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2022年職稱英語等級考試模擬試題(衛(wèi)生類)
考試時間:120分鐘考試總分:100分
第1局部:詞匯選項(第1~15題,每題l分,共15分)
下面共有l(wèi)5個句子,每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有底橫線,請從每個句子后面所給的4個選項中選擇l個與劃線局部意義最相近的詞或短語。答案一律涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。
1Inl840LucretiaMostandElizabethStantonwereexcludedfrom.TheWorld”sAnti-slaveryConventionmerelybecausetheywerewomen.
AconsultedbyBelectedtoCkeptoutofDapplaudedby
2Themeasurestakenbytheadministrationfailedtoreduceunemployment.
AhelpedtoBdidnot
CwerenotintendedtoDwerenecessaryto
3Marysaidthatshewasfedup.
AdisgustedBsatisfiedCravenousDfull
4Themayorrefusedtogiveintothedemandofthegroup.
AreplytoByieldtoCacknowledgeDpublicize
5Mr.Jacksonwantstogiveoutthisnewsassoonaspossible.
AfurnishBannounceCemitDabandon
6Someformsofarthritismaydevelopwhenthebody”sabilitytofightdiseasegoesawry.
AtakesoverBcomesup
CisinterruptedDbecomesfaulty
7Themaninaragewasdeadlastnight.
AnarrativeBlaudableCoutragedDpatentable
8Sandisfoundinabundanceontheseashoreandisoftenblowninlandtdformsandhillsanddunes.
AatrandomBathightide
CindrymoundsDingreatquantities
9Somevarietiesofshorthorns,themostcommonbreedofbeefcattle,areinfacthornless.
AcrediblyBactuallyCreportedlyDpotentially
10Duetohiscarelessness,hewasleftoutofanopportunity.
AincludedinBexcludedfrom
CsuperiortoDexhaustedby
11Theleadersofmodernarchitecturehavecharacteristicallybeenvigorousandarticulatethinkersinwhosemindsarchitecturaltheoryislinkedtoideasofsocialreform.
AdefinedbyBrelatedtoCappliedtoDreinforcedby
12Ifaforeignobjectbecomeslodgedintheeye,medicalhelpisnecessary.
AdepositedinBinvisibletoCblurredtoDisolatedin
13JamesWasoblivioustothenoisearoundhim.
AnervousaboutBfuriousabout
CirritatedbyDUnawareof
14Intheearlydaysofbaseball,thegamewasplayedbyyoungmenofmeansandsocialposition.
AwithskillBwithequipment、
CwithmoneyDwithambition
15SummerweatherofninetydegreesormorehasbeenreportedoffandoninFortYokon,Alaska.
AbackandforthBasoflate
CnowandthenDonthespot
第2局部:閱讀推斷(第16~22題,每題l分,共7分)
閱讀下面這篇短文,短文后列出7個句子,請依據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對每個句子做出推斷。假如該句供應(yīng)的是正確信息,請在答題卡上把A涂黑;假如該句供應(yīng)的是錯誤信息,請在答題卡上把B涂黑;假如該句的信息在文章中沒有提及,請在答題卡上把C涂黑。
WaterResource
Morethanhalfofthewaterusedfordrinking,washingandirrigatingcomesfromundertheground.Thissubterranean(地下的)waterisknownasgroundwater.
第3局部:概括大意與完成句子(第23~30題,每題l分,共8分)
閱讀下面這篇短文,短文后有2項測試任務(wù):(1)第23~26題要求從所給的6個選項中為第2~5段每段選擇1個正確的小標(biāo)題;(2)第27~30題要求從所給的6個選項中選擇4個正確選項,分別完成每個句子。請將答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。
HowWeFormFirstImpression
1Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?Whydoweformanopinionaboutsomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher-asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.
2Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrainallowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson”seyes,ears,nose,ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakeyouseehimorherasdifferent.Infact,yourbraincontinuouslyprocessesinformation—thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming“signals“arecomparedagainstahostof“memories“storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals“mean.“
3Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool,yourbrainsays“familiarandsafe.“Ifyouseesomeonenew,itsays,“new—potentiallythreatening.“Thenyourbrainstartstomatchfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother“known“memories.Theheight,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristies,themoreyourbrainmaysay,“Thisisnew.1don”tlikethisperson.“orelse,“I”mintrigued.“Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes,ethnicity,gestures—likeyourotherfriends;soyourbrainsay,“Ilikethisperson.“Butthesepreliminary“impressions“canbedeadwrong.
4Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealessmatureformofthinking(notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild)thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofoth-
ers.Ratherthanlearnaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople—theirhistory,interest,values,strengths,andtruecharacter—wecategorizethemasjocks,geeks,orfreaks.
5However,ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson,hearabouthisorherlife,hopes,dreams,andbecomeawareoftheperson”scharacter,weuseadifferent,morematurestyleofthinking-andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex,whichallowustobehumane.
23Paragraph2________
24Paragraph3________
25Paragraph4________
26Paragraph5________
AWaysofDeparturefromImmatureandSimplisticImpressions
BCommentonFirstImpression
CIllustrationofFirstImpression
DComparingIncomingSensoryInformationAgainstMemories
EThreateningAspectofFirstImpressions
FDifferencesAmongJocks,GeeksandFreaks
27Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthrough________.
28Youinterpret________bycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrain.
29Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalessmatureformofthinking,whichissimilarto________.
30Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthanksto________.
Aastranger”slessmaturetypeofthinking
Bthemostcomplexareasofourcortex
Ctheimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild
Dthemeaningofincomingsensoryinformation
Ethesightsandsoundsoftheworld
Fanopportunitytoanalyzedifferentformsofthinking
Itisgenerallytakenforgrantedthatthegroundwaterdrawnfromwellsispresenteverywhereandwillalwaysbeavailableandcleanandsafetodrink.Butexpertsarereportingthatgroundwatersourcescandryupthroughoveruse,orbecomecontaminatedasaresultofpollution,poorsanitation(衛(wèi)生)orsaltwaterintrusion.
This“‘invisibleresource“一asgroundwaterwasdescribedbytheUnitedNationsforits1998observance(紀(jì)念)ofWorldDayforwater—isslowlyemerginginpolitical,economicandpersonalaffairs.
Withdemandgrowingandsupplypresentinggreaterdifficulties,groundwaterisonthewaytobecomingaboombusiness.TheWorldBankestimatesthatthedevelopingcountrieswillrequireinvestmentstotaling$600billiontorepairandimprovewatersystems.Oftheinvestmentsthatareactuallymade,asubstantialamountwillbedevotedtoextractingandpipinggroundwater,primarilyforagriculturaluseandsecondarilyforindustryandhouseholdconsumption.Withatrendtowardsprivatizationofpublicservices,itcanbeexpectedthatagrowingportionofinvestmentsinwaterwillcomefromtheprivatesector;requirementsthatgovernmentsprivatizewaterutilitiesarealreadybeingwrittenintothetermsofmultilateralloans.Oneconsequenceofgrowingprivatizationmaybethataccesstowaterwillnotbere-gradedasaright,hutasafunctionofeconomicmarkets.
Groundwater,whichinitsnaturalstateismoreprotectedthansurfacewater,isthepreferredsourceofdrinkingwaterforcities.Butpressureisbeingplacedongroundwaterresourceslyingclosetourbanareasbyexplodingpopulations,astheportionoftheworld”speopieresidingincitiedballoonsfrom31percentinl995toaprojected50percentin2022.Andthereisalsothepressureofdollarstopurchaselandlyingabovegroundwatersourcesandtokeepitinanaturalstate,inordertoprotectaquifers(蓄水層)fromcontamination.Inthedevelopingcountries,whereurbanpopulationgrowthissurpassingsewagesystems,theproblemofuntreatedhumanwasteisextremelyserious.
Alongsidetheproblemsofpublicgroundwatersourcesistheincreasedconsumptionofprivatelybottledwater,mostofwhichisnamedspringwater,i.e.groundwater.ConsumptionofbottledwaterintheUnitedStates,forinstance,hasrisenfromvirtuallynil(零)inthe1950st0843milliongallonsinl984and2.95billiongallonsinl997.Butdrinkingbottledwaterisnotjustatrendforthemiddleclasses.Indevelopingcountries,waterpipesrarelyextendtothepoorerneighbourhoods,andresidentshavenochoicebuttopayhighpricesforbottledwater.
Politicalleadersandanalystsaretalkingmorefrequentlyaboutthepossibilitythatincreasingdemandforpreciousgroundwaterwillleadtocross—borderconflicts,evenwars.Itisnoteasytoresolvedisputesoverthehighestgroundwaterrights,sincemanyaquifersandundergroundstreamscrossnationalborders;andawelldrilledverticallywithintheboundariesofonecountrymayverywellbedrawingwaterfromthesameaquifer,alsochosenbyaneigh-bouringnation.Inclinedandevenhorizontaldrillingfurthercomplicatesthisissue.
16Thepassagemainlytalksabouttheprivatizationofgroundwater.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
17Groundwaterisomnipresent.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
18Groundwaterisapreferredsourceofdrinkingwater.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
19Accesstowaterwillberegardedasafunctionofeconomicmarkets.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
20Comparedwithdevelopedcountries,thebiggestproblemindevelopingcountriesiscross-borderconflictsandwars.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
21Themiddleclassesdrinkbottledwaterbecausewaterpipesrarelyextendtotheirneigh-bourhoods.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
22Bottledwaterismoreconvenient.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
第4局部:閱讀理解(第31~45題,每題3分,共45分)
下面有3篇短文,每篇短文后有5道題,每題后面有4個選項。請認(rèn)真閱讀短文并依據(jù)短文答復(fù)其后面的問題,從4個選項中選擇1個答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。
第一篇ANewFinding
Britishcancerresearchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia-nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease.
“Childhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfection,“saidSirRichardDoll,aninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950.“Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.Youwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyousuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralarea,whereyoumighthavepeopiewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection.“DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversity,whichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldarea,buthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingoninthearea,aslargenumbersofcon-structionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting.“Ourstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountforthe,(Sellafield)leukaemiaclusterandthatallchildren,whethertheirparentsareincomersorlocals,areatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixing,“DickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaign,whichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer.
Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothel988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlen,acancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversity,whosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease.
31Whofirsthintedatthepossiblecauseofchildhoodleukaemiabyinfection?________
ALeoKinlen.
BRichardDoll.
CLouiseParker.
DHeatherDickinson.
32WhichstatementcanbesupportedbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParker”snewfindings?________
ARadiationhascontributedtothedisease.
BPuttingalotofpeoplefromruralareainalargetownsincreasestheriskofchildhoodleukaemia.
CPopulationmixingisthemostimportantreasonforleukaemiacluster.
DChildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyanunusualinfection.
33Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?________
AMostpeoplebelievechildhoodleukaemiaisduetoenvironmentalfactors.
BPopulationmixingbestexplainsthecauseofchildhoodleukaemia.
CRadiationhasnothingtodowithchildhoodleukaemia.
DChildrenborninalargetownareathigherriskofleukaemia.
34CancerResearchCampaignismostpossiblya________.
Amedicaljournal
Bresearchinstitute
Cprivatecompany
Dgovernmentalagency
35Thispassageismainlyabout________.
AtheclusterofleukaemiaeasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingpart
Bthekindofinfectionthatcauseschildhoodleukaemia
Cthecausesofchildhoodleukaemia
DanewfindingbyBritishscientists
其次篇MobilePhoneandDiseases
AstudybyscientistsinFinlandhasfoundthatmobilephoneradiationcancausechangesinhumancellsthatmightaffectthebrain,theleaderoftheresearchteamsaid.
ButDariusLeszczynski,whoheadedthe2-yearstudyandwillpresentfindingsnextweekataconferenceinQuebec(魁北克),saidmoreresearchwasneededtodeterminetheserious-nessofthechangesandtheirimpactonthebrainorthebody.
ThestudyatFinland”sRadiationandNuclearSafetyAuthorityfoundthatexposuretoradiationfrommobilephonescancauseincreasedactivityinhundredsofproteinsinhumancellsgrowninalaboratory,hesaid.
“Weknowthatthereissomebiologicalresponse.Wecandetectitwithourverysensitiveapproaches,butwedonotknowwhetheritcanhaveanyphysiologicaleffectsonthehumanbrainorhumanbody,“Leszczynskisaid.
Nonethelessthestudy,theinitialfindingsofwhichwerepublishedlastmonthinthescientificjournalDifferentiation,raisesnewquestionsaboutwhethermobilephoneradiationcanweakenthebrain”sprotectiveshieldagainstharmfulsubstances.
Thestudyfocusedonchangesincellsthatlinebloodvesselsandonwhethersuchchangescouldweakenthefunctioningoftheblood-brainbarrier,whichpreventspotentiallyharmfulsubstancesfromenteringthebrainfromthebloodstream.Leszczynskisaid.
Thestudyfoundthataproteincalledhsp27linkedtothefunctioningoftheblood-brainbarriershowedincreasedactivityduetoirradiationandpointedtoapossibilitythatsuchactivitycouldmaketheshieldmorepermeable(能透過的),hesaid.
“Increasedproteinactivitymightcauseceilstoshrink-nottheblood|vesselshutthecellsthemselves-andthentinygapscouldappearbetweenthosecellsthroughwhichsomemoleculescouldpass.“hesaid.
Leszezynskideclinedtospeculateonwhatkindofhealthrisksthatcouldpose,butsaidaFrenchstudyindicatedthatheadache,fatigueandsleepdisorderscouldresult.
“Thesearenotlife-threateningproblemsbutcancausealotofdiscomfort,“hesaid,addingthataSwedishgrouphadalsosuggestedapossiblelinkwithAlzheimer”sdisease.
“Wherethetruthisdonotknow,“hesaid.
Leszczynskisaidthathe,hiswifeandchildrenusemobilephones,andhesaidthathedidnotthinkhisstudysuggestedanyneedfornewrestrictionsonmobilephoneuse.
36AccordingtoLeszczynski,howdoesmobilephoneaffectone”shealth?________
AMobilephoneradiationcanincreaseproteinactivitiesandsuchactivitiescanmaketheprotectiveshieldmorepermeable.
BMobilephoneradiationcanshrinkthebloodvesselsandpreventbloodfromflowingsmoothly.
CMobilephoneradiationwillbringstresstopeopleexposedtoit.
DMobilephoneradiationkillsbloodcellsatarapidspeed.
37What”stheresultoftheFrenchstudy?________
ATheharmofmobilephoneradiationislife-threatening.
BMobilephonemayaffectone”snormalwayofthinking.
CSleepdisorderscouldresultfrommobilephoneradiation.
DAproteincalledhsp27iskilledbymobilephoneradiation.
38Whatkindofdiseaseisnotcausedbytheuseofmobilephone?________
AFatigue.
BHeadache.
CAlzheimer”sdisease.
DTuberculosis.
39Accordingtothepassage,whatwouldbethefutureoftheuseofmobilephone?________
APeoplewillbeforbiddentousemobilephone.
BPeopledarenotusemobilephonebecauseofitsradiation.
CPeoplewillcontinuetousemobilephone.
DTherewillbenewrestrictionsontheuseofmobilephone.
40WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?________
ATheresearchinFinlandfoundthatmobilephoneradiationwillaffectone”sbrain.
BMobilephoneradiationcancauseincreasedactivityinhundredsofproteininhumancells.
CIncreasedproteinactivitymightcausecellstoshrink.
DLeszczynskiforbidhiswifeandchildrentousemobilephoneafter、hisresearch.
第三篇ProblemsofInternet
TheproportionofworkscutforthecinemainBritaindroppedfrom40percentwhenIjoinedtheBBFCin1975tolessthan4percentwhenIleft.ButIdon”tthinkthat20yearsfromnowitwillbepossibletoregulateanymediumascloselyastregulatedfilm.
TheInternetis,ofcourse,thegreatestproblemforthiscentury.Theworldwillhavetofindameans,throughsomesortofinternationaltreatyofUnitedNationsinitiative,tocontrolthematerialthat”snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople”shomes.Thatsaid,itwillonlytakeonelittlecountrylikeParaguaytorefusetosignatreatyfortransmissiontobeunstoppable.Parentalcontrolisnevergoingtobesufficient.
I”mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogames,eventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon”tsomuchexperiencethegameas
enjoythetechnicalmanoeuvres(策略)thatenableyoutowin.Butinrespectofviolenceinmainstreamfilms,I”mmoreoptimistic.Quitesuddenly,tasteshavechanged,andit”snolongerStalloneorSchwarzeneggerwhoarethetopstars,butLeonardoDiCapriothathastakeneverybodybysurprise.
GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatweareviolent.QuentinTarantinodidn”tusherinanew,violentgeneration,andfilmsarebecomingmuchmoreprosocialthanonewouldhaveexpected.
Cinemagoingwillundoubtedlysurvive.Thenewmultiplexesareagloriousexperience,offeringperfectsoundandpictureandverycomfortableseats,thinswhichhaddiedoutinthe1980s.Ican”tbelievewe”veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavorofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome.
Itwillbecomeincreasinglycheaptomakefilms,withcamerasbecomingsmallerandlighterbutremainingveryprecise.Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemerge,asitwillbemucheasierforpeopletolearnhowtobebetterfilm-makers.People”sworkingliveswillbeshorterinthefuture,andonceretiredtheywillspendalotoftimelearningtodothingsthatamusethem-likemakingvideos.Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedasproducersaswellasaudience;insteadofwritingletters,onewillsendlittlehomemoviesentitledMyWeek.
41WhichofthefollowingaboutInternetistrueaccordingtothepassage?________
ATheInternetisthegreatestprogressforthiscentury.
BEffortsareneededtocontrolInternet.
CParaguayrefusedtosignatreatyfortransmission.
DTheUnitedNationshasfoundwaystopreventInternetfromdeveloping.
42Whatkindoffilmdoestheauthordislike?________
AViolentfilms.
BComedy.
CEuropeanfilms.
DFilmsactedbyLeonardo.
43Whatdoes“that“in“Ican”tbelievewe”veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayIfavor...“(Para.5)referto?________
ADigitally-deliveredmovies.
BMultiplexes.
CAdvancedcamera.
DSound.
44Whatistheauthor”sattitudetowardthefutureoffilm?________
APositive.
BNegative.
CUncertain.
DWorried.
45Whatdoes“media-saturated“in“Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedas...“(Para.6)mean?________
ABetiredofmedia.
BBefullyaffectedbymedia.
CBedrivenmadbymedia.
DBebenefitedbymedia.
第5局部:補全短文(第46~50題,每題2分,共10分)
閱讀下面的短文,文章中有5處空白,文章后面有6組文字,請依據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5組文字,將其分別放回文章原有位置,以恢復(fù)文章原貌。請將答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。
ConservationorWastedEffort?
Theblackrobin(旅鶇)isoneoftheworld”srarestbirds.Itisasmallwildbird,anditlivesonlyontheislandofLittleMangere,offthecoastofNewZealand.In1967therewereaboutfiftyblackrobinsthere;in1977therewerefewerthanten.46
Energeticstepsarebeingtakentopreservetheblackrobin.47Theideaistobuyan-otherislandnearbyasaspecialhome,a“reserve“,forthreatenedwildlife,includingblackrobins.TheorganizerssaythatLittleMangereshouldthenberestocked(重新預(yù)備)withtherobin”sfood.ThousandsoftherequiredplantsareatpresentbeingcultivatedinNewZealand.
Isallthisconcernawasteofhumaneffort?48Arewelosingoursenseofwhatisreasonableandwhatisunreasonable?
Intheearth”slong,longpasthundredsofkindsofcreatureshaveevolved,risentoadegreeofsuccessanddiedout.Inthelong,longfuturetherewillbemanynewanddifferentformsoflife.Thosecreaturesthatadaptthemselvessuccessfullytowhatthe
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