HistoryofUK英國歷史課件

BritishHistory

4.Anglo-Saxons(449—

8th)

3.

Romans(43—410)

2.Celts(8thBC—

1st)

1.EarlySettlers(—

3,000BC)

6.

Normans(1066）

5.

Vikings(8th—1066)？OriginoftheEnglishNation1

1.EarlySettlers(……-3,000BC)3,000BCIberians古伊比利亞人

comingfromSpainleavingStonehengeStonehengeanditsStatue

Stonehenge巨石陣civilizationofprimitivesworldheritagebestpreservedthemegalithsinEurope

2.Celts凱爾特人(8thBC—1st)

(P5)

CelticLanguage:Welsh,GaelicThenameofBritainfromBritonsAncestorsofScots,Irish,WelshGaels蓋爾人Britons不列顛人Belgae比利其人Scottish,IrishGaelic蓋爾語

Celts800BC400BC150BC

2.Celts凱爾特人(8thBC—1st)nameofBritainShakespeare’sCymbeline辛白林

Celts’religion:Druidism督伊德教

3.Romans羅馬人(43—410)BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.In55BC&54BC,,thegreatRomangeneral,invadedtwice.(hp3,P2)In43,EmperorClaudius克勞迪亞斯hadthefinalandsuccessfulRomaninvasion.RomansonlyoccupiedEngland,Wales.(p3,P5)

In,theRomanconquestended.Romans’contributionRomans’influence

JuliusCaesar410Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.JuliusCaesar尤利烏斯.凱撒Hadrian’sWall哈德良長城TheRomans’ContributiontoBritainTheRomansbrought“Christianity”toBritainandthelanguage“Latin”.(hP2)Thesuffix“-caster”or“-chester”,inEnglishplacenames,derivesfrom“castra”,theLatinwordfor“camp”.(hP2)

eg.Manchester,Rochester,Lancaster3.Theyweremarvelousatbuildingroads.Theroadswerewideandstraight.Evenafter2000ys,tracesoftheseroadsstillremaininEnglandandWales.4.TheymadegooduseofBritain’snaturalresources.Theybuiltbaths,temples,andbeautifulvillasorlargehouseswithheatedfloors,indoorplumbing水管設(shè)施,andbeautifulmosaicfloors.WhywastheRomaninfluencesolimited?1.TheyneversettledinBritaininlargenumbers.Theycametogovern,tocontrol,totrade,butnottosettle.Sotheyweretoofewtochangethecustomsofthepeople.2.TheRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.(ThetrueslavesocietywasintroducedintoEngland.)TheRomansandtheBritonsneverintermarriedduringthe4centuries.4.Anglo-Saxons盎格魯-撒克遜人(449-8th)Angles盎格魯人,

Saxons撒克遜人,Jutes朱特人,Germanic/Teutonic日耳曼people,camefromDenmarkandnorthGermany.(hp1,P3)Thepeopleofthe3tribeswerelooselycalledAnglo-Saxons,laterEnglish.TheyoccupiedEnglandandformedthebasisofthemodernEnglishrace.TheydroveCeltstoWales,Scotland,Ireland.

KingArthurwasoneoftheCelticleadersfightingagainstGermanicpeoples(p4,5,P5;p1,2P6)LatertheAnglo-Saxonsformed7kingdoms,whichiscalledHeptarchy['heptɑ:k?]七王國

4.Anglo-Saxons盎格魯-撒克遜人(449-8th)ContributionsThedialectsspokenbyAnglo-Saxonsgrewintoasinglelanguage,Anglo-Saxon,whichisnowcalledoldEnglish,thebasisofmodernEnglish.EnglishliteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-Saxon’ssettlementinEngland.Thestory,Beowulf[‘b??wulf]貝奧武夫,wasbroughtfromtheirhomeland.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughtwiththemtheirownTeutonicreligion.AmongtheAnglo-SaxonGodswereTiu(蒂烏)(thegodofwar),Woden(沃登)(kingofheaven),Thor(托爾)(thegodofStorms),andFreya(弗雷婭)(goddessofpeace).ThenamesTuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayderivefromthesegods.ButlatertheywereconvertedtoRomanChristianity.St.Augustine奧古斯汀

wasthefirstArchbishop大主教

ofCanterbury坎特伯雷.英語星期的由來Sunday：Sunday在古英文中的意思是sun'sday(屬于太陽的日子)。對基督徒而言,星期日是「安息日」,因?yàn)橐d復(fù)活的日子是在星期日。約在公元三百年左右,歐洲教會和政府當(dāng)局開始明訂星期日為休息的日子,直到今日,世界上大多數(shù)的國家都以Sunday為星期例假日。Monday：根據(jù)西方傳說,Monday的意思是moonday(屬于月亮的日子),因?yàn)槲鞣饺税堰@一天獻(xiàn)給月之女神。古時候西方人相信,月的盈虧會影響農(nóng)作物的生長,也會影響醫(yī)療。此外,尚有所謂的BlueMonday。Blue是「憂郁」的意思。星期一是一周工作的開始,沒得玩了,所以心情不好,不少國家將星期一當(dāng)作familywashday(家庭洗濯日),那是由來已久的習(xí)俗。Tuesday：Tuesday是由古英文字Tiw演變來的。Tiw是北歐神話里的戰(zhàn)神,正如同羅馬神話里的戰(zhàn)神Mars一樣。在北歐神話中不叫Tiw而叫Tyr。相傳在他的那個時代,有一狼精經(jīng)常出來擾亂世界,為了制服狼精,Tyr的一只手也被咬斷了。Wednesday：Wednesday在古英文中的意思是Woden'sday。Woden是北歐諸神之父。為制服狼精而犧牲自己一只手的Tyr,就是他的兒子。Woden領(lǐng)導(dǎo)神族跟巨人族作戰(zhàn),他曾犧牲自己銳利的右眼,跟巨人族換取「智能」的甘泉。他也曾深入地層,從巨人族那里偷取「詩」的美酒。西方人為了追念這位主神,就根據(jù)他的名字創(chuàng)造了Wednesday這個字。Thursday：Thursday在古英文中意思是Thor'sday。Thor是北歐神話中的雷神,經(jīng)常帶著一把大鐵錘。相傳有一次,他的大鐵錘被一位叫Thrym的巨人偷走了。Thrym揚(yáng)言,除非神族答應(yīng)把美麗的愛神Freya嫁給他做為交換。然而Freya抵死不從,于是神族想了一個辦法,由Thor男扮女裝穿Freya的衣服,假裝嫁給他,Thrym不疑有詐,把鐵錘交給新娘。于是Thor搶回了自己的武器,也立即把Thrym給殺了。Friday：Friday在古英文中意思是Frigg'sday。Frigg是北歐神話中主司婚姻和生育的女神,也是Woden的妻子。相傳她平日身披閃耀白長袍,住在水晶宮中,和侍女們一起編織五顏六色的彩云。對于北歐人而言,星期五是幸運(yùn)的日子。然而對基督徒來說卻是相反的,因?yàn)橐d受難日正好是星期五。Saturday：Saturday在古英文中的意思是Saturn'sday。Saturn是羅馬神話中的農(nóng)神,掌管五谷,就像中國神話中的神農(nóng)大帝一樣。5.Vikings維京人;北歐海盜(8th—1066)VikingraiderscamefromScandinavia(斯堪的納維亞)countriesofnorthernEurope,Norway,DenmarkandSwedeninparticular.(p3,P6)IntheprocessofresistingtheVikings,the7Anglo-SaxonskingdomsinEnglandgraduallybecameunitedandAlfredtheGreatbecamethekingin871.(hp2,P3)Alfreddefeatedthemthroughmanygreatbattles.ButhethoughtitimpossibletodriveallofthemoutofEngland,sohemadeanagreementwithVikingsin878.TheVikingskeptthenorthandeastofEngland,knownasthe“Danelaw”丹法國;whileAlfredruledtherest.AlfredrecapturedLondonfromtheVikingsin886.AfterAlfred,thepowerconstantlyshiftedbetweentheAnglo-SaxonsandtheDanes.5.Vikings維京人;北歐海盜(8th—1066)In1042,theAnglo-SaxonEdwardbecamethepenultimatekingofEngland.AsapiousChristian,hewascalledEdwardtheconfessor.WestminsterAbbeywasfoundedin1065.(hP4)InJan,1066,Edwarddiedwithoutanheir.HerecommendedHarold,hisbrother-in-law,ashissuccessor.Thisgaverisetogreatdispute.(hP4)VikingsinvadedFranceandoccupiedthecityofParisin845.TheysoonadoptedtheFrenchlanguageandcustoms.TheirlandtookonthenameNormandyandtheythemselvescametobecalledtheNormans.(p4,P6)William,thenDukeofNormandy,wasEdward’scousin.WhenheheardthenewsthatHaroldbecamethekingofEngland,hewasveryangry.Hethoughthehadtheroyalblood,heshouldbetheonlysuccessorasthekingofEngland.SothisledtotheNormanConquest.OnOct14,1066,thetwoarmiesmetnearHastings黑斯廷斯inSoutheasternEngland.Atlast,theNormans,armedwithbowsandarrows,defeatedtheAnglo-Saxonswhofoughtwithbattle-axes.(hP14)OnChristmasDay,1066,DukeWilliamwascrownedinWestminsterAbbey.(hP15)In1067,hebuiltTowerofLondon.SignificanceoftheNormanConquest6.Normans諾曼第人(1066)DukeWilliam★ItisthetraditionalplacewhereEnglishkingsandqueensarecrowned.ItisalsoknownforitsPoets'Comer,burialgroundforfamousEnglishpoetswithChaucer(TheCanterburyTales)asthefirstoccupant.WESTMINSTERABBEY西敏寺TheTowerofLondon倫敦塔TheTowerofLondonwasstartedbuildingoriginallyin1066byKingWilliamtodemonstratehispower&todominatethecityofLondon.Heorderedthisfort城堡tobea“symbolofhispower,afortressforhisdefenseandaprisonforhisenemies”.TowerBridge塔橋TowerBridge,asanexcellentpieceofarchitecture,abusyhighwayacrosstheriverThames,andahigh-poweredmachinethatcanhoistupandallowtallshipsthrough,isalsoatouristattraction.SignificanceoftheNormanConquest1.TheNormanConquestwasthelastinvasionofEnglandbyforeigners.2.AfewthousandNormanaristocraciesbegantoruleoverAnglo-Saxons.RobinHood(Pa5,P6)ThefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.3.FrenchcivilizationimposeditselfontheEnglishpeople.TheNormanscontinuedtospeakFrenchforabout3centuries.Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion.ContributionsStonehengeScottishandIrishraceandcultureWelshraceandcultureLatinalphabetandlanguage;ChristianityEnglishraceandlanguageSomepeculiaritiesofdialectinNorth&EastEnglandFinalunificationofEngland;FrenchcivilizationInvadersIberiansCelts1)Gaels2)Britons3)BelgaeRomansAnglo-SaxonsVikingsNormansTheStoriesOfEnglishOldEnglish:

5thcenturyto1150,thelanguageofAnglo-Saxons,InfluencedbyOld

Norse,LatinandGreekwords,DanishwordsMiddleEnglish(1150-1550):loanedalotfromFrenchModernEnglish(1550-)

dialectofLondonSamuelJohnson’sdictionary—standardformofspelling

Renaissance—assimilatedforeignwords

TheIndustrialRevolution—theintroductionofnewwordsfornewthingsandideasStandardEnglish:

Queen’sEnglish/BBCEnglishIberians(---3,000BC)Celts(8thBC---1st)Romans(43—410)Anglo-Saxons(449-8th)Vikings(8th—1066)Normans(1066--)OriginoftheEnglishNationHouseofNormandyHouseofPlantagenet/HouseofAnjouHouseofTudorHouseofStuartHouseofHanoverHouseofWinsorHouseofAnjou/Plantagenet(1154–1485)HenryII

1154–1189

reformofthecourtsandlaws;ThomasBecket

RichardI1189–1199

Lionheart

JohnI1199–1216

lackland;MagnaCarta-GreatCharterHenryIII1216–1272GreatCouncil-ParliamentEdwardI1272–1307

Wales;Braveheart

EdwardII1307–1327

1stEnglishPrinceofWalesEdwardIII1327-1377HundredYears’Warstarted(1337-1453)

BlackDeath

1348-49RichardII1377–1399

timeofChaucerHenryIV1399-1413

HenryV1413-1422

HenryVI1422–1461WaroftheRosesstarted(1455-85);EnglandlostFrance

EdwardIV1461-1483

EdwardV1483RichardIII1483-1485

HouseofNormandy(1066–1135)(hP25)WilliamI1066-1087ConquerorWilliamII1087-1100

HenryI1100-1135

reuniteEngland&NormandyStephen1135-1154LancasterRose

YorkRoseHenryII(hP33)HewasthefounderoftheHouseofAnjou安茹/Plantagenet金雀花王朝andestablishedTheAngevin['?nd3ivin]Empire.Heisbestrememberedforhisreformofthecourtsandthelaws.

HeestablishedEnglishcircuitcourt巡回法庭(hp4,P33),introducedthejurysystem陪審團(tuán)制度(hp5,P33),andexpandedcommonlaw習(xí)慣法tocoverallEnglishmen(hp5,P34).HeisalsorememberedforhisquarrelswithThomasBecket.

Hewantedtoreformnotonlythesecularcourts,butalsothereligiouscourts.

SoheappointedhischancellorandintimatefriendThomasBecket,tothehighestchurchpositioninEngland,theArchbishopofCanterbury.HoweverafterBecketbecamearchbishop,hewasdeterminedtoupholdtherightsandprivilegesofthechurch.SowhenHenrytriedtochangethereligiouslaw,ThomasBecketrefusedtoagree.Theyquarreledforalongtime.LaterBecketwasmurderedinCanterburyCathedralandburiedthere.ThomasBecketbecamereveredasaholyperson,andforcenturiespeopletraveledtovisithistomb.GeoffreyChaucer’sTheCanterburyTales

T.S.Eliot’s(1888-1965)MurderintheCathedral(hP34-5)Duringhislongreign,HenryIIestablishedaneffectiveinstrumentofroyalgovernmentthatcontinuedtofunctionundertheabsentKingRichardandtheincompetentKingJohn.(hP35)Plantagenet

MagnaCarta:GreatCharter大憲章Notaxesshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncil(hp1,P50).Nofreemanshouldbearrestedexceptbythelawoftheland(hp1,P50).

ThespiritofGreatCharterwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthemwithintheboundsofthelaw.Thekingwasforcedtoobservethelaw.

It’sregardedasthefoundationoftheBritishconstitutionalism.

Onthe19thofJune,1215,thekingsworetoobservethechartersinRunnymede(倫尼米德)Johnthelackland(1199–1216)(p4,P37)TheBeginningoftheEnglishParliament(hp7,P50)

Originally,theGreatCouncil議事會

consistedofagatheringofleading,wealthybarons(bp1,p37)andtheseniorclergy,whoadvisedthekingonmajordecisionsofpolicyand

taxation.From1236,theGreatCouncilwaswidenedtotwohouses,collectivelycalled“Parliament”byHenry,thatmadehimfamous.-HouseofLords:leadingbaronsandseniorclergy-HouseofCommons:representativesofcommunitiesTheCommonshelpedtheKingraisetaxesandpassthelaws,butinreturntheywantedanincreasingsayinwhatKingwasdoing(p1,P38).HenryIII(1216–1272)HouseofTudor(1485–1603)transitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalismHenryVII1485–1509Renaissancestarted.

WaroftheRosesendedwithhismarriagetoEdwardV’ssister.

HenryVIII1509–1547ProtestantReformation-ChurchofEnglandEdwardVI1547–1553MaryI1553–1558BloodyMaryElizabethI1558-1603GoldenAge

HouseofStuart斯圖亞特王室(1603-1714)JamesI1603–1625

FirstKingofGreatBritain;KingJamesBiblewascompleted.GunpowderPlot:GuyFawkesDay(Nov.5)(p3-5,P156;hP113);1stEnglishcolonyinAmericaCharlesI1625–1649CivilWar;Bourgeois/PuritanRevolution(p2,P38);Hewasexecuted.Monarchscouldnolongerrulewithcompletepower.(hP122)TheCommonwealth共和制(1649—1660)

OliverCromwell

(p2,P37)CharlesII1660–1685Restoration(hP115)

WhigandTory(hP115)

JamesII1685–1688

GloriousRevolutionin1688:bloodless(p3,P38;hP115)WilliamIII&MaryII1688-1694Joint-monarchs(hP115);AConstitutionalMonarchy;RomanCatholicsexcludedfromsuccessionAnne1702–1714

ActsofUnion(1707):ParliamentofGreatBritain

BillofRights(1689)createdaconstitutionalmonarchy.(hP115)Kingmustconsentthebillspassedbyparliament.ActofSettlement(1701)

excludedRomanCatholicsfromsuccession.2023/6/434QueenElizabethI(1533-1603)(r1558-1603)SheledEnglandduringoneofthemostgloriousperiodsinitshistory.Indomesticaffairs,sheprovedtobeastrongmonarchwhoneverletheradvisersdominateher.Sheskillfullyavoidedconflictsover2troublesomeissues:crownandparliament;puritansandAnglicans.Inforeignaffairs,

EnglandsolidifieditsruleinIreland,whichhadalreadybegunduringherfather’stime.SheencouragedEnglishpeopletosettletherebygrantingland,position,andprivilegeswhichhadbeensystematicallytakenawayfromtheindigenous,RomanCatholicpopulation.Thedefeatof