跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)題和解析

判斷題T1Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.作為一種現(xiàn)象，跨文化流傳已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年。但是，作為一門學(xué)科，它的歷史只有大體五十年。F2InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope.跨文化社交是歐洲第一門學(xué)科F3Cultureisastaticentity靜態(tài)的實(shí)體whilecommunicationisadynamicprocess.文化是一個靜態(tài)的實(shí)體而交流是一個動向的過程T4Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagiven約定的特定的culture.文化能夠被看作是一種共享的知識，人們需要知道的是在一個特定的文化中扮演適合的行為T5Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoaperson’sculturalcognition.認(rèn)識、認(rèn)知文化刻板印象雖有其限制性，但仍有助于人的文化認(rèn)知。T6Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateone’sindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization.在跨文化社交中，我們要把自己的個性和文化的泛化分開。T7Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals.文化錯誤比語言錯誤更嚴(yán)重。語言錯誤意味著有人不能夠充分表達(dá)

someone自己的想法，而文化上的錯誤解致使嚴(yán)重的誤解，甚至個人之間的不適感F8Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture.所有同一民族的人都會有同樣的文化T9Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame.誠然兩國文化有著同樣的想法，但它們的意義和意義可能不同樣樣F10One’sactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.個人的行為完好獨(dú)立于他或她的文化IIComprehensionCheckT1、Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.所有的文化都需要和價(jià)值的禮貌，但禮貌的方式可能會有所不同樣T_2、Don’ttakeoffence-gettingtheformofaddress”wrong”israrelyintendedtobeoffensive.

不要拿“錯誤”的形式來攻擊，這是很難得的攻擊T_3、Addressingformslike“MissMary”,”Brown”bytheChinesemaybeaformofculturalcompromise.解決形式如“瑪麗小姐”，“棕色”由中國可能是一種文化妥協(xié)的形式。inthearmedforceslikeCaptain,Colonelcanbeusedastitles.上校，上校，上校，能夠用作頭銜canunderstandwhatUnclepolicemanorUnclemeans.西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解放軍叔叔的手段。canaddressJasonDouglas,whoisalawyer,asLawyerDouglas.我們能夠解決杰森道格拉斯，他是個律師，律師道格拉斯。hospitalitytowardthewesternersisalwaysgreatlyappreciated.

中國人對西方人的熱情好客是特別賞識的。ChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyappreciatedbytheWesterners.

西方人對中國人的關(guān)注經(jīng)常受到西方人的賞識。F_9.”Thankyoufor

coming!”

is

atypical

expression

usedbyWestern

hosts

whenthe

guests

just

arrived.感謝你的到來！“當(dāng)客人剛到的時(shí)候，這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達(dá)形式。T_10.”I’msorrytohavewastedyourtime”or“I’msorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime

”areusuallyappropriateforthebusinessvisit.

我很對不起浪費(fèi)了你的時(shí)間”或許“我很對不起占用了你這么多時(shí)間”，平時(shí)都是適合商務(wù)拜見的。IIIComprehensionCheckTtheChinesewayofshowingmodestymaybeconsideredasfishingforcompliments.

有時(shí)，中國人表現(xiàn)出謙遜的方式能夠被視為對贊美的贊美socialfunctionsofChineseandEnglishcomplimentsareroughlythesame.

漢語和英語的社會功能大體同樣。Tinformalsituations,alargenumberofcomplimentsareusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.

在非正式場合，大量的贊美是讓人感覺愉快的Fculturalassumptionofcomplimentsisthesamebetweencultures.文化的假定是文化的同樣的。TandverbsareoftenusedtoconveycomplimentmessageinEnglish,whileadjectives,adverbsandverbsareoftenusedinChinese.形容詞和動詞常被用來傳達(dá)英語中的奉承話，而形容詞、副詞和動詞常被用在漢語里。F6.Englishcomplimentsoftenbeginwiththeword“you”whileChinesecomplimentsoftenstartwiththeword“I”.英語的贊美常以“你”一詞開頭，而中國人的贊美常以“我”一詞開頭F7.ChinesepeoplegivemorecomplimentsindailylifethanAmericans.在平時(shí)生活中，中國人比美國人更加贊美。F8.Americanstendstobeself-effacingintheircomplimentsresponses.

美國人經(jīng)常自謙在夸贊別人的反應(yīng)。F9.Complimentsonother’sbelongingsaresometimesanindirectwayofrequestinAmericanculture.對別人財(cái)物的贊美有時(shí)是美國文化中的一種間接的方式T10.Ifaguestcomplimentssomethinginanotherperson’shome,theChinesehostorhostesswillprobablygivethatthingtotheguest.若是一個客人在別人家里贊美別人的話，中國主人或女主人很可能會把這件事告訴客人。IVComprehensionCheckF1Verbalcommunicationismoreimportantthannonverbalcommunication.語言社交比非語言社交更加重要F2“Dragon”meansthesametotheWesterneras“龍”totheChinese.“龍”是指同為西方人的“龍”到中國。F3TheChinesephrase“知識分子”hasthesamemeaningas“intellectual”.中國“知識分子”擁有相同的含義是“知識T4Aterminonelanguagemaynothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage.在一種語言中的一個術(shù)語在另一種語言中可能沒有同樣詞F5Inreferringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisgenerally,butnotalways,touse“公”or“母”toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.ThisisthesamewiththeEnglishlanguage.在談到動物和鳥類，中國的做法是平時(shí)，但不總是，用“公”或“母”來表示該生物是否是男性或女性。這與英語是同樣的。T6ThefollowingsixEnglishword:“vice”,“associate”,“assistant”,“deputy”,“l(fā)ieutenant”and“under”canallmean“副”inChineselanguage.以下六個英文單詞：“副”、“聯(lián)想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語中F7ThereareasmanysimilaritiesasdissimilaritiesbetweenEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbs.有很多相像之處，英語諺語和漢語諺語的異同。T8Violatingaculturaltabooisasseriousasviolatingaverbaltaboo,

違犯文化禁忌的是嚴(yán)重違犯了語言禁忌T9Patternsofthoughtvarieswithculture.

思想方式隨文化而變化。T10Particularthoughtpatternspredominateineachfactual-inductive,Russiancultureispredominantly

culture,.Americanaxiomatic-deductive,

cultureispredominantlyandArabculturesarepredominatelyintuitive-affective.在每一個特定的思想模式主導(dǎo)文化的拉伯文化以直觀的感情。

T10，比方美國文化主若是事實(shí)的概括，俄羅高雅化主若是公義化演繹，和阿VComprehensionCheckT1Speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication.Therearemanyothers.

說可是一種交流方式。還有很多人F2Someresearchersassertthatinface-to-facecommunication,about70%ofinformationiscommunicatedthroughspeaking,andover30%sissentbynonverbalmeans.一些研究者斷言，在當(dāng)面的交流中，約有70%的信息是經(jīng)過說話，而高出30%則是經(jīng)過非語言方式發(fā)送的T3Environmentisoneofthefivestudyareasthatnonverbalcommunicationcovers.環(huán)境是非語言社交的五個研究領(lǐng)域之一T4Muchofournonverbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstoelusive,spontaneousandfrequentlygoesbeyondourawareness.我們大部分的非語言行為，如文化，經(jīng)常難以實(shí)現(xiàn)，自覺的，經(jīng)常超越我們的認(rèn)識F5LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareM-Timecultures.拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大部分亞洲文化是單調(diào)的文化。T6Arabbelongstotoughcultures.阿拉伯屬于困難的文化T7Insomecultures,eyecontactshouldbeavoidedinordertoshowrespectorobedience.在一些文化中，為了表示敬愛或遵照，應(yīng)當(dāng)防范使用眼光接觸T8theappropriatenessofphysicalcontactvarieswithdifferentcultures.

身體接觸的適合性因不同樣的文化而不同樣F9WesternwomenusuallylikeChinesetotouchtheirbodiesorsmallchildren.

西方婦女平時(shí)喜歡中國人接觸他們的身體或少兒。F10Seatingarrangementsreflectculture.Chinesepeopletendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandingbesidethem.座位安排表現(xiàn)文化。中國人傾向于和他們說話，而不是坐在他們旁邊的人VIComprehensionCheckistheculturalmeaningof“sex”.性別是“性”的文化內(nèi)涵andgenderaresynonymous.同義的性別和性別是同義詞ladymightbefeminine,masculineoracombinationofboth.一位女士可能是女性，男性或兩者的結(jié)合aregenerallycomfortablewithbuildingcloserelationshipsandconfidingtoothers,whilemostmenarereservedaboutinvolvementanddisclosure.女性一般暢快與建筑親密關(guān)系和相信別人，而大部分人都保留對參加和顯露。menusecommunicationtocreateconnectionorequalitybetweenpeople.

大部分人用交流來成立聯(lián)系或平等的人usuallyusecommunicationtoestablishstatusandpower.女性平時(shí)使用交流來確立地位和權(quán)益feminineculture,communicationisaway—probablytheprimaryway—toexpressandexpandcloseness.在女性文化中，流傳是表達(dá)和擴(kuò)大親密關(guān)系的主要路子。socialization

stresses

doingthings

andregards

action

asprimary

waysto

create

andexpress

closeness.男性社會化重申做事情，把行動視為創(chuàng)立和表達(dá)親密的主要方式。firstandlastprincipalforeffectivecross-gendercommunicationissuspendingjudgment.

有效的跨性別流傳的第一個和最后一個主若是中止判斷。isdifficultbutpossibletoseektranslationcuesthatwillfacilitateourcommunication.

這是困難的，但可能追求翻譯線索，將有利于我們的交流。mostcommonproblemsincross-cultural

negotiations

concern

(1)

rules

for

conducting

business,

(2)theselectionofnegotiators,and(3)methodsofdecision-making.

最常有的問題，在跨文化談判的關(guān)注（

1）的規(guī)則，進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)，（2）的選擇，談判，和（3）決議方法。JapanesebelievethatsocializingisintegraltothenegotiationprocesswhiletheAmericansdonotthinkso.日自己認(rèn)為，社交是談判過程中不能或缺的一部分，而美國人卻不這么認(rèn)為negotiationteammembersareusuallyselectedonthebasisoftheirsocialandprofessionalstatus.美國談判團(tuán)隊(duì)成員平時(shí)在他們的社會和職業(yè)地位的基礎(chǔ)上Japanese

andChinesenegotiators,

adetailed

written

agreementis

not

central

to

thenegotiation

processintheMiddleEast,MexicoandFrance.與日本和中國的談判人員同樣，在中東、墨西哥和法國的談判進(jìn)度中，有一個詳盡的書面協(xié)議是不同樣樣的。BritishemployanegotiatingstylesimilartothatofAmericans,butmoresilenceisutilizedandtheyarelessegalitarian.英國人采用了近似于美國人的談判風(fēng)格，但更多的是利用默然，他們也不太同樣。prefer

clear,

firm,

andassertire

expression

while

the

Japaneseencourage

convert,

fragmented

expression.德國人喜歡明確的，堅(jiān)定的，和

assertire

表達(dá)而日本激勵變換、碎片化的表達(dá)negotiators

prefer

thedeductive

approach.

Moreemphasisis

placed

oncontemplation

andintuition.

墨西哥談判者更喜歡演繹的方法。更重申的是沉思和直覺。Braziliansdonotopenlydisagreeduringformalnegotiations;theywouldconsiderthisinsultingandembarrassing.在正式談判中，巴西人不會公然地不同樣意，他們會考慮這種侮辱和難堪。acomfortableclimateandspendingtimeontheexploratoryphaseofnegotiationsarecrucialinMiddleEastandBrazil.創(chuàng)立一個暢快的天氣和開銷時(shí)間在談判的研究階段是至關(guān)重要的中東和巴西。arefrequentparticipantsonaJapanesenegotiationteam.女性經(jīng)常參加一個日本談判小組。名詞講解1economicglobalization(經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）：theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.2bartersystem(物物互換）：exchangewithoutmoney–Farmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.–Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.3globalvillage(地球村）：theworldformonecommunity–Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.4meltingpot(大熔爐）：asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.5culture(文化）：canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.6culturaldiversity(文化交融）：referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.Communication(社交）:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.8interculturalcommunication(跨文化社交）：communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsanddistinct(不同樣）enoughtoalter（改變）theircommunicaion。1Pragmatics（語用學(xué)）:thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.2Semantics（語義學(xué)）：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.3Denotation（引申含義）：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.1Chronemics（時(shí)間學(xué)）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.(1)PolychromicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.(2)PolychronicTime（多元時(shí)間見解）:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.2Proxemics（空間學(xué)）：Referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.3Kinetics（身勢學(xué)）:thestudyofbodylanguage.身勢學(xué)4Paralanguage(副語言)：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.1Aplanetaryculture（行星文化）:integratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism(理性主義）.2Interculturalperson（跨文化的人）:representssomeonewhosecognitive(認(rèn)知的）,affective,andbehavioral(行為的）characteristicsareopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparameters(心理界線）ofhisorherownculture.High-contextcultures（宛轉(zhuǎn)的文化）assignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextcultures（外向型的文化）excludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything."I"culture(個體主義）：tocontroltheirwondestinytostandontheirownfeettomindtheirownbusinesstiestendtoberelativelyunimportant"We"culture(集體主義）：tostriveforthecommongoodisnotencouragedrightstopropertypiety(孝順）Powerdistance(權(quán)益差距）：describesthedistribution(散布）ofinfluencewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum(連續(xù)體）ofhightolowdistance,thatishierarchy(等級主義）.egalitarian（同樣主義）.Masculinecultures(剛性文化）:Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonmaculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures(柔性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonfeminnetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationshipsandconcernfortheweak.1.Enculturation(文化習(xí)得):alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturationAcculturation(文化適應(yīng)):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.10.Ethnocentric(文化中心主義):thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Communication:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.Source社交邀請Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.編碼Unfortunately(orperhapsfortunately),humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.1.Message編碼信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.2.Channel社交渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.3.Noise攪亂Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.4.Receiver社交接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解碼Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反應(yīng)Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.3.Feedback反應(yīng)Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context場景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.16.Connotation（內(nèi)涵）：thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.17.Taboo禁忌語：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemism宛轉(zhuǎn)語：Meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.Strikewhiletheironishot一鼓作氣Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不達(dá)Topassfisheyesforpearls濫竽湊數(shù)asstubbornasamule犟得像頭牛dumbbell笨蛋tofishintheair水底撈月todrinklikeafish豪飲asdryassawdust味同嚼蠟tobeattheendofone’srope山窮水盡landscapeengineer園林工人tonsorialartist理發(fā)師sanitationengineer干凈工shoerebuilder補(bǔ)鞋匠softinthehead發(fā)狂的recklessdisregardfortruth謊話totakethingswithoutpermission盜竊industrialclimate勞資關(guān)系緊張justicehaslongarms天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏fatoffice肥缺diamondcutdiamond棋逢敵手goldensaying金玉良言Youwillcrossthebridgewhenyougettoit船到橋頭自然直betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion寧為雞頭，勿為牛后treaduponeggs如履薄冰簡答題9componentsofcommunication（社交的十大體素）source(根源）：thepersonwhodesirestoencoding(編碼）：theprocessofputtingonideaintoasymbolmessage(信息）：identifiestheencodingthought④channel(渠道）：themeansoftransmission(流傳路子）noise(攪亂）：anythingdistortsthemessagesreceiver(接受者）：thepersonwhoattendstothemessagedecoding(解碼）：assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceivedreceiverresponse(接受者反應(yīng)）：anythingthereceiverdoesfeedback(反應(yīng)）：theportionwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning⑩context(場景）：helpdefine(使明確）thecommunicationthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.①convenienttransportationsystems(便利的交通系統(tǒng)）②innovativecommunication③economicglobailzation(經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）④widespreadmigrations(寬泛的移民)arethethreeingredients(組成)ofculture?

systems(改革通信技術(shù)）artifacts(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)②behavior(whattheydo)③concepts(共有見解）(whattheythink)tounderstandculturaliceberg?justasaniceberg,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedanimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,nine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurfacearethecharacteristic(特點(diǎn)）ofculture?①shared②learned(enculuration文化習(xí)得：learningone'sculture)③dynamic(動向的）（accultration文化適應(yīng)：adoptsthechangesbroughtculture)④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主義：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior)

about

by

anotherarethecharacteristicofcommunication?①dynamic(

動向性）；②irreversible(

不能逆轉(zhuǎn)的）③symbolic(符號的）④systematic(

系統(tǒng)性）⑤transactional（互動性）⑥contextual(語境)isChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?①InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname；inEnglishthisorderisreversed.InChinaseniority(資歷）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.(Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Chineseuseaperson'stitle、office、orprofessiontoindicate(表示）theperson'sinfluential(有權(quán)勢的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused，suchasdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurseandcaptain.(p24)WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.認(rèn)為時(shí)間是線性的P-Timeislessrigid(刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.2.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?(贊美的社會功能是什么？)Creatingorreinforcing(加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委宛責(zé)備）,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘?jīng)r）.2.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe‘turningandturninginawideninggyre’.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.4.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhism（佛教）andChristianity（基督教）?Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkandpiet