2023年考研考博-考博英語-湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案

2023年考研考博-考博英語-湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共25題)1.不定項(xiàng)選擇題Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtleshavestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlingsdowntothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.Whichraisestheobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendinocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythreatofrisinglevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness”(Line1,Para.2)?3.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?4.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?問題1選項(xiàng)A.governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles’extinctionB.humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurvive.C.marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproductionD.effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingout問題2選項(xiàng)A.Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.B.Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.C.Theturtlepopulationhaddecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.D.Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.問題3選項(xiàng)A.Theirlowerreproductivelyability.B.Theirinadequatefoodsupply.C.ContaminationofseawaterD.Unregulatedcommercialfishing.問題4選項(xiàng)A.Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.B.Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.C.Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.D.Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.2.單選題BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,（

）herefortwodays.問題1選項(xiàng)A.wehadstayedB.wewillhavestayedC.wewouldhavestayedD.Wehavestayed3.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

TheMoon,whichhasundergoneadistinctandcomplexgeologicalhistory,presentsastrikingappearance.Themoonmaybedividedintotwomajorterrains:themaria(darklowlands)andtheterrace(brighthighlands).Thecontrastinthereflectivity(thecapabilityofreflectinglight)ofthesetwoterrainssuggestedtomanyearlyobserversthatthetwoterrainsmighthavedifferentcompositions,andthissuppositionwasconfirmedbymissionstotheMoonsuchasSurveyorandApollo.Oneofthemostobviousdifferencesbetweentheterrainsisthesmoothnessofthemariaincontrasttotheroughnessofthehighlands.Thisroughnessismostlycausedbytheabundanceofcraters;thehighlandsarecompletelycoveredbylargecraters(greaterthan40-50kmindiameter),whilethecratersofthemariatendtobemuchsmaller.ItisnowknownthatthevastmajorityoftheMoon’scraterswereformedbytheimpactofsolidbodieswiththelunarsurface.MostofthenearsideoftheMoonwasthoroughlymappedandstudiedfromtelescopicpicturesyearsbeforetheageofspaceexploration.Earth-basedtelescopescanresolveobjectsassmallasafewhundredmetersonthelunarsurface.Closeobservationofcraters,combinedwiththewaytheMoondiffuselyreflectssunlight,ledtotheunderstandingthattheMooniscoveredbyasurfacelayer,orregolith,whichoverliesthesolidrockoftheMoon.Telescopicimagespermittedthecatalogingofabewilderingarrayoflandforms.Craterswerestudiedforcluestotheirorigin,thelargecircularmariaweremapped.Wispymarksonthesurface(knownasrays)emanatingfromcertaincraterswereseen.Strange,sinuousfeatureswereobservedinthemaria.Althoughvariouslandformswerecatalogued,themajorityofastronomers’attentionwasfixedoncratersandtheirorigins.Astronomershaveknownforafairlylongtimethattheshapeofcraterschangesastheyincreaseinsize.Smallcraterswithdiametersoflessthan10-15kmhaverelativelysimpleshapes.Theyhaverimcreststhatareelevatedabovethesurroundingterrain,smooth,bowl-shapedinteriors,anddepthsthatareaboutone-fifthtoone-sixththeirdiameters.Thecomplexityofshapeincreasesforlargercraters.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?2.Theunderlinedword“undergone”inLine1isclosestinmeaningto（

）.3.Accordingtothepassage,themariadifferfromtheterracemainlyintermsof（

）.4.Accordingtothepassagelunarresearchershavefocusedmostlyon（

）.5.Thepassageprobablycontinueswithadiscussionof（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.WhatastronomerslearnedfromtheSurveyorandApollospacemissions.B.CharacteristicsofthemajorterrainsoftheMoon.C.TheoriginoftheMoon’scraters.D.TechniquesusedtocataloguetheMoon’slandforms.問題2選項(xiàng)A.alteredB.substitutedC.experiencedD.preserved問題3選項(xiàng)A.ageB.mannerofcreationC.sizeD.composition問題4選項(xiàng)A.thepossibilityoffindingwaterontheMoonB.thelunarregolithC.catalogingvariouslandformationsD.cratersandtheirorigins問題5選項(xiàng)A.thereasonscratersaredifficulttostudyB.thedifferentshapesC.somefeaturesoflargecratersD.somedifferenceinthewayssmallandlargecraterswereformed4.不定項(xiàng)選擇題Watermakesupnearlythree-quartersoftheEarth’ssurface,butitdoesmorethanjustcoverourplanet—italsoplaysavitalroleinshapingit.ConsidertheGrandCanyon.Measuring277mileslong,18mileswideandmorethan1miledeep,itisconsideredoneoftheSevenNaturalWondersoftheWorldandattractsmorethan5millionvisitorsperyear.ThisgeologicalmarvelwascreatedbythewatersoftheColoradoRiverthroughtheprocessesofweatheringanderosion.Weatheringistheprocessbywhichmovingwaterbreaksdownsoil,rockandminerals,anderosionistheprocessbywhichtheflowingwatertransportssoilandrockfromonespotanddepositsitelsewhere.Thetwoprocessesoftenoccurinconjunction.Weatheringanderosionareveryslowprocesses.GeologistsbelievetheColoradoRiverhasbeenflowingthroughtheGrandCanyonforatleast17millionyears,andithasbeengraduallyshapingthecanyonthisentiretime.TheflowingwateroftheriveranditstributarieshascarvedawayattherockoftheColoradoPlateau,creatingthesightwearefamiliarwithtoday.Cavesandcavernsareanotherexampleofweatheringanderosion.Limestonecaves,suchastheCarlsbadCavernsinNewMexico,areformedwhenrainwatermixeswithcarbondioxideinthegroundandwearsawayatthelimestone.Seacaves,whichcanbefoundalongcoastlines,areformedwhenpowerfulwavescrashagainsttheshoreandbreakawaychunksofrock.Icecavesareformedwhenglaciersmeltandtheicemeltflowsacrossthegroundasastream.Youdon’thavetotravelveryfartoseetheeffectsofweatheringanderosionforyourself,though.Ifyou’veeverbeentothebeach,you’vealreadyseenevidenceofhowpowerfulofaforcemovingwatercanbe—andallyouhadtodowaslookdown.Thesandcoveringthebeachisactuallytheresultofrocksbeingbrokendownintotinypiecesandthenwashedashorebythewaves.AlthoughweatheringanderosionareresponsibleforcreatingbeautifulsightssuchassandybeachesandtheGrandCanyon,therearemanynegativeconsequencesaswell.Landslidesaresomeofthemostdangeroussideeffectsoferosion.Whenhillsidesormountainsidesaregraduallywornaway,theycanbecomeunstableandbreakdown,especiallywhentriggeredbyextremeweathersuchasfloods,heavyrainorsnow.Everyyear,landslidescausemassiveamountsofpropertydamageandcasualties.1.WhataretheprocessesbywhichwatercanshapetheEarth?2.Whatdoestheauthordescribeinthepassage?3.HowdoestheauthorpresenttheGrandCanyon?4.Inthelastparagraph,theauthormentionslandslidestomakethepointthaterosion________.問題1選項(xiàng)A.Deforestationandclimatechange.B.Weatheringanderosion.C.Soilproductivityandfertilization.D.Deepplowingandcroprotation.問題2選項(xiàng)A.Thepositiveeffectsofindustrialization.B.ThetourismindustryaroundtheGrandCanyon.C.Thehistoryofclimatechange.D.Thewaysthatmovingwatercanshapeandchangetheland.問題3選項(xiàng)A.Aseffectsoflandslides.B.Asgeologicalmysteries.C.Asnegativeeffectsoferosion.D.Aspositiveeffectsoferosion.問題4選項(xiàng)A.isoftenbeneficialB.isaveryslowprocessC.canhaveharmfuleffectsD.canhelpshapecavesandcaverns5.不定項(xiàng)選擇題Women’smindsworkdifferentlyfrommen’s.Atleast,thatiswhatmostmenareconvincedof.Psychologistsviewthesubjecteitherasamatteroffrustrationorajoke.Nowthebiologistshavemovedintothisminefield,andsomeofthemhavefoundthatherearerealdifferencesbetweenthebrainsofmenandwomen.Butbeingdifferent,theypointouthurriedly,isnotthesameasbeingbetterorworse.Thereis,however,adefinitestructuralvariationbetweenthemaleandfemalebrain.Thedifferenceisinapartofthebrainthatisusedinthemostcomplexintellectualprocesses―thelinkbetweenthetwohalvesofthebrain.Thetwohalvesarelinkedbytrunklineofbetween200and300millionnerves,thecorpuscallosum.Scientistshavefoundquiterecentlythatthecorpuscallosuminwomenisalwayslargerandprobablyricherinnervefibersthanitisinmen.Thisisthefirsttimethatastructuraldifferencehasbeenfoundbetweenthebrainsofwomenandmenanditmusthavesomesignificance.Thequestionis“What?”,and,ifthisdifferenceexists,arethereothers?Researchshowsthatpresent-daywomenthinkdifferentlyandbehavedifferentlyfrommen.Aresomeofthesedifferencesbiologicalandinborn,aresultofevolution?Wetendtothinkthatistheinfluenceofsocietythatproducesthesedifferences.Butcouldwebewrong?Researchshowedthatthesetwohalvesofthebrainhaddifferentfunctions,andthatthecorpuscallosumenabledthemtoworktogether.Formostpeople,thelefthalfisusedforword-handing,analyticalandlogicalactivities;therighthalfworksonpictures,patternsandforms.Weneedbothhalvesworkingtogether.Andthebettertheconnections,themoreharmoniouslythetwohalveswork.And,accordingtoresearchfindings,womenhavethebetterconnections.Butitisn’tallthateasytoexplaintheactualdifferencesbetweenskillsofmenandwomenonthisbasis.Inschoolsthroughouttheworldgirlstendtobebetterthanboysat“l(fā)anguagesubjects”andboybetteratmathematicsandphysics.Ifthesedifferencescorrespondwiththedifferencesinthehemispherictrunkline,thereisanunalterabledistinctionbetweenthesexes.Weshallnotknowforawhile,partlybecausewedon’tknowofanypreciserelationshipbetweenabilitiesinschoolsubjectsandthefunctioningofthetwohalvesofthebrain,andwecannotunderstandhowthetwohalvesinteractviathecorpuscallosum.Butthisstrikingdifferencemusthavesomeeffectandbecausethedifferenceisinthepartsofthebraininvolvedinintellect,weshouldbelookingfordifferencesinintellectualprocessing.1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?2.Accordingtothepassageitiscommonlybelievedthatbraindifferencesarecausedby_____factors.3.“thesedifferences”inparagraph5refertothosein.4.Attheendofthepassagetheauthorproposesmoreworkon.5.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?問題1選項(xiàng)A.Biologistsareconductingresearchwherepsychologistshavegivenup.B.Braindifferencespointtosuperiorityofonesexovertheother.C.Resultsofscientificresearchfailtosupportpopularbelief.D.Thestructuraldifferenceinthebrainbetweenthesexeshaslongbeenknown.問題2選項(xiàng)A.biologicalB.psychologicalC.physicalD.social問題3選項(xiàng)A.skillsofmenandwomenB.schoolsubjectsC.thebrainstructureofmenandwomenD.activitiescarriedoutbythebrain問題4選項(xiàng)A.thebrainstructureasawholeB.thefunctioningofpartofthebrainC.thedistinctionbetweenthesexesD.theeffectsofthecorpuscallosum問題5選項(xiàng)A.Tooutlinetheresearchfindingonthebrainstructure.B.Toexplainthelinkbetweensexandbrainstructure.C.Todiscussthevariousfactorsthatcausebraindifferences.D.Tosuggestnewareasinbrainresearch.6.單選題Ifnothingisdonetoprotecttheenvironment,millionsofspeciesthatarealivetodaywillhavebecome（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.deterioratedB.degeneratedC.suppressedD.extinct7.不定項(xiàng)選擇題Islifetodaymoredangerousthanitusedtobe?Itcertainlyseemsthatway.LastweektheentireMetrosysteminWashingtonhadtoclosedownbecausesomeonemightbeblownontothetracksduringahurricane.ThisweekchildreninWashingtonwerenotallowedtogotoschoolforawholedaybecausestreetswereblockedbyfallentreesandpowerlines,andtrafficlightsatsomeintersectionsweren’tworking.Apreviousgenerationmighthavewalkedaroundthefallentreesandlookedbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet,butthechildrenofthisgenerationclearlyliveinamuchmoredangerousworld,andweneedtoprotectthem.Aftersomeseriousaircrashes,thousandsofpeopleinthiscountrysworeoffairplanesandbegandrivingcars.Infact,thenumberofdeathsonU.S.highwaysinatypicalyearismorethandoublethenumberofpeoplewhohavediedinallcommercialairplaneaccidentsinthepast40years.Bytakingtheprecautionofnotflying,manypeopledied.Therearesomeclearpsychologicalexplanationsforsomeofthis.Itisafact,forexample,thatpeoplefearman-madedisasters(terrorism)farmorethantheyfearnaturaldisasters(hurricanes,snowstorms),evenwhenthelatteraremoredangerous.Equallyillogical,peoplearealsomoreafraidofthingstheydonotcontrol,whichiswhydrivingacardoesfeelsaferthanflyinginanairplane.Finally—althoughIhavenoproof—peoplearedisproportionatelyfrightenedbythingstheyreadaboutinthenewspaper.Bycontrast,theyaredisproportionatelywillingtodiscounttheevidenceoftheirownexperience.Ifyoulookaroundyourneighborhood,you’llnoticethatthewaterisclean—whichitwouldn’tnecessarilyhavebeen100yearsago—andthatthefoodisn’trottenorstale.Mostchildrenaren’tdyingyoung.Mostadultsaren’tdyinginmiddleage.LifeisfarsaferandlastsmuchlongerfortheaverageAmericanthaniteverhasforjustaboutanybodyatanyothertimeinhumanhistory.Butnowthatwe’veeliminatedmostofthethingsthatthehumanraceoncefeared,we’vejustinventednewonestoreplacethem.1.ChildreninWashingtonarenotallowedtogotoschoolforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT________.2.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatthepreviousgeneration________.3.Itisindicatedinthepassagethatinthepast________.4.Theauthorbelievesthat________.5.Thetoneoftheauthorinwritingthepassageis________.問題1選項(xiàng)A.fallentreesB.fallenpowerlinesC.acominghurricaneD.brokentrafficlights問題2選項(xiàng)A.knewbetterhowtoavoiddangerB.livedinalessdangerousworldC.wasbetteratprotectingthemselvesD.waslessfussyaboutdangers問題3選項(xiàng)A.lifewasmoreenjoyableB.waterwaslesscleanandfreshC.foodswereofbettertasteandqualityD.streetsweresaferforchildrentocross問題4選項(xiàng)A.peopleareoverreactingtodangersnowadaysB.peoplehavegoodreasonstofearthedangerstodayC.flyingismoredangerousaftersomeseriousaircrashesD.childrenshouldbebetterprotectedagainstdangers問題5選項(xiàng)A.complainingB.depressingC.factualD.ironic8.單選題Johndidn’twanttorisk（

）wetashehadonlyonesuit.問題1選項(xiàng)A.gettingB.togetC.beinggotD.tobegotten9.單選題Thenewlyelectedpresidenthas________$13milliontotheautomobileindustryforitssurvival.問題1選項(xiàng)A.preparedB.promisedC.disposedD.pledged10.單選題Thegovernment（

）aheavytaxontobacco,whicharousedoppositionfromthetobaccoindustry.問題1選項(xiàng)A.pronouncedB.imposedC.compliedD.prescribed11.單選題Everythingintheuniverseundergoes（

）developmentandchange.問題1選項(xiàng)A.constantB.continualC.continuousD.endless12.單選題Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan________intraditionalmedia.問題1選項(xiàng)A.existB.existsC.existingD.toexist13.單選題Longhoursandunsociableshifts________taketheirtollonhealth,relationshipsandfamilylife.問題1選項(xiàng)A.mustB.canC.areabletoD.should14.翻譯題本把小鳥拿到廚房，輕輕地放在地板上，它沒有動(dòng)。本摘下蒙了水汽的眼鏡，把臉擦干。小鳥看著他，本輕輕地?fù)犴標(biāo)挠鹈?。他仔?xì)地查看受了傷的翅膀?？磥頉]有希望了，翅膀幾乎被打掉，子彈打碎了骨頭。本知道小鳥正在死去，但是他無能為力。他在想小鳥是不是很疼，一只小鳥能夠活多久？他想，那個(gè)捕殺者是對(duì)的，小鳥就快死了，活不了了。15.單選題Itisquitenaturalthatthenativepeopleusethewordorderandsentencepatternswithout（

）choice.問題1選項(xiàng)A.awareB.carefulC.thebestD.conscious16.單選題Thesecontinual（

）intemperaturemakeitimpossibletodecidewhattowear.問題1選項(xiàng)A.transitionsB.transformationsC.exchangesD.fluctuations17.不定項(xiàng)選擇題Thebrainisorganizedintodifferentregions,eachresponsiblefordifferentfunctions,andinhumansthisorganizationisverymarked.Thelargestpartsofthebrainarethecerebralhemispheres,whichoccupymostoftheinterioroftheskull.Theyarelayeredstructures,themostcomplexbeingtheouterlayer,knownasthecerebralcortex（大腦皮層）,wherethenervecellsareextremelydenselypackedtoallowgreatinterconnectivity.Itsfunctionisnotfullyunderstood,butwecangetsomeindicationofitspurposefromstudiesofanimalsthathavehaditremoved.Adog,forexample,canstillmoveinacoordinatedmanner,willeatandsleep,andevenbarkifitisdisturbed.However,italsobecomesblindandlosesitssenseofsmell—moresignificantly,perhaps,itlosesallinterestinitsenvironment,notrespondingtopeopleortoitsname,nortootherdogs,evenoftheoppositesex.Italsolosesallabilitytolearn.Ineffect,itlosesthecharacteristicsthatwegenerallyrefertoasindicatingintelligenceawareness,interestandinteractionwithanenvironment,andanabilitytoadaptandlearn.Thusthecerebralcortexseemstobetheseatofthehigherorderfunctionsofthebrain,andthecoreofintelligence.Thecerebralcortexhasbeenthesubjectofinvestigationbyresearchersformanyyears,andisslowlyrevealingitssecrets.Itdemonstratesalocalizationoffunctions,inthatdifferentareasofthecortexfulfilldifferentfunctions,suchasmotioncontrol,hearingandvision.Thevisualpartofthecortexisespeciallyinteresting.Inthevisualcortex,electricalstimulationofthecellscanproducethesensationoflight,anddetailedanalysishasshownthatspecificlayersofneuronsaresensitivetoparticularorientationsofinputstimuli,sothatonelayerrespondsmaximallytohorizontallines,whileanotherrespondstoverticalones.Althoughmuchofthisstructureisgeneticallypredetermined,theorientation-specificlayoutofthecellsappearstobelearntatanearlystage.Animalsboughtupinanenvironmentofpurelyhorizontallinesdonotdevelopneuronstructuresthatrespondtoverticalorientations,showingthatthesestructuresaredevelopedduetoenvironmentalinputandnotpurelyfromgeneticpredetermination.Thisiscalledself-organizationofthevisualcortexsincethereisexternalteachertoguidethedevelopmentofthesestructures.1.Theorganizationofbrainischaracterizedby（

）.2.Accordingtothepassage,adogcanstillmoveinacoordinatedmanner,willeatandsleep,andevenbarkwhen（

）is(are)removed.3.Theword“seat”inline12ofthefirstparagraphmeans（

）.4.Thevisualpartofthecortexisespeciallyinterestingbecause（

）.5.Whichofthefollowingheadingsisthebesttitleforthispassage?問題1選項(xiàng)A.theinterioroftheskullB.differentregionsresponsiblefordifferentfunctionsC.theouterlayer—thecerebralcortexD.thenervecellsdenselypacked問題2選項(xiàng)A.nervecellsB.theskullC.thehemispheresD.thecerebralcortex問題3選項(xiàng)A.achairB.partofthebodyC.placewheresomethingisorwheresomethingiscarriedonD.cortex問題4選項(xiàng)A.specificlayersofneuronsaresensitivetoparticularorientationsofinputstimuliB.muchofthestructureisgeneticallypredeterminedC.horizontallinesarestimulatedD.verticallinesarestimulated問題5選項(xiàng)A.TheCerebralCortexB.ThespecificLayersofNeuronsC.TheOrganizationoftheBrainD.TheCerebralHemispheres18.單選題_______theyweretalking,thedawncameshiningthroughthewindowsoftheroom.問題1選項(xiàng)A.WhileB.TillC.ThemomentD.Before19.不定項(xiàng)選擇題Thetwo-month-oldbabyhashardlyrousedhimselffromthelongnightofhisfirstweeksinthisworldwhenheisconfrontedwithsomeofthedifficultproblemsoftherace.Weinvitehimtostudythenatureofreality,todifferentiateselfandnon-self,andtoestablishusefulcriteriaineachofthesecategories.Asimilarprojectinacademicresearchwouldrequireextensivelaboratoryequipmentandpersonnel;tobefairaboutit,ithastakenjustthattoreconstructtheexperimentsoftheinfant.Andtherearefewgrownandqualifiedscientistswhocanequaltheinfantforzealandenergyinsortingouttherawdatainthisproject.Hisequipmentislimitedtohissensoryorgans,hishands,hismouth,andaprimitivememoryapparatus.Attwomonths,aswehaveseen,herecognizesanobjectthatweknowtobeahumanfaceandweknowtobeanobjectoutsidehimself.Buttothebabythisisjustanimage,animageincidentallythathecan’tdifferentiatefromthementalimage,thepictureinmemory.Butthisfaceisonepieceinthejigsawpuzzle—akeypiece,wethink.Thengraduallyintheweekstocometheassociationofbreastorbottle,ofhands,voice,amultitudeofpleasurablesenseexperiencesbegintoclusteraroundthisfaceandtoformthecrudeimageofaperson.Meantimetheinfantisconductingaseriesofcomplicatedexperimentsinsensorydiscrimination.Wemustrememberthatintheearlymonthshedoesnotdiscriminatebetweenhisbodyandotherbodies.Whenheclutchesthefingerofhismotherorhisfatherhedoesn’tseeitassomeoneelse’sfingerandhisbehaviorindicatesthathetreatsitexactlythesameashedoeshisownfinger.Ittakeshimsometime,infact,torecognizehisownhandatsightandtoacquireevenarudimentaryfeelingthatthisispartofhisownbody.Inthefirstgroupofexperimentshediscoversthattheobjectthatpassesoccasionallyinfrontofhiseyes(whichweknowtobehishand)isthesameastheobjectwithvisualandtastequalitiesthathecanidentify.Inanotherexperimentalserieshediscoversthatthesensationsthataccompanytheintroductionofthisobjectintohismoutharedifferentfromthoseexperiencedwhenhetakesanippleintohismouth:oratoy,orhismother’sorfather’sfinger.1.Accordingtotheauthor,“someofthedifficultproblemsoftherace”(Para.1)refersto________.2.Theauthorcomparesababywithascientist(Para.2)inordertomakethepointthat________.3.Theauthorapparentlybelievesthatinfancylearningbeginswith________.4.Theaccountofhowaninfantlearnstodiscriminatebetweenhisownbodyandthebodyofotherssuggeststhat________.問題1選項(xiàng)A.figuringoutwhatisimaginaryB.beingabletomakedistinctionsC.understandingthatdreamsarenotrealD.findingtheexactpositionofoneself問題2選項(xiàng)A.infantsaretirelessintheireffortstounderstandtheirenvironmentsB.infantsuseaformofthescientificmethodC.scientificexperimentationistimeconsumingD.manyscientificstudieshavebeendoneonhowinfantslearn問題3選項(xiàng)A.feelingofbeinglovedB.thebaby’ssensesC.imagesthattheinfantseesD.ideasstoredintheinfant’smemory問題4選項(xiàng)A.thereareseveraldifferenttheoriesabouttheprocessB.thediscriminationprocessfollowsaprecisesequenceC.somebabieslearnmorequicklythanothersD.malebabieslearndifferentlyfromfemalebabies20.不定項(xiàng)選擇題Lowwages,chronicunemploymentandunderemploymentleadtolowincome,lackofpropertyownership,absenceofsavings,absenceoffoodreservesinthehome,andachronicshortageofcash.Theseconditionsreducethepossibilityofeffectiveparticipationinthelargereconomicsystem.Andasaresponsetotheseconditionswefindinthecultureofpovertyahighincidenceofborrowingfromlocalmoneylendersathighratesofinterest,theuseofsecondhandclothingandfurniture,andthepatternoffrequentbuyingofsmallquantitiesoffoodmanytimesadayastheneedarises.Peoplewithacultureofpovertyproduceverylittlewealthandreceiveverylittleinreturn.Theyhavealowlevelofliteracyandeducation,arenotmembersofpoliticalparties,generallydonotparticipateinthenationalwelfareagencies,andmakeverylittleuseofbanks,hospitals,departmentstoresandmuseums.Theyhaveacriticalattitudetowardsomeofthebasicinstitutionsofthedominantclasses,hatredofthepolice,mistrustofgovernmentandthoseinhighposition.Thisgivesthecultureofpovertyahighpotentialforprotestandforbeingusedinpoliticalmovementsaimedagainsttheexistingsocialorder.Peoplewithacultureofpovertyareawareofmiddle-classvalues,talkaboutthemandevenclaimsomeofthemastheirown,butonthewholetheydonotlivebythem.Forexample,many