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2022年職稱英語等級考試閱讀理解模擬試題(九)Morethan9,000Americansdieeachyearfromfood-bornediseasesandsomescientistsbelievefreshproduceisthebiggestcarrierofcontamination.

TheFDAissuedasetofdraftguidelinesforU.S.andforeigngrowerstocarefullymonitorworkerhygiene,waterquality,manuremanagementandtransportation.

These34draftguidelinesurgedgrowerstogiveworkerslessonsonbasichygienesuchasusingsoaptowashtheirhands,coveringwoundsthatcouldcomeintocontactwithproduce,andusingonlycleantoilets.

TheFDAguidelinesidentified“themajorsourceofcontamination”forfreshproduceashumanoranimalfeces.

“Wethinkjustpropercontrolsandproperattentiontodetailwouldmakeabigdifferenceinfoodsafety,”saidandFDAofficial,“Itisourbeliefthattheseguidelineswouldnotbeverycostly.”

ButgrowergroupsdisagreedwiththeFDA‘sassessment.“Mostfood-bornediseaseoutbreaksthathappenfurtherdownthedistributionlineareduetocontaminationbecausepeoplepreparingfoodarenotproperlywashingtheirhands,”saidStaceyZawal,anofficialwithUnitedFreshFruitandVegetableAssociation.“Thatisnotnecessarilytrueforgrowersandpackers.”

SomeU.S.growerorganizationshaveexpressedconcernthattheagencyisinterferingwithon-farmpractices.OthersobjecttotheFDA‘sproposaltohavegrowersformallyumentthepicking,handlingandtransportationofproducesothathealthofficialscouldquicklyrecallfoodsifnecessary.

ConsumergroupscriticizedtheFDAguidelinesasoflittleusebecausetheywillnotcarrytheforceoflaw.Butstricterregulationscouldevolveasresearchersfindnewtechnologyormethodstokillharmfulbacteriaorparasites,theFDAsaid.

TheFDArecommendationsareduetobemadefinalbytheFDAlaterthisyearforusebyU.S.andforeigngrowers.ThematterofencouragingforeigngrowerstoadopttheguidelinesremainssomewhattrickybutFDAofficialssayitisvitalbecauseofthehugeamountofimportedproduce.

1.“Food-bornediseases”inthisessaymeansthosediseases

A.whichpeoplegetbyeatingfruitswhichhavebeenpolluted

B.whichpeoplegetbyeatingtoomanykindsoffood.

C.whichmanykindsoffruitgetwhenpollutedbyfeces.

D.whichfruit-growersgetbytheirfailuretokeepthemselvesclean.

2.Somefruitgrowergroupsbelievethatmostfood-bornediseasesarecausedby

A.growers‘lackofattentiontopersonalhygiene.

B.lackofeffectiveguidelines.

C.theFDA‘sdecisiontoimportmoreforeignfruitsandvegetables.

D.peopleinvolvedindistributingfreshproduce.

3.AnFDAofficialsaidthatputtingtheguidelinesintopractice

A.wouldbetoocostlytobeeffective.

B.wouldnotcostanymoney.

C.wouldnotbeveryexpensive.

D.wouldneedslotsofmoney.

4.ConsumergroupscriticizedtheFDAguidelinesbecausetheydidn‘tthinkthattheseguidelines

A.hadwonenoughsupportfromthefarmers.

B.hadbeenwrittenwithstrictregulations.

C.wouldsurelybecarriedout.

D.includednewtechnology.

5.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat

A.sometricksneedtobeadoptedtoencourageforeigngrowerstofollowtheFDAguidelines.

B.agoodwayshouldbefoundtoencourageforeigngrowerstofollowtheFDAguidelines.

C.foreigngrowersconsidertheguidelinestobeofgreatimportancetothem.

D.itisalmostimpossibletoaskforeignfarmerstofollowtheguidelines.

Studiesshowthatindreamsthingsareseenandheardratherthanthought.Intermsofthesenses,visualexperienceispresentinalmostalldreams;auditoryexperiencein40to50percent;andtouch,taste,smell,andpaininarelativelysmallpercentage.Aconsiderableamountofemotioniscommonlypresent,usuallyapureandsingleemotionsuchasfear,anger,orjoy.

Twoclearlydistinguishablestatesofsleepexist.Thefirststate,calledNREM-sleep(non-rapid-eye-movementsleep),occupiesmostofthesleepperiodandisassociatedwitharelativelylowpulseandbloodpressure,andfewornoreportsofdreaming.Thesecondtypeofsleep,knownasREM-sleep(rapid-eye-movementsleep)occurscyclicallyduringthesleepperiodwithrapideyemovementsandfrequentdreamreports.Typically,apersonhasfourorfiveperiodsofREM-sleepduringthenight,whetherthedreamsarerememberedoften,rarely,ornotatall;theyoccuratintervalsofabout90minutesandaltogethermakeupabout25percentofthenight‘ssleep(asmuchas50percentinanewbornchild).Evidenceindicatesthatadreamperiodusuallylastsfrom5to20minutes.SoundsandtouchesworkingonadreamercangointoadreamiftheyoccurduringaREM-period.AlthoughmentalactivitymaybereportedduringNREM-sleep,theseareusuallyshortpiecesofthoughtlikeexperiences.

Moderndreamresearchhasfocusedontwogeneralinterpretationsofdreamcontent.Inoneview,dreamshavenomeaningoftheirownbutaresimplyaprocessbywhichthebrainintegratesnewinformationintomemories.Intheotherview,dreamscontainrealmeaningsymbolizedinapicturelanguagedistinctfromconsciouslogicalthough.Ifdreamsexpressimportantwishes,fears,concerns,andworriesofthedreamer,thestudyandanalysisofdreamscanhelprevealpreviouslyunknownaspectsofaperson‘smentalfunctioning.

1.Thereareingeneraltwoopinionsaboutwhatweexperienceinadream:

A.one,we“see”ourdreams,andtwo,we“think”ourdreams.

B.one,wearehappy,andtwo,weareangry.

C.one,dreamsputnewinformationintoourmemories,andtwo,dreamshaverealmeaningsinpicturesdifferentfromourlogicalthinking.

D.wehavepicturesindreamsbecauseone,wehavesloweyemovements,andtwo,wehaverapideyemovements.

2.Accordingtothisarticle,we

A.oftenthinkseriouslywhenwearedreaming.

B.hardlyeverhearmusicwhenwearedreaming.

C.veryoftenfeelsomethingtastesgoodwhenwearedreaming.

D.almostalwaysseedifferent“pictures”whenwearedreaming.

3.Inyourdreams,you

A.veryoftenfeelhappyandunhappyatthesametime.

B.alwaysfeelthatyouareafraidofsomebody.

C.seldomfeelfearnowandjoylater.

D.onlyfeelanger.

4.Thisessaytellsusthat

A.peopleusuallydreaminaNREMsleep.

B.peopleusuallydreaminanREMsleep.

C.peoplealwaysrememberwhattheyhavedreamedinanREMsleep.

D.peoplemayhaveanREMsleepallnightthrough.

5.Basedonwhatisdiscussedinthiswriting,anadultmayhaveatmostabout_______ofthetimeofhisorhersleepdreaming.

A.90%

B.50%

C.25%

D.20%

Mostofthefoodweeatisturnedintoglucoseforourbodiestouseforenergy.Thepancreas,anorgannearthestomach,makesahormonecalledinsulintohelpglucosegetintoyourbodycells.Whenyouhavediabetes,yourbodyeitherdoesn‘tmakeenoughinsulinorcan‘tuseitsowninsulinwell.Thisproblemcausesglucosetobuildupinyourblood.

Youmayrecallhavingsomeofthesesignsbeforeyoufoundoutyouhaddiabetes:

*Beingverythirsty.

*Urinatingalot—oftenatnight.

*Havingunclearvisionfromtimetotime.

*Feelingverytiredmuchofthetime.

*Losingweightwithouttrying.

*Havingverydryskin.

*Havingsoresthatareslowtoheal.

*Gettingmoreinfectionsthanusual.

*Vomiting.

TwomaintypesofdiabetesareType1andType2.Anothertypeofdiabetesappearsduringpregnancyinsomewomen.It‘scalledgestationaldiabetes.

OneoutoftenpeoplewithdiabeteshasType1diabetes.Thesepeopleusuallyfindouttheyhavediabeteswhentheyarechildrenoryoungadults.ThepancreasofapersonwithType1makeslittleornoinsulin.PeoplewithType1diabetesmustinjectinsulineverydaytolive.

MostpeoplewithdiabeteshaveType2diabetes.Thepancreasofpeoplewithsuchdiabeteskeepsmakinginsulinforsometime,butthebodycan‘tuseitwell.MostpeoplewithType2findoutabouttheirdiabetesafterage30or40.

SomeriskfactorswhichmakepeoplemorelikelytogetType2diabetesare:

*Afamilyhistoryofdiabetes.

*Lackofexercise.

*Weighingtoomuch.

Diabetescanhurtyoureyes,yourkidneys,andyournerves.Itcanleadtoproblemswiththebloodcirculationinyourbody.Evenyourteethandgumscanbeharmed.Anddiabetesinpregnancycancausespecialproblems.

1.Thiswritingismeanttotellpeople

A.howtoavoidgettingdiabetes.

B.whattopayattentiontowhentheyhavediabetes.

C.whatdiabetesis.

D.aboutthelatestdevelopmentincuringdiabetes.

2.ApersonwithdiabetesmayhavehadallthefollowingsignsEXCEPT

A.

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