閱讀理解專題講解課件2022屆高考專題復習

細節(jié)理解題有時比較直接，理解字面意思即可答題；有時則較為間接，需要歸納、概括和推理才能答題。細節(jié)理解題占閱讀理解總題量的60

左右，是最重要的得分點。1.

（2020年全國Ⅱ卷·21）TheLakeDistrictAttractionsGuideDalemainMansion&HistoricGardensHistory,Culture&Landscape(景觀).Discover

andenjoy4centuriesofhistory,5acresof

celebrated

and

award-winninggardens

with

parkland

walk.OwnedbytheHasellfamilysince1679,hometotheInternationalMarmaladeFestival.Giftsandantiques(古董),plantsales,museums&MediaevalHall

Tearoom.Open:29Mar—29Oct,Sunto

Thurs.Tearoom,Gardens

&

GiftShop:10.30---17.00(16.00inOct).

House:11：15—16：00(15：00in

Oct).Town:PooleyBridge&

Penrith

WhenistheHouseatDalemainMansion&HistoricGardensopenonSundaysin

July?A.

09：30—17：30.C.

11：15—16：00.B.

10：30—16：00.D.

12：00—16：30.C直接信息解題舉例點撥：由題干中的Dalemain

Mansion&Historic

Gardens可定位到第一個景點。由Open部分中House的開放信息House:11：15—16：00(15：00in

Oct).

可知，3月到9月期間，House在周日到周四的開放時間為11.15—16.00。7月在這個時間段內，故選C。2.（2018年全國Ⅲ卷·34）…ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewith

less.Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtime…Forweeks,I'vebeenthinkingofbigger,deeperquestions:Howdowemakeitahabitforthem?Andhowdowetrainourselvestohelpthemlivewith,need,anduseless?Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedto

testmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhimwithonlyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephis

interest.Whydidtheauthorplaytheballwith

Shepherd?A.Totryoutan

idea.C.Totrainhis

attention.B.Toshowaparent's

love.D.Tohelphimstarta

hobby.間接信息解題舉例點撥：由題干中的Shepherd定位到第三段第四句“Yesterday,Isat

with

my

son,Shepherd,determinedto

test

my

owntheory

onthis.”，后文描述了作者與其兒子玩球的過程。對比各選項，A項totry

out

an

idea與文中totestmyown

theory同義，故選A。選項B“表達父母的愛”、選項D“幫助他開始一個愛好”在文中無信息支持，是無中生有；選項C“訓練他的注意力”是利用文中的只言片語attention編造的選項，張冠李戴。AThebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbond(聯(lián)系)withtheworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It'strue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehas

wings.Whydoestheauthorlike

rereading?A.Itevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.

B.It'sawindowtoawholenew

world.C.It'sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.

D.Itextendstheunderstandingof

oneself.點撥：根據(jù)文章第一段的內容可知，作者認為重讀喜愛的書籍就好像是在與老友喝酒，有一種令人愉悅的熟悉感。書是不會變的，但隨著時間的流逝，人在重讀喜愛的書時的心境及狀態(tài)是變化的，言外之意是:通過重讀喜愛的書，作者可以感受到并了解自己目前狀態(tài)的改變；再根據(jù)第二段第一句“The

beauty

of

rereading

lies

in

the

idea

that

our

bond

with

theworkisbasedonourpresentmental

register.”可知，重讀的美妙之處在于，我們與作品的聯(lián)系是建立在我們當前的心理狀態(tài)的基礎上的，即重讀可以反映人的心境的變化，幫助我們了解自己。綜合這兩處內容可推知，作者喜歡重讀書籍的原因是重讀可以讓其更加了解自己，故選D

3.（

2020年全國Ⅰ卷·24）間接信息解題舉例Returningtoabookyou'vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There'sawelcomefamiliarity—butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon'tchange,peopledo.Andthat'swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.D數(shù)字計算題解題舉例4.（2010年全國卷·55）AriauAmazonTowersTheAriauAmazon

Towershotel…Prices:startingat＄300onenightforeachpersonforaregularroomandgoingallthewayupto＄

3000fortheTarzanSuite.…TheIceHotelEverywinterinJukkasjarvi,…Prices:startingat＄318onenightforeachpersonforeitheracoldroomorawarmone.…PropellerIslandPropellerIslandCityLodgeis…Prices:startingatjust＄91anight,andanadditionalpersonforonly20extradollars.Fortwopersonsspendinganightinoneofthesehotels,theyhavetopay

atleast

.A.＄111

B.

＄182

C.

＄600

D.

＄636點撥：由題干中的pay可知是問有關錢的問題，并記住關鍵信息at

least和two

persons。由pay可定位到三家酒店的Prices

部分。瀏覽三個酒店的Prices,分別是＄300,＄318

和

＄91,可知最便宜是＄91,

根據(jù)“starting

atjust＄91

anight,

and

an

additionalperson

for

only20extradollars”進行簡單運算：91+20=111，可知選A。A閱讀理解推理判斷題推斷隱含意義題推斷寫作意圖題推斷文章出處或讀者對象題推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理，推測作者未明確提到的事實或某事件發(fā)展的趨勢。推理判斷能力是閱讀理解能力的重要組成部分，因而也是閱讀理解部分重點考查的能力之一。每年每套題通常會有

4～6題。推斷觀點態(tài)度題以文中信息為依據(jù)去推斷,

切忌主觀臆斷，做到推斷有理，判斷有據(jù)注意推斷隱含意義要求推斷言外之意或弦外之音題干常含infer(推斷),

suggest,

imply常有can,

could,

probably,

likely等考情通常每篇文段都有1道題推斷隱含意義思維導圖推斷隱含意思四比

比較各選項，確定答案一找

將題干中的about或from之后的內容或

infer后that從句

的主語作為定位詞,

找到答案依據(jù)二理

理解信息句的字面意思三推

依據(jù)字面意思，結合已有常識，進行符合情理的推斷揣摩推敲法干擾

項特征黑白顛倒與文中所述事實相反簡單重復僅為文中信息的簡單重復，而非推斷的結論無中生有文中無信息支撐推理過度推得不合情理張冠李戴利用文中詞語迷惑考生推斷隱含意義思維導圖推斷隱含意義題舉例5.（2020年全國Ⅱ卷·31）Thenthere'sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashions.ModelPaigeMorgansays,“Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat'sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.She'stryingtocomeupwithalabeltoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitis

eco-friendly.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingto

Morgan?A.

It's

formal.

B.

It's

risky.

C.

It's

harmful.

D.It's

traditional.點撥：由infer可知為推斷題。一找(依據(jù))：由題干中的Morgan可定位至本段第二句。二理(理解字面意思)：模特佩奇·摩根說：“給人們一個無負罪感的選擇，讓他們可以穿著(由動物毛皮制成的衣物)而不被人潑油漆——我認為這是一件大事，至少在紐約是這樣?！比?推斷或判斷)：根據(jù)摩根的說法，在紐約穿著由動物毛皮制成的衣物會被潑油漆，由此可推斷：在紐約穿動物毛皮制成的衣物是有風險的。四比(比較各選項):

“正式的”

“有風險的”

“有害的”

“傳統(tǒng)的”。B推斷寫 寫作意圖主旨推斷

法根據(jù)文章或段落主旨推斷作者的寫作目的寫作手法之目

的開篇提問 讓讀者關注主題講述相關之事 引出主題或提供背景舉例、引語或數(shù)據(jù)證明某一觀點，或說明某個主題推斷寫作意圖思維導圖推斷寫作意圖文體推斷法推銷產品或服務,吸引顧客、游客、訂戶等；鼓勵捐贈等講述故事或分享經歷,

愉悅讀者,或表達作者之情感，感悟或啟示

totellastory/toshareanexperience/toentertain

readers 記敘文介紹某一事物或解釋某一現(xiàn)象tointroduce/explain/

inform...說明文toprove/analyze/show/

argue議論文toattractvisitors/tosellaproduct/topromote(推銷)...

to

inform/report...推斷寫作意圖思維導圖

說服作者接受某一觀點或提倡某種做法新聞報道類廣告應用文ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthat…Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou’refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback…Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He’dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthedealwas,andwedidn’ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn’tneedalotof

words.

Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthe

text?6.（2017年全國Ⅱ卷·27

）IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButchCassidyandtheSundanceKid,introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn’twantmeforthefilm—itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.

…A.Toshowhisloveof

films.C.Tointroduceanew

movie.B.Toremembera

friend.D.Tosharehisacting

experience.點撥：本文是記敘文，要在理解其內容的基礎上去推斷作者的寫作目的。第一段寫作者與Paul初相識，第二段和第三段講建立長久友誼的原因，第四段談Paul病逝前作者看望Paul時的情景，全文都是講作者與Paul的友誼的，關鍵詞是第二段首句中的friendship,可見作者寫這篇文章是為了紀念一個朋友，故選B。B推斷寫作意圖題舉例根據(jù)文章內容和文體的結構特征來推斷其出處原則推斷文章出處題干常含be

from,comefrom,be

taken,appear等推斷文章出處旅游景點介紹:

a

travel

guide/brochure博物館介紹:

博物館參觀指南(a

museum

guide)新產品/影片或演出介紹:

advertisement

文化教育類文章:

education

section

文章前有日期、地點或通訊社名稱:newspaper 文中有鏈接:

website類別介紹科研或發(fā)現(xiàn)成果ascience

magazinescience

section營養(yǎng)、健康飲食:

ahealthmagazine時尚、名人或娛樂介紹:

magazine,

journal,

entertainment人物介紹:

biography,autobiography活動介紹:

announcement,noticeasciencereport推斷文章出處題舉例7.（

2019年全國Ⅲ卷·35） Monkeysseemtohaveawaywith

numbers.AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolsconsistingofnumbersandselectiveletterswith0-25dropsofwaterorjuiceasa

reward…Here’showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,describedthe

experiment…Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheyInwhichsectionofanewspapermaythis

text

appear? A.Entertainment. B.

Health. C.

Education. D.

Science.點撥：本文從開篇到結尾主要介紹的是研究團隊做實驗的過程及所得到的結論，所以該文最有可能出現(xiàn)在報紙的“科學”板塊，故選D?！皧蕵贰薄敖】怠焙汀敖逃本c文章內容相去甚遠。D觀點態(tài)度題四個明確

明確是問誰對什么事的態(tài)度

明確主旨(文段首尾),

推測觀點明確是作者或文中人物的觀點而非主觀臆斷

明確表達情感的詞的意義,

如valuable,hopeful,well,good,doubt,worry等推斷作者對某事物所持的觀點或態(tài)度(見后文)

要求推斷文中人物對某事所持的觀點或態(tài)度推斷觀點態(tài)度題思維導圖8.（

2019年全國Ⅰ卷·30）

Ina

studydescribingthetechnology,

theresearchershad

100

volunteers

typetheword

“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmart

keyboard?點撥：一找：由題干中的researchers在第四段(所選段落)中找到researchers對智能鍵盤看法的語句(最后兩句)。二理：研究人員表示，鍵盤應該直接商業(yè)化，并且它主要是由廉價的塑料類零件制成的。該團隊希望在不久的將來將其推向市場。三推：由

“鍵盤應該直接商業(yè)化”“希望在不久的將來將其推向市場”可推斷：鍵盤很快就會走向市場。四比：“它將是環(huán)保的”“它很快就會到達消費者手中”“它將由塑料制成”“它有助于加快打字速度”。只有B項正確。推斷觀點態(tài)度題舉例BA.It’ll

be

environment-friendly. B.It’llreachconsumers

soon.C.It’llbemade

of

plastics. D.It’llhelpspeedup

typing.閱讀理解主旨大意題段落大意題文章大意題主旨大意題思維導圖主旨大意題考查的是考生對文章內容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象。主旨大意題分為標題類和主題類。文章標題題段首段尾段首:

主題句多為段首一兩句(觀點或對象)段尾:

主題句也常為段尾句(結論或總結)有時沒有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內容自己概括無主題句首尾兼顧法尋找主題句段中主題句有時在段中(前面的話是為引出主題)段落大意題思維導圖10.（2020年全國Ⅲ卷·25）Thecreativeteambehind

“Apes”

used

motion-capture

(動作捕捉)

technology

to

createdigitalized

animals, spending

tens

of

millions

of dollars

ontechnology

that

records

an

actor'sperformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputer

graphics

tocreateafinal

image(圖像).

Inthiscase,oneofarealistic-looking

ape.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalk

about?A.Thecostofmaking

“Apes.”C.Thepublicityabout

“Apes.”B.Thecreationofdigitalized

apes.

D.Theperformanceofreal

apes.點撥：略讀找到主題句：本段最后一句

“In

thiscase,

oneof

arealistic-lookingape.”。本段主要介紹的是《猩球崛起》創(chuàng)作團隊采用動作捕捉技術來創(chuàng)造數(shù)字化動物圖像，先是拍攝一位演員的表演，然后用計算機圖像軟件進行處理,以創(chuàng)造最終的看起來神似真實的猿的圖像。故選B項。B段落大意題舉例略讀法讀文章標題讀首尾段讀段落首尾句留意表達句段關系的關聯(lián)詞之后的內容文體法新聞報道、議論文和說明文:

主題句在首段記敘文、議論文:

主題句一般在尾段詞語法在文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的主題詞

無主題句的文章,

需讀者自己概括大意概括法主旨大意歸納法主旨大意題思維導圖A.Theriseandfallofa

city.C.Journeysintothe

wilderness.B.Thegoldrushin

Canada.

D.Tourismin

Dawson.點撥：無主題句，需概括。作者重點闡述內容在第一段的Butnot后的內容，講述加拿大的道森(Dawson)因被發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦，兩年間成為西部最大的城市(興)；第二段指出人們只是為金而去，而那里的自然環(huán)境惡劣，生活不便；第三段，金完人走(衰)，如今只有762人。因此，本文是關于道森這一城市的興衰史，故選A。A主旨大意題舉例11.

(2018年全國Ⅲ卷·27)

Citiesusually

haveagood

reason

for

being

where

they

are,

likea

nearby

port

or

river.

Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothing

almost

overnight.

In1896,

Dawson,

Canada,

was

unmapped

wilderness(荒野).

Butgold

was

discovered

there

in1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof

30,000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthere

forgold.…Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheir

lives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon…whentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhad

come.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis

762.Whatisthetextmainly

about?文章標題解題方法主題詞法 根據(jù)主題句，提煉主題詞寫作法 以此作標題，我應怎么寫四大特性

概括性 概括全文,

體現(xiàn)主旨

針對性 內涵相符,

范圍一致新穎性 新穎奇特,

吸引眼球簡短性 名詞短語,

動名詞短語或祈使句

以偏概全干擾項特

點文章標題題思維導圖斷章取義僅為文中一細節(jié)離題太遠12.（

2020年全國Ⅱ卷·35）

Ihaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries…whileotherkidsplayedballorwentto

parties,Ilivedout

adventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthe

library.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.Itwasadream

job…

AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife….

Now,Iseemychildrentakingtheirchildren

to

thelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothe

librarylivesonfromgenerationto

generation.

Asanovelist,I'vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan'taffordtopurchase

abook.

I

see

libraries

asa

safe

haven

(避風港)

for

readers

and

writers…Libraries,

in

their

own

way,

help

fight

book

piracy(盜版行為)and

Ithink

all

writersshould

supportlibraries

inasignificant

way

whenthey

can.

Encourage

readers

to

use

thelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyou

can.文章標題題舉例Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Reading:ASourceof

KnowledgeC.Library:AHavenforthe

YoungB.MyIdeaabout

WritingD.MyLoveofthe

LibraryD文章標題題舉例點撥：文章開頭第一句介紹了圖書館在作者心中占據(jù)著特殊的位置；接著文章通過時間順序描述了圖書館在作者人生中的不同時期所扮演的不同角色，且讀書的快樂得以在家庭中傳承；作者在最后一段中呼吁讀者和所有作家一起支持并維護圖書館。由此可知,文章始終圍繞著作者對于圖書館的愛展開敘述。故選D項。本文主題句為第一段第一句。13.（2020年全國Ⅰ卷·35

）Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects…TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurther—changingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusual

functions…One

of

his

latest

projects

has

been

to

make

plants

glow

(發(fā)光)

in

experiments

using

some

common

vegetables.

Strano's

teamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreeintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-off

treatmentthatwouldlasttheplant'slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthe

text?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?

B.Howdowelivewithglowing

plants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?

D.Howareglowingplantsmade

pollution-free?文章標題題舉例點撥：通讀全文可知，本文第一、二段為導入部分，引出科學家正在進行與植物相關的各種實驗這一話題，從第三段開始重點介紹“發(fā)光植物”的實驗，結合文中的

“The

technology…couldone

day

be

usedtolighttherooms

or

eventoturn

treesinto

self-powered

street

lamps.

“可知，未來“發(fā)光植物”有可能取代電燈，用來給房間和街道照明，后文圍繞其繼續(xù)展開介紹，說明植物發(fā)光可能給人們帶來的益處，故C項(發(fā)光的植物有可能取代燈嗎？)最適合作本文的標題。C題干含mean,

bestexplain,replace,referto等四個詞語意思猜測 題考情每道題通?？家坏?

有時考兩道 三種類型推斷單詞的含義 推斷短語的含義推斷句子的含義詞義猜測題思維導圖意思猜測題語境法 據(jù)所在句及其上下句或句組推斷

語法法 據(jù)定義、同位語、冒號、破折

號之后的解釋或說明推斷

構詞法

據(jù)轉化法、合成法和派生法(前

綴、后綴)推斷 五種解法邏輯法

因果 so,

because等

轉折 but,

yet,

however等

讓步 though,

although等 對比

or,otherwise,while,instead,ratherthan,onthecontrary,on

the

other

hand等詞義猜測題思維導圖代入法

將各選項代入句中看是否通順15.（2019年全國Ⅰ卷·25）Buthe’snervous.“I’mheretotellyou

todaywhyyoushould…should…”Christripsonthe“-ld,”apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.His

teacher,

Thomas Whaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“…Votefor…me…”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraise

him.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inparagraph2refer

to?A.Improper

pauses.C.Spelling

mistakes.B.Bad

manners.

D.Silly

jokes.點撥：

“除了一些,克里斯做得非常好?！庇汕拔?/p>

“I'm

hereto

tellyou

today

why

you

should…should…”及

“…Votefor…me…”可推知，由于緊張，克里斯在演講過程中打結巴，出現(xiàn)了多處停頓，而這些停頓顯然是不恰當?shù)耐ｎD，故選A。Badmanners(沒有禮貌)、Spellingmistakes(拼寫錯誤)、Silly

jokes(愚蠢的笑話)明顯不符合語境。A推斷單詞意義題舉例16.（2020年全國Ⅲ卷·26）Yet“Apes”ismoreex