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2022年職稱英語等級考試閱讀理解模擬試題(九)Morethan9,000Americansdieeachyearfromfood-bornediseasesandsomescientistsbelievefreshproduceisthebiggestcarrierofcontamination.
TheFDAissuedasetofdraftguidelinesforU.S.andforeigngrowerstocarefullymonitorworkerhygiene,waterquality,manuremanagementandtransportation.
These34draftguidelinesurgedgrowerstogiveworkerslessonsonbasichygienesuchasusingsoaptowashtheirhands,coveringwoundsthatcouldcomeintocontactwithproduce,andusingonlycleantoilets.
TheFDAguidelinesidentified“themajorsourceofcontamination”forfreshproduceashumanoranimalfeces.
“Wethinkjustpropercontrolsandproperattentiontodetailwouldmakeabigdifferenceinfoodsafety,”saidandFDAofficial,“Itisourbeliefthattheseguidelineswouldnotbeverycostly.”
ButgrowergroupsdisagreedwiththeFDA‘sassessment.“Mostfood-bornediseaseoutbreaksthathappenfurtherdownthedistributionlineareduetocontaminationbecausepeoplepreparingfoodarenotproperlywashingtheirhands,”saidStaceyZawal,anofficialwithUnitedFreshFruitandVegetableAssociation.“Thatisnotnecessarilytrueforgrowersandpackers.”
SomeU.S.growerorganizationshaveexpressedconcernthattheagencyisinterferingwithon-farmpractices.OthersobjecttotheFDA‘sproposaltohavegrowersformallyumentthepicking,handlingandtransportationofproducesothathealthofficialscouldquicklyrecallfoodsifnecessary.
ConsumergroupscriticizedtheFDAguidelinesasoflittleusebecausetheywillnotcarrytheforceoflaw.Butstricterregulationscouldevolveasresearchersfindnewtechnologyormethodstokillharmfulbacteriaorparasites,theFDAsaid.
TheFDArecommendationsareduetobemadefinalbytheFDAlaterthisyearforusebyU.S.andforeigngrowers.ThematterofencouragingforeigngrowerstoadopttheguidelinesremainssomewhattrickybutFDAofficialssayitisvitalbecauseofthehugeamountofimportedproduce.
1.“Food-bornediseases”inthisessaymeansthosediseases
A.whichpeoplegetbyeatingfruitswhichhavebeenpolluted
B.whichpeoplegetbyeatingtoomanykindsoffood.
C.whichmanykindsoffruitgetwhenpollutedbyfeces.
D.whichfruit-growersgetbytheirfailuretokeepthemselvesclean.
2.Somefruitgrowergroupsbelievethatmostfood-bornediseasesarecausedby
A.growers‘lackofattentiontopersonalhygiene.
B.lackofeffectiveguidelines.
C.theFDA‘sdecisiontoimportmoreforeignfruitsandvegetables.
D.peopleinvolvedindistributingfreshproduce.
3.AnFDAofficialsaidthatputtingtheguidelinesintopractice
A.wouldbetoocostlytobeeffective.
B.wouldnotcostanymoney.
C.wouldnotbeveryexpensive.
D.wouldneedslotsofmoney.
4.ConsumergroupscriticizedtheFDAguidelinesbecausetheydidn‘tthinkthattheseguidelines
A.hadwonenoughsupportfromthefarmers.
B.hadbeenwrittenwithstrictregulations.
C.wouldsurelybecarriedout.
D.includednewtechnology.
5.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat
A.sometricksneedtobeadoptedtoencourageforeigngrowerstofollowtheFDAguidelines.
B.agoodwayshouldbefoundtoencourageforeigngrowerstofollowtheFDAguidelines.
C.foreigngrowersconsidertheguidelinestobeofgreatimportancetothem.
D.itisalmostimpossibletoaskforeignfarmerstofollowtheguidelines.
Studiesshowthatindreamsthingsareseenandheardratherthanthought.Intermsofthesenses,visualexperienceispresentinalmostalldreams;auditoryexperiencein40to50percent;andtouch,taste,smell,andpaininarelativelysmallpercentage.Aconsiderableamountofemotioniscommonlypresent,usuallyapureandsingleemotionsuchasfear,anger,orjoy.
Twoclearlydistinguishablestatesofsleepexist.Thefirststate,calledNREM-sleep(non-rapid-eye-movementsleep),occupiesmostofthesleepperiodandisassociatedwitharelativelylowpulseandbloodpressure,andfewornoreportsofdreaming.Thesecondtypeofsleep,knownasREM-sleep(rapid-eye-movementsleep)occurscyclicallyduringthesleepperiodwithrapideyemovementsandfrequentdreamreports.Typically,apersonhasfourorfiveperiodsofREM-sleepduringthenight,whetherthedreamsarerememberedoften,rarely,ornotatall;theyoccuratintervalsofabout90minutesandaltogethermakeupabout25percentofthenight‘ssleep(asmuchas50percentinanewbornchild).Evidenceindicatesthatadreamperiodusuallylastsfrom5to20minutes.SoundsandtouchesworkingonadreamercangointoadreamiftheyoccurduringaREM-period.AlthoughmentalactivitymaybereportedduringNREM-sleep,theseareusuallyshortpiecesofthoughtlikeexperiences.
Moderndreamresearchhasfocusedontwogeneralinterpretationsofdreamcontent.Inoneview,dreamshavenomeaningoftheirownbutaresimplyaprocessbywhichthebrainintegratesnewinformationintomemories.Intheotherview,dreamscontainrealmeaningsymbolizedinapicturelanguagedistinctfromconsciouslogicalthough.Ifdreamsexpressimportantwishes,fears,concerns,andworriesofthedreamer,thestudyandanalysisofdreamscanhelprevealpreviouslyunknownaspectsofaperson‘smentalfunctioning.
1.Thereareingeneraltwoopinionsaboutwhatweexperienceinadream:
A.one,we“see”ourdreams,andtwo,we“think”ourdreams.
B.one,wearehappy,andtwo,weareangry.
C.one,dreamsputnewinformationintoourmemories,andtwo,dreamshaverealmeaningsinpicturesdifferentfromourlogicalthinking.
D.wehavepicturesindreamsbecauseone,wehavesloweyemovements,andtwo,wehaverapideyemovements.
2.Accordingtothisarticle,we
A.oftenthinkseriouslywhenwearedreaming.
B.hardlyeverhearmusicwhenwearedreaming.
C.veryoftenfeelsomethingtastesgoodwhenwearedreaming.
D.almostalwaysseedifferent“pictures”whenwearedreaming.
3.Inyourdreams,you
A.veryoftenfeelhappyandunhappyatthesametime.
B.alwaysfeelthatyouareafraidofsomebody.
C.seldomfeelfearnowandjoylater.
D.onlyfeelanger.
4.Thisessaytellsusthat
A.peopleusuallydreaminaNREMsleep.
B.peopleusuallydreaminanREMsleep.
C.peoplealwaysrememberwhattheyhavedreamedinanREMsleep.
D.peoplemayhaveanREMsleepallnightthrough.
5.Basedonwhatisdiscussedinthiswriting,anadultmayhaveatmostabout_______ofthetimeofhisorhersleepdreaming.
A.90%
B.50%
C.25%
D.20%
Mostofthefoodweeatisturnedintoglucoseforourbodiestouseforenergy.Thepancreas,anorgannearthestomach,makesahormonecalledinsulintohelpglucosegetintoyourbodycells.Whenyouhavediabetes,yourbodyeitherdoesn‘tmakeenoughinsulinorcan‘tuseitsowninsulinwell.Thisproblemcausesglucosetobuildupinyourblood.
Youmayrecallhavingsomeofthesesignsbeforeyoufoundoutyouhaddiabetes:
*Beingverythirsty.
*Urinatingalot—oftenatnight.
*Havingunclearvisionfromtimetotime.
*Feelingverytiredmuchofthetime.
*Losingweightwithouttrying.
*Havingverydryskin.
*Havingsoresthatareslowtoheal.
*Gettingmoreinfectionsthanusual.
*Vomiting.
TwomaintypesofdiabetesareType1andType2.Anothertypeofdiabetesappearsduringpregnancyinsomewomen.It‘scalledgestationaldiabetes.
OneoutoftenpeoplewithdiabeteshasType1diabetes.Thesepeopleusuallyfindouttheyhavediabeteswhentheyarechildrenoryoungadults.ThepancreasofapersonwithType1makeslittleornoinsulin.PeoplewithType1diabetesmustinjectinsulineverydaytolive.
MostpeoplewithdiabeteshaveType2diabetes.Thepancreasofpeoplewithsuchdiabeteskeepsmakinginsulinforsometime,butthebodycan‘tuseitwell.MostpeoplewithType2findoutabouttheirdiabetesafterage30or40.
SomeriskfactorswhichmakepeoplemorelikelytogetType2diabetesare:
*Afamilyhistoryofdiabetes.
*Lackofexercise.
*Weighingtoomuch.
Diabetescanhurtyoureyes,yourkidneys,andyournerves.Itcanleadtoproblemswiththebloodcirculationinyourbody.Evenyourteethandgumscanbeharmed.Anddiabetesinpregnancycancausespecialproblems.
1.Thiswritingismeanttotellpeople
A.howtoavoidgettingdiabetes.
B.whattopayattentiontowhentheyhavediabetes.
C.whatdiabetesis.
D.aboutthelatestdevelopmentincuringdiabetes.
2.ApersonwithdiabetesmayhavehadallthefollowingsignsEXCEPT
A.
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