老西口大范圍綜合口語7月5日版

20157-10[75日更新請隨時(shí)關(guān)注我們的 185park，根本緩解不了問題。2）100個。3）應(yīng)該把荒廢的footballspace作為停車場還差不多。Theuniversityhasmadeanewparkinginordertoreducethetrafficproblemoncampus.Thenewsaysthatfirstyearstudentsarenotallowedtousetheparkinglotsoncampus.However,intheconversationthemandisagreeswiththis.Hesaysthatfreshmenonlyconstituteasmallnumberamongthosewhoapplyforschoolparking.Tobanfreshmenfromparkingoncampuswon’thelpsolvetheproblem.Inaddition,hesaysthatdemandsforschoolparkingfarexceedtheavailablespace,sotheschoolshouldconsiderconvertingtheemptyspaceinfrontoftheoldfootballfieldintoanewparkinglottomeetstudents’parkingneeds.2學(xué)校通知學(xué)生比較在畢業(yè)前完成10個小時(shí)的時(shí)間。兩個人討論，女學(xué)生認(rèn)為不合理，因encouragerequire,另一個原因是需要服務(wù)的community都很遠(yuǎn)，學(xué)生沒有車，不方便到，所以不practical。Theschoolhasannouncedanew,requiringeachstudenttocompleteatleast10hoursofcommunityservicebeforetheycangraduate.Intheconversation,however,thegirldisagreeswiththis.Shearguesthatcommunityserviceshouldbevoluntary.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtotakepartincommunityservice,notrequiredtodoso.Sothisisgoingtocauseresentmentamongstudents.Furthermore,shesaysthatmanycommunityserviceprogramsarelocatedfarawayfromtheschool.Moststudentsdonothaveacarandpublictransportationisnotconvenienteither.Sothisnewisnotpractical.3Theschoolisnningtoclosedownitshealthcenter.Itexinsthatbecauseanewhospitalhasbeenopenedinthelocalcommunity,closingdowntheschoolhealthcenterwon’thavemucheffectonstudents.However,thewomandisagreeswiththisn.Shesaysthattheclosesthospitalis15minutesawaybycar,soit’sstilltoofarformoststudents,especiallywhentheyaresick.Moreover,shesaysthatmoststudentsgototheschoolhealthcenterforsmallillnessessuchascold,feverorslightinjuries.Thereisnoneedtogotoabigandfancyhospital.Sometimesthebighospitalsdon’ttreatthesesmallillnesses.stopservingjunkfoodindininghall5Theuniversityannouncementsaysthatbeginningfromnextsemester,studentsarerequiredtohaveanindividualmeetingwiththeirprofessoraftereverythreeexams.Inthismeeting,theprofessorwilltalkaboutthestudent’sexampaperandthestudentcanalsoaskquestionsaboutit.Intheconversation,theboythinksthatthisisagreatidea.Hesaysthatbydiscussingaboutexampaperswiththeprofessor,studentscanknowexactlywhythey’vedonesomequestionswrong.Aprivatemeetingwiththeprofessorisalsoagreatchancetoasktheprofessorquestionsonanytopicthestudentmaybeinterestedin.Studentsoftenwanttoaskmorequestionsbuttheyhesitatetodosowhentheyareinabigclasswithotherstudents.6一個學(xué)生寫信給學(xué)校說應(yīng)高增加theater的座位，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)有的座位滿足不了看y的需2.Thestudentproposalsaysthattheschoolshouldincreasethenumberofseatsintheschooltheatertoholdmorestudentsinterestedinwatchingys,andtheincreaseinticketsaleswillimprovethetheater’srevenue.However,intheconversation,thegirldisagreeswiththisproposal.Shesaysthatnotmanystudentsgotothetheaterveryoften,andformostys,thecurrentnumberofseatsareenough.Also,thestudentdoesnotthinkinvestingmoneyinaddingseatswillmeanmorerevenueforthetheaterbecauseaddingseatsisacostlyconstruction,anditwilltakeyearsfortheschooltogettheinvestmentback.7aspecialassignment,museumancientsculpture,然后寫paper(1)makemoresensethanthetextbook;(2)距離親眼鑒賞里講到的雕塑，有利于幫助學(xué)生加深印象neverforget;(2)博物館門票正好有discount,而且不用學(xué)生出錢。這個本人一直想去參觀這個museum,就是因?yàn)殚T票太貴，所Thereadingpassageisaspecialassignmentgivenbytheprofessor.ItasksstudentstovisitthemuseumandwriteapaperabouttheEgyptiansculpturesbeingexhibitedthere.Intheconversation,thewomanlikesthisnewassignment.Shesaysthatthetriptothemuseumcanallowstudentstoobserveinclosedistancethesculpturesmentionedinthetextbooks.Thiswillmakethestudentsmoreimpressedwiththesculpturestheyarestudying.Thewomanisalsoexcitedatthepossibilityofgoingtothemuseumofcharge/atadiscount.Shehaswantedtogotothemuseumforalongtime,butshecannotaffordthehighadmissioncharges.8：感。女的說：就算他們對節(jié)電比賽沒有，也對派對有，這樣為了贏，他們就會：Theschoolisgoingtoholdanenergysavingscompetition.Themostenergy-efficientstudentsinthiscompetitionwillberewardedwithapizzaparty.Intheconversation,thewomansupportsthiscompetition.Shesaysthatthiskindofcompetitioncanindeedpromoteawarenessofenergyconservationamongstudents.Shealsosuggeststhatthereshouldbestickynotescedneartheswitcheswhichcanremindstudentstoturnoffthelightswhentheyleave.Furthermore,thewomansaysthatthepizzapartyisanexcellentideabecauseevenifstudentsarenotinterestedinenergysaving,theyareinterestedinpizzas.Sothepizzapartywillencouragestudentstotakepartinthecompetitionandstartsavingenergy.9assignment不需要他們3：新生本來就很忙了，heavyloadof Astudenthaswrittenaletterproposingthattheuniversityarrangealibrarytrainingdaytoshowfreshmanstudentshowtonavigatethelibraryresearchtoolsbutthemanintheconversationdislikestheproposal.First,accordingtotheletter,thisprogramwillprovideanopportunityforstudentstolearntousethosegreatresourcesatthelibrary.However,themanthinksthatmoststudentsdotheirresearchonlineontheirowncomputersthesedaysandhaveaccesstolibraryjournalsontheinternetaswell.Thusonlyafewpeopleneedtousethoseresearchtoolsatthelibrary.Inaddition,thestudentletteralsoproposesanassignmentbytheendofthetrainingdaytomakesurethatallstudentshaveunderstoodhowtousethetools.Themaninconversation,ontheotherhand,believesthatfreshmanstudentsarealreadybusywithaloadofandit’sunnecessarytogivethemadditionalassignments.Forthesereasons,themanopposesthestudent’sproposaltotheuniversity.Theschoolannouncementsaysthatapplicationforchangingdormroomscanonlybemade5weeksafterthestartoftheschoolyear.Intheconversation,themanagreeswiththisandgivestworeasons.First,hesaysthatthisensuresthatdormroomsareallocatedreasonablysoeachstudenthasaroom.Andtheprocessofchangingroomsismadeeasiersodormstaffcanspendtheirtimengotherimportantthings.Second,themancominsthateveryyearwhentheschoolstarts,thedormbuildingisalwaysnoisybecausemanystudentswanttomovetoliveclosertotheirfriends.Sothiscanhelpmaintainaquietenvironment.學(xué)校要求大學(xué)生都要選一門藝術(shù)課（musictheater等）,制,,violin；而且學(xué)生可以提交sampleoftheirwork來證明自己學(xué)過。：學(xué)生不同意信里的學(xué)生的意見,覺得學(xué)生有必要強(qiáng)制學(xué)門藝術(shù)課。理由（1)就算你在校外已經(jīng)學(xué)過一門藝術(shù)課,也可以學(xué)別的artcourse,比如學(xué)music的可以學(xué)photograph,這樣可以exploredifferentareas；理由（2professors都很忙的,submitsampleIntheletter,astudenthasexpressedhisdisagreementtowardstheuniversity’sdecisiontorequireeachstudenttotakeatleastoneartcourse.Thestudentsaysthathehasalreadytakenaviolinlessonoutsidetheuniversitysoforhimandstudentslikehim,theydon’tneedtotakeanymoreartcoursesintheuniversity.Theycanjustsubmittheirworkforevaluationbytheuniversityfaculty.However,intheconversation,thewomandisagreeswithwhatthelettersays.Shesaysthattherearearangeofartcoursesoffered,soevenifastudenthastakenonecourseoutsidetheuniversity,hecanstilltakeanotherdifferentcourseintheuniversity.Moreover,regardingtheevaluationprocess,shesaysthatit’snotrealistictoexpectprofessorstohavethetimetodosobecausetheyareallverybusy.生【學(xué)生提議】學(xué)生寫信，學(xué)?？Х葟d提供beveragesand s很好，但建議增加一些如sandwich這樣耐吃的食物和morelightmusic學(xué) sdon'treallyhelpmuchwhenshe'shungry，所以的確要有一些其他吃的。themusicthereistoonoisynow,shehastogobacktoherdormtoreadinsteadofreadingthere生Thestudentlettersuggeststhattheschoolcafeteriashouldprovidefoodthatcanstophunger,likesandwich,inadditiontothebeverages sthatarecurrentlyserved.Itsuggeststhatthecafeteriashouldymorelightmusic.Intheconversation,thewomanwiththesesuggestions.Shesaysthatfirst,the sandbeveragescurrentlyavailableinthecafeteriadon’treallyhelpmuchwhenshe’shungry.Sheneedstoeatsomethingthatcanfillherupquickly.Sandwichisagoodchoice.Secondly,shesaysthatthemusicinthecafeteriaistoonoisy.Manytimesshehastoleavethecafeteriaandgobacktoherdormtoread.Theschoolisnningtobuildasnackcenterintheschool’snewsciencebuildingbecausetheexistingsnackcenterisfarawayfromthebuilding.Intheconversation,however,themandisagreeswiththisn,andhegivestworeasons.First,hesaysthatifthissnackcenterisputintouse,thenmanystudentswilltakefoodintotheclassroom.Thiswilldisruptclassroomteachingbecausetherewillbechewingnoises,sotheteacherswillbeannoyed.Second,hesaysthatit’scostly[commentsby :somethingaboutcostly/expensive,notsurewhetherit’sthefoodthat’scostlyorifit’stheconstructionofthesnackcenterthat’scostly.Pleaselistencarefullytotheconversationinrealexam.]閱讀：Universitytheater公告,即將在劇院里進(jìn)食,因?yàn)椋?)噪音對其他觀眾造成干擾；,所以散場后不會帶走Theuniversitywillnolongerallowfoodinthetheaterandthewomanintheconversationagreeswiththisnew.First,accordingtotheuniversity,disallowingfoodinthetheaterwillimprovetheaudience’sexperienceduringtheshow.Thewomanintheconversationagreeswiththisbecauseeatinginthetheatercreateslotsofnoiseanddistractstheaudience.Forexample,Thesoundofchewingpreventedherfromenjoyingtheperformance.Inaddition,theuniversitybelievesthatthenewwillmakethetheateraclean,garbage-environment.Thewomanintheconversationlikesthisideatoo.Shesaysthatmostpeopledon’treallytakeouttheirtrashduringtheintermission.Asaresult,theyjustleavetheirgarbageinthetheater.Forinstance,sheremembersseeingsomeoneleavetheirpopcornboxinthetheateraftertheshow.Forthesereasons, thewomanintheconversationsupportsthenew.二個原因是請別的學(xué)校的老師來經(jīng)費(fèi)貴。所以BOY和girl在里辯論。boy認(rèn)為沒人去聽演講，因?yàn)閷W(xué)校只在學(xué)校的website上打應(yīng)該貼滿校園，讓別人知道。第二個，如果能讓professorcampus就能減少ho的費(fèi)用。Theuniversityisgoingtocancelitslectureseriesandthemanintheconversationdisagreeswiththisnew.First,accordingtotheuniversity,theattendanceratetotheselecturestoolow,whichisawasteoftheuniversity’sresources.However,themaninthethinksthelectureseriesisgreatbuttheuniversityhasn’tadvertisedenoughabouttheselectures.Theuniversityhasonlyputupinformationaboutthelecturesonthewebsite,whichnotmanystudentshaveseen.Theuniversityshouldhangpostersaboutthelectureserieseverywhereoncampus.Second,theuniversitysaysthatprofessors,housingisahugefinancialburdenfortheuniversity.Cancelingthelectureserieswillsavesomemoneyfortheuniversity.Themanintheconversation,ontheotherhand,thinksthattheuniversitycanarrange modationfortheprofessorsintheemptydormroomsoncampusinsteadofpayingforexpensivehoroomsfortheprofessors.Forthesereasons,themanintheconversationopposestheuniversity’snew可以分擔(dān)工作，再說，教授一個人批改不過來那么多作業(yè)。2.ASSITANT都有把學(xué)生的Thelettersuggeststhatstudents’assignmentsshouldbegradedbyprofessorsratherthanbyteachingassistantsbecauseonlybygradingtheassignmentsthemselvescantheprofessorsfindouttheproblemsofeachstudent.Intheconversation,however,themandisagreeswiththissuggestion.Hesaysthatfirst,theprofessorsaretoobusytohandlesomanystudents’assignments,soit’snecessarythatsomeassistantssharetheprofessor’swork.Secondly,hesaysthattheteachingassistantswillprovidefeedbackstotheprofessorsaftertheyhavegradedstudents’assignments,sotheprofessoractuallyknowseachstudent’sproblems.NEWTheuniversityhasannouncedtoholdanInformationDayeachsemestertoprovidestudentswithinformationandadviceregardingstudy-abroadopportunities.Themanintheconversationisinfavoroftheuniversitynew.Themanthinksthatngresearchonhisownisquitedifficultbecausehecan’tgatherenoughinformationwithoutguidance.ThroughtheInformationDayhewillbeabletogetaccesstocomprehensiveinformationfromtheuniversity.Inaddition,hefindsithelpfultospeakwithstudentswhohaveexperiencestudyingabroadontheInformationDayanditisthebestwayforhimtogainfirst-handinsightstostudyingoverseas.Forthesereasons,themanbelievestheuniversity^InformationDaywillbenefitstudentswhoareinterestedinstudyingabroad.NEWAccordingtotheannouncement,theuniversityisgoingtoupgradetheequipmentatauditoriumandestablishanonlineticketsystemforstudentstopurchaseeventticketsonline.Thewomanintheconversationisinfavorofthisnew.First，asamemberofthestudents’thereoftenfailtofunction.Withthenewupgrade,alotofstudentswillbebenefitted.Secondly,thewomanbarelyhastimetobuyticketsattheauditoriumbecauseifsfarfromherclassroombuildingandthelineisalwayslong.Buyingticketsonlinewillbesomuchmoreconvenientforherinthefuture.Forthesereasonsthewomanholdsapositiveopiniontowardtheuniversity’snewn.1【】extinctionofbehavior講座里講了小孩死皮賴臉用哭鬧來們買 s的例子說明。（注釋：本題與TPO19口語第4題“sociallearning”相似）Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalledextinctionofbehavior.Itmeanspeopletendtorepeatacertainbehaviorwhenthatbehaviorisrewarded,whiletheytendtostopthebehaviorwhenitisignored.Theprofessorthengivesanexample.Amothertakesherkidtoagrocerystore.Thekidwantshismomtobuyhimsbutmomwouldn’t.Sothekidstartscryingandscreaminguntilhismomgivesinandbuyshims.Thenthekidlearnsthatcryingisusefulandinthefuture,hewouldcryeverytimehewantstohavesomethingfromhismom.Instead,ifmomignoresherkidandallowshimtocry,thekidwouldlearnthatcryingisnotuseful,andisnotlikelytousecryingasawayofgettingwhathewants.2哲學(xué)的話題。人總是覺得自己認(rèn)為的是對的，至少是morecommon的。否定，說有人做了會自己的意見，人不會在所有方面都是對的。Thereadingpassagedefinesatermcalled“falseconsensus”.Accordingtofalseconsensus,peopletendtodevelopthefalseperceptionthattheirideasandopinionsareinconsensustothoseofothers.Theprofessorthengivesanexample.Asurveywasconductedaskingstudentswhethertheywoulddiscussloudlyinthelibrary.Basedontheresult,thestudentsweredividedintotwogroups–thosewhosaidyesandthosewhosaidno.Then,asecondquestionwasaskedtoeachgroup.Thequestionwas:Doyouthinktheotherstudentswillactthesamewithyou?Surprisingly,thetwooppositegroupsbothexpresstheopinionthatstudentsintheothergroupwillagreewiththem,whichisclearlynottrue.4動物的利他主義：beneficotheranimals，butreducethechanceofsurvival。一種加州犧牲了自己逃走的機(jī)會，但是給同伴留了生路，尤其是familymember在附近的時(shí)候Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalledaltruism.Itmeansthatananimalwouldsometimesdothingsthatbenefitothermembersofitsspecies,evenifitmeansreducingitsownchancesofsurvival.TheprofessorgivesanexampleofatypeofgroundsquirrelthatlivesinCalifornia’smountainareas.Itsnaturalpredatoristhemountainlion.Whenamountainlionapproaches,thesquirrelwhospotsitfirstwouldimmediaygiveoutanalarmcall,kindofahigh-pitchedsound,towarnitscompaniontorunaway.Butngthiswouldputthesignalingsquirrelatamuchhigherriskofbeingeatenbythepredator,becauseithasexposeditslocation.However,thesquirreliswillingtodosoinspiteofthisrisk,especiallywhenitsfamilymembersarenearby.Thisapparently“self-sacrificing”behaviorisatypicalexampleofaltruisminanimals.5蜜當(dāng)食物，同時(shí)給花花粉。后來又說了，還有一種情況就是不關(guān)系。Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalled[mutualism],whichisakindofmutualrelationshipinwhichtwospeciesbenefiteachother.Thelectureusestheexampleofbeesandflowerstoillustratemutualism.Beesflyfromflowertoflowergatheringnectar.Atthesametime,theyhelptopollinatethent.Inthismutualisticrelationship,thebeesgettoeat,andthefloweringntsgettoreproduce.However,someflowers,suchassomespeciesoforchids,donotproducenectar.Butinordertoattractthepollinator,theydisybrightcolorswhichcancheatthebees.Insuchrelationship,thebeesgetnothingbuttheflowersarepollinated.6關(guān)于產(chǎn)品競爭的話題?！荆篿nternalcompetition】教授說這個過程就是一個公司推出個和Thereadingpassagedefinesatermcalledinternalcompetition.Itmeanswhenaintroducesanewproduct,thisproductmay eaninternalcompetitorwiththe existingproduct.Althoughinternalcompetitionmayreducetheprofitofa ’sexistingproduct,itisnecessaryforthe toremaincompetitiveinthemarket.Forexample,theprofessorusedtoworkatanauto .The hadabest-sellingcarwhichwassmallandordinarylooking.Butthenstylishcarsbecamepopular,sothe tomanufactureanew,morestylishcar.Oncethiscarwasintroduced,salesoftheexisting,ordinarycarsdeclined.Butthisinternalcompetitionwasnecessarybecausethe tocompetewithothercompaniesinthestylishcarmarket.7【】audienceprofile(受眾的需求)。講做之前，要gatherandyze潛在消費(fèi)者customer的喜好和需求，針對他們的al喜好和需求設(shè)計(jì)。【教授舉例】教授舉了一個賣牛奶的例子。有個milk 想推銷它的牛奶，首先在超市做了大眾問卷，問了很多問題比如where,howoften,who,howmuch之類，確定housewife尤其是mother是primary客戶。這些女性牛奶的時(shí)候，看重的是牛奶的營養(yǎng)，而不是口味，于是牛奶公司做的廣告主要介紹他們的牛奶含有很生素等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。此使銷量很大改善。Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalled“audienceprofile”.Advertisersneedtocreatean“audienceprofile”oftheirpotentialcustomersbygatheringand yzingtheir andpreferences.Thelecturegivestheexampleofamilk .The wantedtopromoteitsmilk.Firstofall,itconductedasurveybyaskingcustomersatasupermarkettocompleteaquestionnaire.By yzingtheresponsestothequestionnairetheestablishedthathousewivesandmothersarethe ’sprimarycustomers.Thesepeoplevaluethenutritionalcontentsofmilkmorethanitsflavor.Thenthe begantoadvertiseitsmilk,emphasizingthatitishighinnutritionlikevitamins.Thisadvertisementsuccessfullyboostedthesalesofthe ’smilk.8Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalled“opportunistnts”.Opportunistntscanquicklyestablishthemselvesinahabitatafterthenativentsinthishabitatareeliminatedforsomereason.Butwhenthesenativentsreturn,opportunistntsoftendisappearbecausetheycannotcompetewiththenativents.Theprofessorgivestheexampleofweedsandpastoralgrass.Weedsaretypicalopportunisticntsbecausetheyquicklyinvadeareaswherepastoralgrasshasbeeneatenupbygrazingcattle.Butwhenthecattleleavetheseareas,pastoralgrasswillsoongrowback.Sinceweedsareatadisadvantagewhentheyfacecompetitionwithpastoralgrassforresources,theweedswillgraduallydisappear.9么catfish舉例，說這種魚水里，當(dāng)他們遇見，他們會變成和的deadleaves差不多Thereadingpassageintroducesatermcalledmasqueradedefense.Itisatypeofself-defensethatananimalemploystoavoidbeingdetectedbyitspredator.Thelecturefurtherillustratesthistermusingtheexampleofcatfish.Thecatfishlivesunderwateranditoftenstaysatthebottomofthestream.Topreventbeingdetectedbyapredator,thecatfishoftenchangesitsbodycolorintograyishbrown,prettymuchlikethecolorofdeadleaves.Evenwhenthecatfishswimsnearapredator,likeaneagleorabigfish,thisbodycolorwillmakethepredatorthinkthatitisfloatingpieceofdeadleaf.Sincethesepredatorspreferfreshmeattoleavestheywilljustignorethebaboon做例子,說在遷徙的時(shí)候,如果一只口渴停下來喝水,其他不渴的也會停下來喝,喝完再一起繼續(xù)遷徙。為什么他們要一起呢,因?yàn)樵赿ryopengrass上有很的敵人,有獅子等等,如果單獨(dú)行動太了,很有可能喪命。Thereadingpassagedefinesatermcalledsocialfacilitation.Pleaserefertoreadingpassageinrealexam.]Itreferstothecooperationbetweenanimalsinordertodefendthemselvesagainstpredators.Thelecturerfurtherillustratesthistermusingtheexampleofanimalsduringmigration.Whenagroupofanimalsbegintheirjourneyofmigration,theymayencounterdangersposedbypredators.Inordertominimizetheriskofbeingattackedbypredators,theseanimalsalwaysacttogether.Forexample,whenanindividualmemberofagroupisthirstyandstopstodrinksomewater,alltheothermembersofthegroupwillalsostopanddrinkwater.Afterallmembershavefinisheddrinkingwater,thewholegroupwillthenmoveon.Thisisbecausetheremightbepredatorslikelionsintheopengrass.Ifanindividualactsalone,itrunsmoreriskofbeing閱讀：tactilecamouflage。獵物為了躲避觸手系的捕食,會往身上放東西,這樣即便被摸到也不：比如海膽,為了不讓海星吃到,就在身上布滿了石頭貝殼,Theterm“tactilecamouflage”referstotheabilityinanimalstohidethemselvesfromanimalsthatlackeyesbyattachingsurroundingobjectstotheirbody.Theprofessorusestheexampleofseaurchinstoexinhowtactilecamouflagecanhelpthemescapethepredationofthestarfish.Theseastarsdonothaveeyesandtheyusetactilesenseswhenforaging.Thearmsofthestarfishconsistofsensorswhichareabletodetectsurroundingprey.Inordertoavoidpredatorslikethestarfish,seaurchinshavedevelopedtheabilityoftactilecamouflage.They'reabletousesomeoftheirtubefeettoattachandholdsmallss,rocksandotherdebristotheirsurface.Iftheseastarsensestherocksonthesurfaceoftheseaurchin,itwon,tbeabletorecognizetheseaurchinaspreyimmediay,whichgivestheseaurchinachancetoescapefromthestarfish.：兩組實(shí)驗(yàn)對象,一組做數(shù)學(xué)題的時(shí)候知保持微笑,另一組知皴眉頭。前一組試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后情緒好,后一組心情糟糕。結(jié)論：表情可以是情緒變化的原因,而不是結(jié)果。Thereadingpassagedefinesatermcalledtactilecamouflage.[commentsby somethingliketactilecamouflage,not100%sure,pleaserefertothereadingpassageinrealexam]Itreferstoakindofcamouflagethatseaanimalsusetoavoidbeingdetectedandbeingpreyedonbytheirpredators.Thelecturefurtherillustratesthistermusingtheexampleoftheseaurchinanditspredatortheseastar.Inordertoavoidbeingattackedbytheseastar,theurchinusesitstubefeettopickupandattachsmallrocks,bitsofs,orotherdebristothesurfaceofitsbody.Ifaseastarencounterstherocksonthesurfaceofaseaurchin,itmaynotperceiveoftheurchinaspreyquicklyenough,allowingtheurchintoescapeitsgrasp.閱讀：SignalredundancyItmeansananimalhasmorethan1wayofcommunicatingwithdeer的例子,deer遇到敵人(1)會豎起尾巴或者；另一個方法是（2makenoise通知那些看不到它豎起尾巴的同伴,Theterm“signalredundancy”referstoaphenomenonthatanimalsrepeatandconveyamessagethroughdifferentsensorychannelstootheranimals.Intheprofessor’sexample,whendeerareindanger,theyusuallydisymorethanonesignalalertingothermembersinthegroupofpotentialthreat.Forinstance,theywillholduptheirtailsandwagtheirtailsfromsidetosideasifthey’rewavingaflag.Thetailflagservesasavisualsignaltoothermembers.Inadditiontosendingvisualsignals,deeralsosendanauditorysignaltoalertothermembersofdangerjustincasesomedeeraren’tabletoreceivethefirstvisualsignalsintime.Whenapredatorisnear,somedeerwilllifttheirforefootandstampdownwardwithagreat,whichmakesalotofnoisesothatotherdeercanhearthewarningandescapequickly.閱讀：[Appeasementbehavior]aretheonesanimalsperformtoavoidfightandaskforpeacetomakesurenoharmcanbeoccurred.Wolfpacksaregregarious,theysharefoodandhunttogether,butifastrongwolftakesfoodfromothers,theonethatgetsangrywillwanttofight.Butinsteadoffighting,itwillloweritsheadandflatitsfur,thisisanappeasementbehaviorandthestrongerwolfwillletitgo.Theterm“appeasementbehavior”isaformofsocialbehaviorinwhichonepartyseekstopacifytheaggressionofanotherbytakinganinferiorsocialstanceinordertoavoidtheescalationof.Theprofessorusestheexampleofwolveslivinginpackstoillustratehowappeasementbehaviorshelpsomeofthememberssurviveinthegroup.Wolvesaregregariousanimalsandtheyusuallyliveinpacks,whichmeanstheyforageingroupsandsharethefoodwitheachother.However,therearetimeswhenadominantwolftakesfoodfromotherlessdominantwolves.Thelessdominantonescangetangryandshowgesturesofstartingafight,whichinturnirritatesthedominantwolf.Then,thelessdominantwolvesfeelintimidatedandbegintoshowsomeappeasementgesturessuchasloweringtheirheadorflatteningtheirears.Asaresult,theaggressivewolfwouldletitgoanda canbeavoided.【】讀一篇短文，大概是的AMINIA(不確定)【豆腐機(jī)經(jīng)注釋：應(yīng)為Amnesia】意思是有人的不確切，記得一樣事情，但是不知到的SOURCE是什么?有人把自己讀的書，聽在一個地方看到這種蝴蝶;教授妹妹說，那是我們小時(shí)候看的電視。Thereadingpassagedefinesatermcalled“memoryamnesia”.Itmeanssometimespeoplecanrecallapasteventfromtheirmemorybuttheycannotgivetheexactsourceofthismemory.Theprofessorthengivesanexampletoillustratethisterm.Oncetheprofessorwenttohissister’shomeandsawsomebeautifulbutterfliesoutside.Hesaidthatthesebutterflieswerejustlikewhatheandhissisterhadseenwhentheywerebothyoung.Oncetheyhadgonghikingtogether,andtheysawsomebeautifulbutterflieswhentheystoppedtohaveabreak.Hissisterwasalittlepuzzledatfirst,notrememberingthehikingtrip.ButthensheremindedtheprofessorthatthesewereactuallyscenesonTVwhichtheybothsawwhentheywereyoung.NEW閱讀：文章提出一種商業(yè)競爭策略（fightingbrands)，即，大公司為了抗衡小公司的廉價(jià)同類商牌，小公司B只好停產(chǎn)了。Afightingbrandisalower-pricedofferinglaunchedbyanestablished inordertocompetewithsmallercompaniesthataretryingtounder-pricetheestablished .Theprofessorusesanexampleoftwodigitalcameramanufacturerstoshowhowasuccessfulfightingbrandcandefeatitscompetitorsorevenopenupanewmarket.AwasanestablisheddigitalcameramanufactureranditwasconfrontedwithcompetitionfromBthatwassellingdigitalcamerasofsimilarqualityatalowerprice.Athenlaunchedanewfightingbrandofcheaperdigitalcamerasofordinaryqualityinresponsetothecompetition.Asaresult,becauseconsumersaremorefamiliarwithA9sestablishedreputation,theybegantobuythisnewfightingbrandandBhadtodiscontinuetheirproduct.NEW閱讀：constractionofquality。動物通過操作表現(xiàn)自己比較彪悍，以逃避天敵：羚羊跳很高以次來顯示自己很有，避免野狗來抓他們。ReadingDeimaticpostureinanimalsmeansanypatternofthreateningorstartlingbehavior,suchassuddenlydisyingconspicuouseyespotsorchangingcolors,soastoscareofformomentarilydistractapredator,thusgivingthepreyanimalanopportunitytoescape.Amongthemls,bluffingdisysarefoundinspecieswithstrongdefenses,suchasskunksandDeimaticposturedescribesthephenomenonthatsomeanimalswoulddisyfrighteningchangesintheirappearanceorbehaviortoscareawaytheirpredators.Theprofessorusestheexampleofspringboktoshowhowtheirspecialjumpscanblufftheirpredatorsawayandcreateanopportunityforthemselvestoescapefromadangeroussituation.Springbokusuallydotheirspecialjumpswhentheyarescared.Whenspringbokpronk,theycanjumpashighasthreepointfivemeters.Itismeanttosignaltheirpredatorstogoafterotherweakeranimals.Alsowhenspringbokjump,theyreleaseaspecialhormonesothattheirpredatorscanchaseafterthesmell.Thisgivesspringbokachancetorunawayfromtheirpredators.1個同學(xué)借走了。而館只有一份?！窘鉀Q方案】女同學(xué)跟他說你可以在網(wǎng)上買個，yetthemanstudentthinksthatitistooexpansive，說沒準(zhǔn)其他科目也用得上呢？第二個解決方案，找那Theman’professorhas mendedthemanatopicforhishistorypaper,butabookinthelibraryonthistopicwaslenttoanotherstudentandhasnotbeenreturnedyet.Themancouldeitherbuyanewbook,orhecouldtalktotheothe