacredWood(1920)ForLancelotAndrews(1928)TheUseofPoetryandtheUseofCriticism(1933)AfterStrangeGods(1934)OnPoetryandPoets(1957)c.TheWasteLand荒原5parts:TheBurialofDead,TheGameofChess,TheFireSermon,DeathbyWater,WhattheThunderSaidchiefcharacteristics1.quotationsandallusions暗示2.objectivecorrelative3.juxtaposition并列:minglebrandimagewithcommonimage4.useofantiquity古風TheLoveSong"Prufrock"isnottheimageofoneunluckymodernman;instead,herepresentsmanyothermodernwesternerswhoare"dividedbetweenpassionandtimidity,betweendesireandimpotence".theme■ThispoemreflectsthedecadentmoderncivilizationandthenightmarishinfernoinwhichmodernWesternersarelivingin.techiniques1)irony2)strikingimages3)theformofdramaticmonologueThepoemiswritteninirregularlines,withbutafewrhymes.RobertFrostb.Characteristics1.notinthemainstreamofmodernpoetry,butwithconventionalformandplainlanguage.That’swhyhe’sthemostpopularpoetinthe20thcentury.2.akindofaregionalist NewEngland,butnotlocalcolorism.HeusedNewEnglandasametaphorforthewholeworldanduniverse.3.aplainpoetusingsymbolsfromeverydaycountrylife.Simplesymbolsbutexpressdeepmeanings.TheRoadNotTaken1.Thepoemwaswritteninveryregularlineswithiambicpentametreandrhymeschemeofabaab.2.Thesymbolicmeaningofthetwodivergentroadsisratherclear.Theyrepresentanyimportantdecisionsinone'slife.3.details:StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening1.Itisalyricpoemwithiambictetrametreandinterlockingenclosedrhyme.2.Itrepresentsamomentofrelaxationfromtheonerousjourneyoflife,analmostaestheticenjoymentandappreciationofnaturalbeautywhichiswholesomeandretorativeagainstthechaoticexistenceofmodernman.TheLostGeneration1.term:ItisaterminfrequentuseafterWWIinreferencetotheyoungmenwhosurvivedphysicallybutwereafterwardsspirituallyandmorallyadrift.SothelostgenerationreferstodisillusionedwriterswhowroteafterWWI.Manyofthemwenttothebattle.Afterthewar,theyrebelledagainstformeridealsandvaluesandcan’tfindnewonestoreplace.2.ItfirstcoinedbyGertrudeStein.InParis,sheopensthedoortoAmericanexpatriates.SheoncesaidtoHemingway,“You’reallalostgeneration.”3.ItwasusedasprefacetoTheSunAlsoRises.Thenitbecamepopular.Fitzgeraldoncesaidtheyare“agenerationgrownuptofindallgodsdied,allwarsfought,allfaithinmenshaken”.ErnestHemingway1.Hemingwaytheme/hero/situation.Theme:“graceunderpressure”2.nihilism:negativeattitudetowardstheworld.Thereisonlyonethingmaniscertaindeath■3.devotiontotruth.Hebelievesthewriter'sjobistotelltruth.style1.icebergprinciple.Themeaninghereisthatthewritershouldsayonlyoneeighth,insuchawaythattheremainingseveneighthsbediscernedandprovidedbythereader.2.language:short,common,fundamentalwords,simplesentence,structure.Theeffectofthelanguage:clearness,cleannessandgreatcare.3.dialogue:playsaveryimportantpartinhiswritings.Hemingway’sdialoguecanshowsetting,developmentofplot,characters,eventheme.4.cinematicway:heusesshowinginsteadoftelling.Helikestodescribesactions(kiss,withdrawhand)vividlyinsteadofmentaldescription.5.symbolism6.useofstreamofconsciousnessAFarewelltoArms1.IfwesayTheSunAlsoRisestellswhytheylost,thisnoveldescribeshowtheylost.Thusitcanbereadasafootnotetotheformer.2.thedoublemean