2022年湖南省湘潭市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級重點匯總（含答案）

2022年湖南省湘潭市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級重點匯總（含答案）學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

DuringtheCaliforniaGoldRush,restaurantandlaundrywereregardedas______.

A.unprofitablework

B.comfortablework

C.woman'swork

D.Chinesework

2.

Adlerrecognizedthatformany,thejobchoiceislikelytohave______.

3.Theopeningofsocialnetworkmaynowaccelerateowingto______.

4.TheaimofKentucky'sBereaCollegeaboutgreencampusistoreduceitsenergyconsumption45percentbelow2000levelsby______.

5.

SomeexpertsbelievethatWal-Martdoesharmtotheeconomybecausemanufacturershadtocutdownonexpensesby______.

6.

Exercisesingratitude,kindnessandoptimismcanmakepeoplehappier—butonlyiftheykeepdoingthemandtheseexercises______.

7.Whatshouldpeopledoduringthewarming-upexerciseforrunning?

A.Trytorunatabreathlessspeed.

B.Increasethepaceinagradualway.

C.Keeptalkingwiththeircompanions.

D.Warmupthemusclesbystretching.

8.

Duringthepreparingprocedure,oneimportantpartistohelpthecandidatesunderstandthepossibleoutcomesand______.

9.Thecomparisoninadanglingcomparativeisoftenleft______.

10.

Onereasonwhycollegesincreasetuitionandfeesisthatthestatesupportisshrinking.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.TrustMe,I'maRobot

Withrobotsnowemergingfromtheirindustrialcagesandmovingintohomesandworkplaces,roboticistsareconcernedaboutthesafetyimplicationsbeyondthefactoryfloor.Toaddresstheseconcerns,leadingrobotexpertshavecometogethertotrytofindwaystopreventrobotsfromharmingpeople.InspiredbythePugwashConferences—aninternationalgroupof.scientists,academicsandactivistsfoundedin1957tocampaignforthenon-proliferationofnuclearweapons—thenewgroupofrobo-ethicistsmetearlierthisyearinGenoa,Italy,andannouncedtheirinitialfindingsinMarchattheEuropeanRoboticsSymposiuminPalermo,Sicily.

"Securityandsafetyarethebigconcerns,"saysHenrikChristensen,chairmanoftheEuropeanRoboticsNetworkattheSwedishRoyalInstituteofTechnologyinStockholm.Shouldrobotsthatarestrongenoughorheavyenoughtocrushpeoplebeallowedintohomes?Is"systemmalfunction"ajustifiabledefenceforaroboticfighterplanethatcontravenes(違反)theGenevaConventionandmistakenlyfiresoninnocentcivilians?

Thesequestionsmayseemhardtounderstandbutinthenextfewyearstheywillbecomeincreasinglyrelevant,saysDr.Christensen.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope'sWorldRobotics'Survey,in2002thenumberofdomesticandservicerobotsmorethantripled,nearlysurpassingtheirindustrialcounterparts.Bytheendof2003thereweremorethan600,000robotvacuumcleanersandlawnmowers—afigurepredictedtorisetomorethan4mbytheendofnextyear.Japaneseindustrialfirmsareracingtobuildhumanoidrobotstoactasdomestichelpersfortheelderly,andSouthKoreahassetagoalthat100%ofhouseholdsshouldhavedomesticrobotsby2020.Inlightofallthis,itiscrucialthatwestarttothinkaboutsafetyguidelinesnow,saysDr.Christensen.

Stoprightthere

Sowhatexactlyisbeingdonetoprotectusfromthesemechanicalmenaces?"Notenough,"saysBlayWhitby.Thisishardlysurprisinggiventhatthefieldof"safety-criticalcomputing"isbarelyadecadeold,hesays.Butthingsarechanging,andresearchersareincreasinglytakinganinterestintryingtomakerobotssafer.Oneapproach,whichsoundssimpleenough,istrytoprogramthemtoavoidcontactwithpeoplealtogether.Butthisismuchharderthanitsounds.Gettingarobottonavigateacrossaclutteredroomisdifficultenoughwithouthavingtotakeintoaccountwhatitsvariouslimbsorappendagesmightbumpintoalongtheway.

Regulatingthebehaviourofrobotsisgoingtobecomemoredifficultinthefuture,sincetheywillincreasinglyhaveself-learningmechanismsbuiltintothem,saysGiamnarcoVeruggio.Asaresult,theirbehaviourwillbecomeimpossibletopredictfully,hesays,sincetheywillnotbebehavinginpredefinedwaysbutwilllearnnewbehaviourastheygo.

Thenthereisthequestionofunpredictablefailures.Whathappensifarobot'smotorsstopworking,oritsuffersasystemfailurejustasitisperformingheartsurgeryorhandingyouacupofhotcoffee?Youcan,ofcourse,buildinredundancybyaddingbackupsystems,saysHirochikaInoue.Butthisguaranteesnothing,hesays."Onehundredpercentsafetyisimpossiblethroughtechnology,"saysDr.Inoue.Thisisbecauseultimatelynomatterhowthoroughyouare,youcannotanticipatetheunpredictablenatureofhumanbehaviour,hesays.Ortoputitanotherway,nomatterhowsophisticatedyourrobotisatavoidingpeople,peoplemightnotalwaysmanagetoavoidit,andcouldenduptrippingoveritandfallingdownthestairs.

Legalproblems

Inanycase,saysDr.Inoue,thelawsreallyjustsummarizecommonsenseprinciplesthatarealreadyappliedtothedesignofmostmodernappliances,bothdomesticandindustrial.Everytoaster,l

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

AccordingtoNadine'scalculation,shecanpayoffallherdebtwhensheis______ifshecangetasalaryof＄120,000ayearfightoutoflawschool.

13.

Itisdifficultto______assoonasyouaresoobsessedwithmeetingpeopleonline.

14.

Bymanipulating_________________inthecountry,theFedcaninfluencetheeconomyinapositiveornegativeway.

15.

"Areyoustillbeatingyourwife?"isinrealitytwoquestionsthatareusually______.

16.

Currentnewweight-lossdrugsarenot______forlong-termusebecausetheycangivegreaterweightlosswithmoresideeffects.

17.

Becauselittleresearchhadbeendoneontheexplanationofhappiness,beforegoingintothelab,Lyubomirskyhaddonesome______.

18.Thereisnodoubtthatenvironmentalregulation

A.iscumbersome

B.producesaneffect

C.varieswildly

D.needstobestreamlined

19.AccordingtoDavidVaughan,theAntarcticisshrinkingduetoclimatechange.

20.

IthasbeensaidthattheEnglishandtheAmericansaretwogreatpeopleseparatedbyonelanguage.

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.【B1】

22.聽力原文：Watchinghismotherdrownandthenclingingtoaninnertubefortwodayswerepainfulenough.AndpsychologistssayCubanboyElianGonzalez'sanxietyisprobablybeingworsenedbythepersistentpublicattentionhehasreceivedsincearrivinginMiami.BothintheUnitedStatesandCuba,protesterschant(吟唱)(29)6-year-oldElian'snameandcarryhispictureonposters.Newshelicoptersbuzzhistemporaryhomeandcrowdsofreporters,photographersandTVcameramenfollowhimeverywhere-tohisschool,tohisbirthdayparty,toamusementparks.

ElianwasdraggedfromtheAtlanticonNovember25,1999.(30)Hehadbeenfloatingonaninnertubefortwodaysafterasmugglers'boatbringingillegalmigrantstoFloridacapsized(翻船).Hismotherwasoneofthe11peoplewhodiedinthedisaster.AcustodybattlebetweenhisfatherinCubaandrelativesinMiamihasbeenraginginthefullglareofthenewsmedia."Wedoknowthattheeffectsoftraumaticstresscanpersistforyears,"saidAlanDelamater,professorofpediatricsandpsychologyattheUniversityo{Miami.Elianisespeciallyvulnerablebecauseofhisyoungageandprobablydoesnotunderstandfullywhatisgoingon,theysaid.HisMiamirelativesdidnotimmediatelytellhimthat(31)USimmigrationauthoritieshaddecidedlastWednesdaythatheshouldbereturnedtoCuba.Theytoldhimtheywereplayinghide-and-seekwiththehelicoptersthatbuzzedoverhishouseaftertherulingwasissued.

(30)

A.AnAmericanprotester.

B.A6-year-oldCubanboy.

C.ATVcameraman.

D.Apsychologist.

23.聽力原文：Forcenturies,parrotshavebeenprizedpetsbecauseoftheirstrangetalentforimitatinghumanspeech.Theyareabletohearvocalranges,memorizethetones,andthenrepeatwhattheyhaveheard.Oftenthisskillisusedtoentertainpeople.Butrecently,anAmazonparrot,namedBaby,wasabletoputthisabilitytoworkbyhelpingpolicebreakupagangofburglarsresponsibleforover$50,000inpropertytheft.

Babyhelpedthepolicetoidentifythegangofthieves.ArecentrobberyvictimreportedtotheBaytown,Texaspolicethatherparrot,Babystartedactingstrangelyandsayingnewphrasesaftertherobbery.Beforetherobbery,Babyhadonlyatwenty-eightvocabulary;afterwards,thebirdstartedsayingtheadditionalphrases"Comeback,Robert!"and"Comehere,Ronnie!"

Thepolicedetectivesweredelighted.Althoughonemanhadalreadybeenarrested,RonnieandRobertwerethenamesoftheirtwotopsuspectswhowerebelievedtohaveaidedthefirstman.Underquestioning,thissuspectexplainedwhathadhappened.Whentherobbersenteredthehouse,theyheardBabytalkingandthoughtthatsomeonewashome.RonnieandRobertbeganrunningaway,whilethethirdmanyelledforthemtocomeback.Babyrememberedthisincidentandrecordedtheirvoicesinhermemory.

(33)

A.Avictim.B.Apolicedetective.C.Arobber.D.Apetbird.

24.聽力原文：M:HaveyougonetoProfessorLee'slecture?Ihavetosaythatit'sawful.IwishIcouldgetmyvaluabletimeback.

W:Ican'tagreewithyoumore,thoughheisoneofmyfavoriteprofessors.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanthinkofthelecture?

(16)

A.It'sterrible.

B.It'svaluable.

C.It'sawesome.

D.It'soneofherfavorites.

25.(22)

A.Salaryinformation.

B.Lastyear'staxforms.

C.Stocksorbonds.

D.Familystate.

26.聽力原文：W:Whatdoyouthinkofmynewdress?Iboughtityesterdayjustfor30dollars.

M:Wow,thatwasreallyabargain.Itfitsyouwell,especiallythecolor.But,tobehonest,yourshoesdon'treallygowithit.

Q:Whatdoesthemanthinkofthewoman'snewdress?

(19)

A.Thestyle.doesn'tfitherwell.

B.Thecolorsuitsher.

C.Itisalittlebitexpensive.

D.Itgoeswithhershoes.

27.(36)

A.Thediscussion.

B.TheEuropeanUnionteam.

C.TheEuropeanUniondeputyforeignministers.

D.TheUNinvestigation.

28.(32)

A.Castles'structureandtheeatinghabitinthem.

B.Castles'structureandthepeoplewholivedinthem.

C.Castles'structureandthelifeinthem.

D.Whypeoplebuiltcastlesandtheirstructure.

29.

【B3】

30.【B9】

31.(47)

32.聽力原文：W:Whatisthatyouarelisteningto?Thatbeat'ssostrongthatIcan'tconcentrateonmywork.

M:Noproblem.Icanswitchovertosomethinglighter.

Q:Whatwillthemanprobablydo?

(16)

A.Turndownthevolumeofthemusic.

B.Turnthemusicoff.

C.Playadifferentstyle.ofmusic.

D.Listentomusicinadifferentroom.

33.(16)

A.Callherafterfive.

B.Makecallsfromherphone.

C.Gotothemeetingwithher.

D.Fixhisphone.

34.聽力原文：Toooftenyoungpeoplegetthemselvesemployedquitebyaccident,notknowingwhatliesinthewayofopportunityforpromotion,happinessandsecurity.Asaresult,theyareemployeddoingjobsthataffordthemlittleornosatisfaction.Ourschoolgraduatesfacesomuchcompetitionthattheyseldomcarewhattheydesolongastheycanearnaliving.Somestaylongatajobandlearntolikeit,othersmovefromonejobtoanotherlookingforsomethingtosuitthem.TheyounggraduateswholeavetheuniversitylookforJobsthatofferasalaryuptotheirexpectations.Veryfewgooutintotheworldknowingexactlywhattheywantandrealizingtheirownabilities.Thereasonbehindallthisconfusionisthatthereneverhasbeenapropervocationalguidanceinoureducationalinstitutions.Nearlyallgropeinthedarkandtheirchiefconcernwhentheylookforajobistoaskwhatthesalaryislike.Theyneverbothertothinkwhethertheyaresuitedforthejobor,evenmoreimportant,whetherthejobsuitsthem.Havingajobismorethanmerelyprovidingyourselfandyourdependentswithdailybreadandsomemoneyforleisureandentertainment.Itsetsapatternoflifeandinmanyways,determinessocialstatusinlife,selectionoffriends,leisureandinterests.

Inchoosingacareeryoushouldfirstconsiderthetypeofworkwhichwillsuityourinterests,Nothingismoresadthantakingonajobinwhichyouhavenointerest,foritwillnotonlydiscourageyourdesiretosucceedinlifebutalsowasteyourtalentsandultimately,makeyouanemotionalwreckandabitterperson.

(30)

A.Becausetheywanttoearnhighsalary.

B.Becauseschoolsdonotteachstudentshowtochoosejobs.

C.Becausetherehasbeenseverecompetitioninthejobmarket.

D.Becausetheyhavenoworkingexperience.

35.聽力原文：W:Ithinkweshouldsetadefinitedateforstudentunionreelections.Sofar,fivepeoplehaveplannedtoruninit.

M:Ifitwerelessthanthree,I'dsaywekeepwaitingformorenominations.Butwiththatmanyalreadyplanningtorunforpresident,Iguesswe'dbettercallameeting.

Q:Whatdoesthemansuggest?

(19)

A.Theelectionissuemightneedtobeaddressedimmediately.

B.Electionsmayneedtobepostponed,sinceonlyfivehaveagreedtorun.

C.Theyshouldwaitformorenominationsbeforecallingameeting.

D.Putastoptoanymorenominationsuntiltheyhaveameeting.

36.聽力原文：M:I'dliketotakeatriptoFloridaformyspringvacation.Canyougivemeanyideasonwheretogo?

W:IcouldtellyouabouttheplacesI'vevisited,butIthinkyou'dbettergetaprofessionaltomakeyourarrangements.

Q:Whatadvicedidthewomangivetheman?

(19)

A.Makehisownarrangements.

B.Gototheplacesshelikes.

C.Seeatravelagent.

D.Takeaspringvacation.

37.聽力原文：W:Goodeveningandwelcometotonight'sprogram.Ourguestistheworld-renownedDr.CharlesAdams,whohassparkedagreatdealofattentionOverthepastseveralyearsforhisresearchintheareaoflanguagelearning.Hisnewbook,LearningaLanguageoverEggsandToast,hasbeenonthebestsellerlistforthepastsixweeks.Welcometoourprogram.

M:Ah,it'sapleasuretobehere.

W:Now,Dr.Adams.Tellusaboutthetitleofyourbook,LearningaLanguageoverEggsandToast.

M:Well,oneofthemostimportantkeystolearninganotherlanguageistoestablisharegularstudyprogram,likeplanningafewminuteseverymorningaroundbreakfasttime.

W:Sowhataresomeofthebasickeysyouaresuggestinginthehook?

M:Well,asIjustmentioned,peopleneedtoplanouttheirstudybysettingrealisticandattainablegoalsfromthebeginning.Andsmallsteps,littlebylittle,arethekey.

W:Nowyoumentionedsomethingaboutmaximizingyourlearningpotentialbylearningaboutyourownindividuallearningstyles.Canyouelaborateonthat?

M:Sure.Peopleoftenhavedifferentwaysoflearningandapproachlearningtasksdifferently.Somepeoplearevisuallearnerswhoprefertoseemodelsofthepatternstheyareexpectedtolearn;othersareauditorylearnerswhofavorhearinginstructions,forexample,overreadingthem.

W:Well,Dr.Adams.Whatisyourlearningstyle?

M:Well,I'maverytactilelearner.

W:Youmeanonewholearnsthroughhands-onexperience?

M:Exactly.

W:Okay.WehavejustheardfromDr.CharlesAdams,authorofthebook,LearningLanguagesoverEggsandToast.Thanksforjoiningus.

M:Mypleasure.

(23)

A.Howtowriteabookonlanguagelearning.

B.Howtolearnlanguageswell.

C.Howtofindoutalanguagelearner'slearningstyle.

D.Howtodoresearchonlanguagelearning.

38.(14)

A.Sheshouldhaveaskedtobeexcusedfromthetrip.

B.Shedeservesthezero.

C.Sheisrighttobeangry.

D.Sheshouldhavegoneonthefieldtrip.

39.聽力原文：M:I'dlovetodance,butIdon'tknowthesteps.

W:Itdoesn'tmatter.Noonewillbelookingatusinthiscrowd.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(16)

A.It'snotimportanthowhedances.

B.It'stoocrowdedtodanceanyway.

C.Ifhe'scareful,noonewillnotice.

D.Nooneknowsthestepstothedance.

40.(29)

A.BecausehelikesBritishweather.

B.BecausetherainfallinBritainwasnotveryheavy.

C.Becauseyoucouldfeelcoldatalmostanytimeoftheyear.

D.Becauseyoucouldneverbecertainwhenitwouldrain.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Bysaying"Theywerenotthe‘wrong'partnersanymorethanyouwere."(Para3),theauthormeans______.

A.youchosethewrongpartnerjustasyourpartnerdid

B.yourpartnerwasnotasgoodasyouwere

C.youweregoodpartnerstoeachother

D.neitherofyouisagoodpartner

42.

Bycreatinga"safe"relationshiptheauthormeansthetroubledcoupleshould______.

A.learntoworkasateamandcoacheachotherthroughthetroubledtimesandpowerstruggles

B.tryhardtogetridoftheproblemandrunawayfromthemarriageforacertainperiodoftime

C.learntovalidateeachotherwiththeskillsfor"fightingfair"

D.trytoexpresstheirneedsandfearseffectivelytohelpresolvetheirangerandconflict

43.

Theauthorholdstheriseofpredictionmarketdependson______.

A.managers'promotionofitamongthestaff

B.employees'applicationofitintrading

C.bosses'beliefinexperts'authority

D.firms'motivatingmethods

44.

Accordingtothepassage,cuttingtreestogrowmorefood______.

A.willwidenthegapbetweenthedevelopedandthedevelopingcountries

B.isbutashort-termrelieftothefoodproblem

C.canhardlyalleviatetheshortageoffood

D.provestobeaneffectivewayoutforimpoverishednations

45.

Fromthepassagewelearnthathumanbrains.

A.improvedtheartofspeechexclusively

B.developedonlywiththeuseoftools

C.andtheartofspeechhadamutualimprovement

D.accordedwithlanguagesthatstimulatethem

46.

Judgingfromthecontext,"wolfingdown"in"Noristhedelightintheexperienceofwolfingdownchunksofmeat"(Line7,Para.8)probablymeans______.

47.

AccordingtoFriesandCrapo,whatshouldsoundhealthchoicebebasedon?

48.Shouldaleaderstrivetobelovedorfeared?Thisquestion,famouslyposedbyMachiavelli,liesattheheartofJosephNye'snewbook.Mr.Nye,aformerdeanoftheKennedySchoolofGovernmentatHarvard,isbestknownforpromotingtheideaof"softpower",basedonpersuasionandinfluences,asacounterpointto"hardpower",basedoncoercion(強迫)andforce.

Mr.Nyehasnowturnedhisattentiontotherelationshipbetweenpowerandleadership,inboththepoliticalandbusinessspheres.Machiavelli,henotes,concludedthat"oneoughttobebothfearedandloved,butasitisdifficultforthetwotogotogether,itismuchsafertobefearedthanloved."Inshort,hardpowerispreferabletosoftpower.Butmodernleadershiptheorieshavecometotheoppositeconclusion.

Thecontextofleadershipischanging,theyobserve,andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmoderncompaniesanddemocracies,powerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditionalhierarchies(等級制)arebeingundermined,makingsoftpowerevermoreimportant.Butthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasion,Mr.Nyeargues.Instead,headvocatesasynthesisofthesetwoviews.TheconclusionofThePowerstoLead,hissurveyofthetheoryofleadership,isthatacombinationofhardandsoftpower,whichhecalls"smartpower",isthebestapproach.

Thedominationtheoreticalmodelofleadershipatthemomentis,apparently,the"transformationalleadershippattern".Mr.Nyehasperformedavaluableserviceinroundingupandsummarizingthevariousacademicstudiesandtheoriesofleadershipintoasingle,slimvolume.Heexaminesdifferentapproachestoleadership,themoralityofleadershipandhowthewidercontextcandeterminetheeffectivenessofaparticularleader.Thereareplentyofanecdotesandexamples,bothhistoricalandcontemporary,politicalandcorporate.

Leadershipisaslippery(狡猾的)subject,andashedepicts(描述)varioustheories,evenMr.Nyeneverquitenailsthejerrytothewall.Heisathismostinterestingwhendiscussingthemoralaspectsofleadership—inparticular,thequestionofwhetheritissometimesnecessaryforgoodleaderstolie—andheprovidesahelpful12-pointsummaryofhisconclusions.Arecurringthemeisthatascircumstanceschange,differentsortsofleadersarerequired,aleaderwhothrivesinoneenvironmentmaystruggleinanother,andviceversa.Ultimatelythatisjustafancywayofsayingthatleadershipoffersnoeasyanswers.

Accordingtothepassage,thereasonwhyMr.Nyeissopopularisthat______.

A.headvocatesthatleadersshouldbefeared

B.headvocatestheimportanceofpersuasionandinfluence

C.hewasoncetheleaderofHarvard

D.hethinksthatcoercionshouldgivewaytopersuasion

49.

Theauthorsays,"Therewasonethingthatwentwrongwithmyexperiment."Whatwastheonethingthatwentwrong?

A.Hepraisedhersweater,whichpuzzledher.

B.Sheinsistedonvisitingamuseum,whichhehated.

C.Heknewsomethingaboutherillnessbutdidn'ttellher.

D.Hewassogoodtoherthatshethoughtshemustbedying.

50.

PointcastNetworkismostprobably______.

A.acompanythatdevelopsthelatestpushsoftware

B.atoolthatpromotesacompany'sonlinemarketing

C.thefirstcompanythatusedanonlinepushsoftware

D.themostpopularsoftwarethathelpsacompanypush

51.

WhatisthepremisebehindaprojectoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology?

A.Itcancontainalibraryofinformationoreverytitleontoday'sbest-sellerlist.

B.Electronicbook.

C.Laptop.

D.LCDscreen.

52.

Ifyouknowwhatyouwanttostudy,researchreputationsofacademicdepartmentsby______.

53.

Despitetheirvarieddesigns,navigationcomputersusedincars______.

A.aremoreorlessthesameprice.

B.providedirectionsinmuchthesameway.

C.workonmoreorlessthesameprinciples.

D.receiveinstructionsfromthesamesatellites.

54.Whatcanweinferfromthethirdparagraph?

A.Spankinghasnothingtodowithbrainhurt.

B.It'snotchildren'sfaultnotgoingtocollege.

C.Physicalpunishmentcanaffectkidsemotionally.

D.Parentaleducationplaysnopartinkids'study.

55.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingand.understandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.

Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer;forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.

AccordingtoPara.1,memoryplaysanimportantrolein______.

56.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

OneAprilSaturdayin1965,aneconomistattheAmericanStockExchangewastakenbyafriendtoanorchestralrehearsal(管弦樂隊排演).HewatchedimpassivelyasLeopoldstop-startedlyconductedGustavMahler'sSymphonyNo.2allafternoon.Theeconomistthoughtlittleofituntillaterthatnight,when,sleeplessly,hetossedandturned,hauntedbythemusichehadheard.Nextmorningheboughtaticketandattheconcert"justfoundmyselfsobbing,absolutelyexcited".

Theyoungmanwasabouttolaunchapublishingbusinessand,withit,todefineanoccupation.With$100,000borrowedfromGeraldBronfman,awhiskygiant,and$50,000frombanks,friendsandhisownsavings,GilbertKaplan,24yearsold,foundedInstitutionalInvestor,amonthlymagazinethatbroughttogetherbankers,analystsandmoneymanagers.Itquicklybecameanessentialmeansofcommunicationforfinanciers,attracting150,000subscribersin140countries.Beforethe1960swereoverMr.Kaplanwasamillionaireandonfirst-nametermswithfinanceministersandinternationalbanker.

ButMahler'ssymphonywouldnotlethimrest.Overthenextfewyearsheattendedeveryperformancewithinreach,methisfuturewifeintheadjacentseatatLondon'sRoyalFestivalHalland,astheobsessionintensified,took18monthsoffworktostudythescoreanddiscussitwithsuchleadinginterpreters.InSeptember1982,afteranInternationalMonetaryFundsummit,heputhisreputationonthelinebyconductingtheAmericanSymphonyOrchestrainaprivateperformanceforfinanciersandpolitici