四級英語閱讀理解

閱讀理解

Passage1

ReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Directions:Inthispassage,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassage

quicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiven

inthepassage;N（｛forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgivenin

thepassage;NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.For

questions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

HowtoBuyaUsedCar

Nearlyeverybodybuysausedcarsoonerorlater,asaprimaryvehicle（首要的交

通工具）orasasecondcar.Indeed（當然），threeoutoffoursalestodayareusedcars,

andthey*renotcheapjunkers（廢物）either—theaveragepricenowis$5500,abouthalf

whatanewcarcosts.Makethewrongselectionandamajorinvestment（投資）canbelost

themomentyoudriveoffthelot.

Thereisfarlesschanceofthishappeningtoyouifyouknow:whentobuy,where

tobuy,howtoexamine（仔細檢查）thecar,howtoconduct（進行）yourownroadtest,

andhowtobargainover（講價）theprice.

Whentobuy

Shopduringtheday.Lightingmakescarsgleam（V閃光）likejewels（寶石）atnight.

Indaylighttheylookdul1（黯淡的）,butrealistic.

Don，tshopintherain.Itcanmask（掩蓋）liquids（液體）thatmightbeleaking（泄

漏）.Ifpossible,shopinthewinterwhensuppliesarehighanddemand（需求）islow.

Wheretobuy

Shopthesuburbs.Tnmoreaffluent（富有的）neighbourhoodscarsaremore1ikelyto

havebeenwellcaredfor.

Aprivateownernormallysellsacarforlessthanadealer（商人）does,butalmost

always"asis,〃withnoguarantee（質(zhì)量保證）.That'sanacceptableriskifwhatyou're

lookingforisacheapsecondcarto/zdrivetothestation.〃

Eventhoughaused-cardealergenerallychargesmore,youcanoftengetsometype

of1imitedguarantee.Thisisoftena50-50plan,inwhichyoueachpayhalfonrepairs

foraperiod（一段時間）thatmayrangefrom30daystoayear.Askthedealeraboutthe

availabilityofanoptional（可選擇的）servicepolicy

Used-cardealersoftenclaim（聲稱）tohavegoneover（仔細查看）thecar,andmany

have.Butrememberthatsmalldealersoftenbuycarsthatareauctioned（拍賣）because

nobodyelsewantsthem.

Someexpertsfeelthatanew-cardealeristhebestplacetobuyasecondhandcar,

especiallyifyou'relayingoutalargesum（一-筆金錢）foralatemodel.Someofthese

dealersofferextensive（廣闊的）guarantees,suchasoneonthe"drivetrain,zzwhich

coversanyproblemswithengine（發(fā)動機），transmission（變速器）,driveshaftand

differential（差速器）.Expecttopayforthis,aswel1asforthemarkup（標高的價

格）.Butifyoushopsoonafterthenewmodelshavearrived,whenadealerhasalot

oftrade-instyinguphisprofits,hemightdeal.Thevisualexamination（視覺上的檢

查）

You'vefoundyourdreamcar,andcanhardlywaittogetinandroaraway.Wait.

First,lookforanyflaws（瑕疵）orripples（劃痕）inthebodythatmightindicate

apastaccident（暗示曾經(jīng)出過事故）.Toseeifacarhasbeenrepainted（重新漆過），look

undertherubbersealsaroundthedoororunderthechrometrim.Repaintingmaymask

deepflaws（重新上漆可能隱藏深層的瑕疵）.

Checktheodometer（計程器）fortotalmileage（英里數(shù)），andthencomparethatfigure

（數(shù)字）withanystickersstillattachedtodoorposts.It'sillegaltochangeodometer

readings,butithappens.Iftherearenostickers,bealittlesuspicious.Checkpedals

andcontrols:wearonthesepartsshouldagreewiththemileage.Iftheyarebrandnew,

besuspicious.Iftheyarewornout,beware.

Checkthatthedoors,hoodandtrunkallopensmoothlyandclosewithsolidsound.

Sightalongthesidesofthecarfrom30feetawaytobesurethattherearandfront

wheelslineup.

Lookunderthecarforfluidleaks.Exceptforcondensationfromaworkingair

conditioneronahotday,nocarshouldeverdripanything,anytime.

Nowsitinthedriver，sseatandtrythecontrols.Thecarshouldfityou一itshould

becomfortable.Checkseatadjustment,doorlocks,window-raisingmechanisms,horn,

lights,directionalsignals,radio-allaccessories.

Starttheengine.Itshouldturnoverquicklyandthensettledowntoaratherfastidle.Givethe

engineamomentortwobeforeyoupresstheacceleratorabit.Watchforsmokefromtherear.Blue

smokemightmeanacompleteengineoverhaul（大修），blackamaladjustedcarburettor（化油器）.?2?

Whitesmokecanbe.ignorediftheengineiscold,butonceitiswarmedup,whitesmokecan

meanaleakingheadgasket（墊圈）:expensive.Rejectthiscar.

Aftertheenginehaswarmed,shutitoff,andthengowipeyourfingerinsidethetailpipe（making

sureit'snottoohot）.Theresidueshouldbewhitish-gay.Ifyougetablack,oilymark,refusethe

car-it'sprobablyanoilburner.

Restarttheengineandchecktheoilinanautomatictransmission.Itshouldbecleanandclear,

withnoburnedodor.Thetestdrive

Thesalesmanmaytrytoconvinceyouthatashortdrivearoundtheblockisenough.Wrong.Make

itclearthatyouplantoroadtestthecar,andifheisn'thappywiththislookelsewhere.

Thetestrouteyouhavemappedoutshouldincludedrycitystreets,afreeway,ahill,abumpyroad

andanemptyparkinglot.Allgauges（計量器）shouldreadsteadyandnormalthroughoutthetest,

especiallyoilpressureandengineheat.Ifnot,don'tbuythecar.

Drivetoatraffic-freecitystreetonyourpredeterminedrouteandthenacceleratesmoothlyto

about35milesperhour.Theautomatictransmissionshouldshiftwithoutjerkingandwithnonoise.

Slowtoabout7m.p.h.bygentlyapplyingthebrakes.Thereshouldbenonoise,nosharpsound

orgrinding.Thecarshouldslowinastraightline,withnopullingtotherightorleft.

Pickupspeedtoabout15;thenmakingcertainnobodyisbehindyou,hitthebrakeshard!Thecar

shouldcometoanimmediatestopwithoutmakingnoiseorswerving.

Inanempty,levelparkinglot,braketoacompletestop.Shiftintoreverseandbackupatabout4

m.p.h.,braketoahall,shiftintoforward,etc.Dothisfourorfivetimestotestthetransmission.All

shiftingshouldbesmooth,withnonoiseorhesitation

Accelerateupahilltoabout40m.p.h.Thecarshouldnotlabour.Ifitdoes,youcouldhavea

rottentransmission.Gobackdownthehill.Stophalfway,shiftintoneutralandsettheparkingbrake.

Thecarshouldremainstationarywhenyoutakeyourfootoffthebrakepedal.

Drivethecaroverthebumpyroad,upahill,andonthehighway.Rarelywillacarbeperfect.

Howeverbynowyoushouldhaveaprettygoodideawhatneedstobedone.Howtobargain

Usewhatyou'velearnedfromthevisualexam,testdriveandoutsidemechanictogettheprice

down.Haveamaximumfigureinmind,basedonyourinspectionandoncurrentpricesfromaused-car

guide.Startyourbiddinglowerthanthat.Whenyouhavenearlyarrivedataprice,getthesellerto

throwincertainrepairs.Itmaybecheaperforhimthanfurtherpricecuts.

1.Followingtheinstructionsherewillhelpyoumakeagoodselectionwhenbuyingausedcar.

2.Winterisagoodtimeforpurchasingacarbecausethereislittleraininwinter.

3.Youaremorelikelytopaylesstoaprivateownerforacarofpoorquality.

4.Refusethecarifyoufindanysignsofapastaccidentinthevisualexamination.

5.Don'tbuythecarifthereiswhitesmokecomingoutoftherearbecauseitisprobablyanoil

burner.

6.Atcertainspeedsinthetests,agoodcarshouldnotmakeanynoisewhenthedriverbrakes

eitherhardorgently.

7.Ifyouarepatientandcarefulenough,youwillcertainlyfindaperfectusedcar.

8.Thelaststepbeforeyoumakeadecisiontobuyacaris.

9.Besidesallgauges,thetwoveryimportantsystemsmainlyexaminedinthetestdriveare.

10.Accordingtosomeexperts,thebestplacetobuyasecond-handcaris.

Unitone

I.Y2.N3.Y4.NG5.N6.Y7.N

8.tobargainovertheprice9.brakeandtransmission10.anew-cardealer

Passage2ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)

Directions:Inthispassagetherearetenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectone

wordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.

Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebank

isidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswer

Sheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthe

bankmorethanonce.

Questions1to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Lookingbackonyearsoflivinginaworking-classhomeintheNorthofEngland,

Ishouldsaythatagoodlivingroommust11threeprincipalthings:homeliness,warmth

andplentyofgoodfood.Theliving-roomisthewarmheartofthefamilyand12often

slightlystuffytoamiddle-classvisitor.Itisnotasocialcentrebutafamilycenter;

littleentertaininggoesonthereorinthefrontroom,ifthere13tobeone;youdo

notentertaininanythingapproachingthemiddle-class14Thewife，ssociallifeoutside

her15familyisfoundoverthewashing-line,atthelittleshoponthecorner,visiting

relativesatamoderate16occasionally,andperhapsnowandagainavisitwithher

husbandtohispuborclub.Apartfromthesetwoplaces,hehasjusthisworkandhis

footballmatches.Theywillhave,eachofthem,friendsatalltheseplaces,whomay

wellnotknowwhattheinsideoftheirhouseislike,havingnever"steppedacrossthe

threshold,astheold17phrasehasit.Thefamilyhearthis18forthefamilyitself,

andthosewhoare"somethingtous，z(anotherfavoriteformula)andwholookinforatalk

orjusttosit.Muchofthefreetimeofamanandhiswifewill19bepassedatthat

hearth.Juststayinginisstil1oneofthemostcommonleisure-time20

A.happensB.professionsC.senseD.nevertheless

E.fashionedF.distanceG.immediateH.usually

I.occupationsJ.preservedK.imitateL.provide

M.thereforeNreserved0.contribute

Passage3

Directions;Thepassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.For

eachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,D.Youshoulddecideonthebest

choiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethrough

thecentre.

Themedicalworldisgraduallyrealizingthatthequalityoftheenvironmentin

hospitalsmayplayasignificantroleintheprocessofrecoveryfromillness.

AspartofanationwideeffortinBritaintobringartoutofthegalleriesandinto

publicplaces,someofthecountry，smosttalentedartistshavebeencalledinto

transformolderhospitalsandtosoftenthehardedgesofmodernbuiIdings.Ofthe2,500

NationalHealthServicehospitalsinBritain,almost100nowhavesignificant

collectionsofcontemporaryartincorridors,waitingareasandtreatmentrooms.

Theserecentinitiativesoweagreatdealtooneartist,PeterSenior,whosetup

hisstudioataManchesterhospitaiinnortheasternEnglandduringtheearly1970s.He

felttheartisthadlosthisplaceinmodernsociety,andthatartshouldbeenjoyed

byawideraudience.

Atypicalhospitalwaitingroommighthaveasmanyas500visitorseachweek.What

betterplacetoholdregularexhibitionsofart?Seniorheldthefirstexhibitionof

hisownpaintingsintheout-patientswaitingareaoftheManchesterRoyalHospitalin

1975.BelievedtobeBritain'sfirsthospitalartist,Seniorwassomuchindemandthat

hewassoonjoinedbyateamofsixyoungartschoolgraduates.

Theeffectisstriking.Nowinthecorridorsandwaitingroomsthevisitor

experiencesafullviewoffreshcolors,playfulimagesandrestfulcourtyards.

Thequalityoftheenvironmentmayreducetheneedforexpensivedrugswhenapatient

isrecoveringfromanillness.Astudyhasshownthatpatientswhohadaviewontoa

gardenneededhalfthenumberofstrongpainkillerscomparedwithpatientswhohadno

viewatalloronlyabrickwalltolookat.

21.Accordingtothepassage,“tosoftenthehardedgesofmodernbuildings"means

A.topulldownhospitalbuildings

B.todecoratehospitalswithartcollections

C.toimprovethequalityoftreatmentinhospitals

D.tomakethecornersofhospitaibuildingsround

22.WhatcanwesayofPeterSenior?

A.Heisapioneerinintroducingartintohospitals.

B.Heisadoctorinterestedinpainting.

C.Heisanartistwhohasalargecollectionofpaintings.

D.Heisafaithfulfollowerofhospitalart.

23.AccordingtoPeterSenior,.

A.artislosingitsaudienceinmodernsociety

B.artgalleriesshouldbechangedintohospitals

C.patientsshouldbeencouragedtolearnpainting

I）,artshouldbeencouragedinBritishhospitals

24.Aftertheimprovementofthehospitalenvironment,.

A.patientsnolongerneeddrugsintheirrecovery

B.patientsarenolongerwhollydependentonexpensivedrugs

C.patientsneedgood-qualitydrugsintheirrecovery

D.patientsusefewerpainkillersintheirrecovery

25.ThefactthatsixyoungartschoolgraduatesjoinedPetershowsthat.

A.Peter，senterpriseisdevelopinggreatly

B.PeterSeniorenjoysgreatpopularity

C.theyaretalentedhospitalartists

D.theroleofhospitalenvironmentisbeingrecognized

Passage4

Directions:Thepassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.For

eachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,D.Youshoulddecideonthebest

choiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethrough

thecentre.

Polyester（聚酯）isnowbeingusedforbottles.ICI,thechemicalsandplastics

company,believesthatitisnowbeginningtobreakthegripofglasson

thebottlebusinessandthustakeadvantageofthishugemarket.

Alltheplasticsmanufacturershavebeenexperiencinghardtimesastheir

traditionalproductshavebeendoingbadlyworld-wideforthelastfewyears.Between

1982and1984thePlasticsDivisionofICIhadlostahundredandtwentymilliondollars,

andtheyfeltthatthe.mosthopefulnewmarketwasinpackaging,bottlesandcans.

Since1982ithasopenedthreenewfactoriesproducing“Melinar”,therawmaterial

fromwhichhighqualitypolyesterbottlesaremade.

Thepolyesterbottlewasborninthe1970s,whensoftdrinkscompanieslikeCoca

Colastartedsellingtheirdrinksingianttwo-litercontainers.Becauseofthebuild-up

ofthepressureofgasintheselargecontainers,glasswasunsuitable.NorwasPVC,

theplasticwhichhadbeenusedforbottlessincethe1960s,suitablefordrinkswith

gasinthem.Anewplastichadtobemade.

Glassisstillcheaperforthesmallerbottles,andwillcontinuetobesounless

oilandplasticbecomemuchcheaper,butplasticdoeswellforthelargersizes.

Polyesterbottlesarevirtuallyunbreakable.Themanufacturersclaimtheyarealso

lighter,lessnoisywhenbeinghandled,andcanbereused.Shopkeepersandotherbusiness

peopleareuniikelytoobjecttoachangefromglasstopolyester,sincethesebottles

meanfewbreakages,whicharecostlyandtime-consuming.Thepublic,though,havebeen

moredifficulttopersuade.ICTscommercialdepartmentisdevelopingdifferentbottles

withinterestingshapes,totryandmakethemvisuallymoreattractivetothepublic.

Thenextstepcouldbetodevelopaplasticwhichcouldreplacetinsforfood.The

problemhereisthehightemperaturesnecessaryforcookingthefoodinthecontainer.

26.Plasticsofvariouskindshavebeenusedformakingbottles.

A.since1982

B.sincethe1970sbutonlyforlargebottles

C.sincethe1960sbutnotforliquidswithgasinthem

D.sincecompanieslikeCocaColafirsttriedthem

27.WhyisICTsPlasticsDivisioninterestedinpolyesterforbottles?

A.Theotherthingstheymakearenotsellingwell.

B.Glassmanufacturerscannotmakeenoughnewbottles.

C.Theyhavefactorieswhichcouldbeadaptedtomakeit.

D.Thepriceofoilkeepschanging.

28.Whyaren,tallbottlesnowmadeofpolyester?

A.Thepriceofoilandplastichasrisen.

B.Itisnotsuitableforcontaininggassydrinks.

C.Thepublicliketraditionalglassbottles.

D.Shop-keepersdislikereusablebottles.

29.Manufacturersthinkpolyesterbottlesarebetterthanglassbottlesbecausethey

A.arecheaperB.aremoresuitedtosmallsizes

C.aremoreexcitingtolookatD.donotbreakeasily

30.Plasticcontainersforholdingfoodinthesamewayascans.

A.havebeenusedformanyyears

B.areanideathatintereststheplasticscompanies

C.arepossible,butonlyforhotfood

D.arethefirstthingsbeingmadeinthenewfactories

11.L12.M13.A14.C15.G16.F17.E18.N19.H20.I21.B22.A23.D24.

B25.D26.C27.A28.C29.D30.B

Passage1

World*sNonsmokersTakeupFightforCleanerAir

Incountryaftercountry,talkofnonsmokers，rightsisintheair.Thisfreshvoice

isheardfromAustraliatoSweden.Itsforceisfreeingcleanairfornonsmokers—and

tighteningthesituationforsmokers.

InwestGermany,forinstance,taxidrivers—knownfortheirindependence—post

signssaying"NichtRaucher/Z(nonsmoker)andmayrefusepassengerswhoinsiston

smoking...BansinPolandpreventsmokinginfactories,offices,snackbars,andother

publicplaces...AndVenezuelanscanbefined$230to$1,000forsmokingin

supermarkets,buses,andnumerousotherplaces.Manycountriesalsoaremovinginstep

tolimittobaccopromotion（despitea7percentjumpinworldtobaccoproductionlast

year）andeliminatethe“falseclaimsoftheglorification（美化）ofsmokingasahabit...

〃saysJeandeMoerlooseoftheUnitedNationsWorldHealthOrganization.

Whi1eamajorityofcountrieshavetakenlittleornoactionyet,some30nations

haveintroducedlegislativestepstocontrolsmokingabuse.Manylawshavebeen

introducedinothercountriestohelpcleartheairfornonsmokers,ortocutcigarette

consumption.

Inmanydevelopingnations,however,cigarettesmokingisseenasasignofeconomic

progress—andisevenencouraged.

“Whileitappearsthatindevelopedcountriestheconsumptionofcigaretteshas

becomestabilized,therearesomeindicationsthatitisstillrisingatasteadypace

inLatinAmerica,/zsaysDr.DanielJ.Joly,anadvisertothePanAmericanHealth

Organization.

Despiteprogressinsegregating（隔離）nonsmokersandsmokers,mostcountriessee

littlechangeinthenumberofsmokers.Infact,thereisajumpinthenumberofgirls

andyoungwomenstartingtosmoke.

Asmoretobaccocompaniesgointernational,newmarketsaresoughttogainnew

smokersindevelopingcountries.Forexample,greateffortsaremadebytheAmerican

tobaccoindustrytosellcigarettesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica一whereU.S.

tobaccoexportsincreasedbymorethan27percentlastyear,accordingtheU.S.Foreign

AgricultureService.Sofar,anycooperationbetweentobaccointerestsandgovernments'

campaignsagainstsmokinghasbeenintheareaoftobaccoadvertising.

Restrictionsoncigaretteads,plushealthwarningsonpackagesandbansonpublic

smokingincertainplaces,arethemostpopulartoolsusedbynationsinsupportof

nonsmokersorincurbing（限制）smoking.

Butworldattentionalsoisfocusingonotherstepswhichwill:

一makethesmokerincreasinglyself-consciousanduncomfortableabouthishabitby

publicizingpublicawarenessofthedeclineofsocialacceptabi1ityofsmoking.

（ThismethodisreceivingstrongsupportintheU.S.andothercountries.）

—preventpro-smokingscenesontelevisionandfilms.

一removecigarettevendingmachines.

—providesupportforthosewhowanttokickthehabitofsmoking.

一makeitillegaltosellorhandovertobaccoproductstominorsandprohibitsmoking

inmeetingplacesforyoungpeople.

一boostcigarettepriceswithhighertobaccotaxes一andusethemoneyfor

antismokingcampaigns.

AtaJuneUNconferenceonsmoking,agoalsetbySirGeorgeE.Godber,chairman

oftheexpertcommitteeonsmokingandhealthfortheWorldHealthOrganization,stated:

〃Wemaynothaveeliminatedcigarettesmokingcompletelybytheendofthiscentury,

butweoughttohavereachedapositionwhererelativelyfewaddictsstillusecigarettes,

butonlyinprivateatmostinthecompanyofconsentingadults.〃NATIONSATTEMPT

SOLUTIONS

Herearebriefsketchesofmajororuniqueattemptsaroundtheworldtoinsure

nonsmokers'righttosmoke-freeairandtohelpsmokersquit.SWEDEN

Anambitious,concertedplantoraiseanationofnonsmokersisbeingimplemented

bytheSwedishNationalBoardofHealthandWelfare.

Swedishchildrenbornafter1975wi11growupinenvironmentsthatwillbenonsmoking

andantismokingasmuchaspossible.Generalcigaretteconsumptionwillcutfrom1,700

cigarettesayearperpersonto1920levelofunder300cigarettesayear,according

tothe25-yearplan.

Acampaigntorestricttobaccoadvertising,raisecigarettepricestoover$2

apack,removecigarettevendingmachinesby1979,banpro-smokingcontentin

filmsandtelevisionprograms,restrictpublicsmoking,andgiveintensive

antismokingeducationinschoolsandthemilitary,willpromotethegoalofa

societywhich"shouldbesounfavourabletowardsmokingthatsmokingcouldnotarise

onceagainasamajorfactorharmfultopublichealth.〃

BySwedishlaw,life-insurancepremiums(保險費)areloweredfornonsmokers.WEST

GERMANY

Animage-reversingadvertisingcampaignbeganafewyearsagoinWestGermanywhereby

itisthenonsmokerwhoisshowntobelivingtheswinginglifepreviouslyclaimedby

thecigaretteaddict.

Agovernment-sponsoredprogramtowarnthepublicaboutthedangersofsmoking

includesanattempttoencourageconsiderationofthenonsmokeratworkandinpubIic

places.Tobaccotelevisionadswerestoppedin1973.

Buttherearenofirmplansatthefederalleveltobansmokinginpublicplaces,

althoughitisbeingconsideredasalegislativeproposal.Healthexpertssaythatthe

legallyrequiredwarningoncigarettepackagesintheUnitedStateshasnothelped.Hence

therearestrongdoubtsaboutstrictlawsinthewholeareaofsmoking.Thegoverning

ideahereistoencourageconsiderationofothers.Butthisangleofattack(moral

persuasion)doesnotruleoutlegislation.IntwoofGermany，s11statestherearelaws

toprotectpublicemployeeswhodonotsmokefromtheirsmokingfellowworkers."Smoke

breaks“areusedtoseparatethesmokersandnonsmokers.

“Thenonsmokertodayisjustasmuchormorerespectedthanthesmoker.〃Saysone

healthofficial,〃andthisisasuccessinitself.〃GREATBRITAIN

Atelevisionadvertisingbanin1965,ahealthwarningontobaccopackagesbegun

in1971,a20percentpriceriseoncigarettesin1974,andaconstantcampaigntoisolate

pubicsmokinginairlines,trains,andotherpublicplaceshavefuelledaforceful

antismokingandnonsmokers，programinBritain.

InIreland,anadvertisingcodebansadsemphasizingthepleasureofsmoking,

featuringconventionalheroesoftheyoungassmokers,orimplyingthatitislessharmful

tosmokeonebrandthananother.UNITEDSTATES

U.S.airlinesaresubjectto$1,000finesforfailingtoprovideasmokefreeseat

foranypassengerwhowantsone.TheInterstateCommerceCommissionhasmade“nosmoking”

therule,ratherthantheexception,onallinterstatepassengertrainsandbuses.The

MilitarysegregatessmokersandnolongerdistributescigaretteinCrations.

Agrowingnumberofrestaurantsnowofferseparateareasfornonsmokers.Abanon

televisionandradiocigaretteads,healthwarningsandrestrictionsonpublicsmoking

inmanystatesandcitiesmaketheUnitedStatesaparticipantinworldnonsmokingand

antismokingefforts.ThenumberofU.S.nonsmokersisrisingaswell.

1.Withtheworld，sefforts,moreandmoresmokershaverealizedtheharmfuleffect

ofsmokingonenvironment.

2.30countrieshaveintroducedlegislationtorestrictsmoking,thoughlittlehas

beendoneinmostothercountries.

3.Thetotalnumberofsmokersdecreaseswhilethenumberoffemalesmokersincreases

inmostcountries.

4.SmokersinLatinAmericaconsumemorecigarettesthanindevelopedcountries.

5.Theimprovedeconomicsituati