ProhibitionintheUS美國禁酒課件

ProhibitionintheU.S.1920-1933ProhibitionintheU.S.DefinitionProhibitionintheUnitedStates,sometimesreferredtoastheNobleExperiment,wasanationalbanonthemanufacture,transportationandsaleofalcoholandalcoholicbeverages,inplacefrom1920to1933.ProhibitionintheU.S.LegislationsProhibitionintheU.S.EighteenthAmendment

January16,1919VolsteadAct

January17,1920Twenty-firstAmendmentDecember5,1933BackgroundsProhibitionintheU.S.TemperanceMovementWorldWarIImpactsTemperanceMovementAtemperancemovementisasocialmovementurgingreduceduseofalcoholicbeverages.Temperancemovementsmaycriticizeexcessivealcoholuse,promotecompleteabstinence(teetotalism),orpressurethegovernmenttoenactanti-alcohollegislationorcompleteprohibitionofalcohol.ProhibitionintheU.S.BackgroundsofTemperanceMovementSocialEconomicchangeandurbanizationaccompaniedbyincreasingpovertyRelaxedordinances,andrisingalcoholproblemsReligiousWhilealcoholwasagiftfromGod,itsabusewasfromtheDevil.DrunkennesswascondemnedandpunishedMedicalDr.BenjaminRush'sbeliefthattheexcessiveuseofalcoholwasinjurioustophysicalandpsychologicalhealthProhibitionintheU.S.Developmentabout200farmersinaConnecticutcommunityformedatemperanceassociationin1789Nextdecade,eightstates,somestate-wideorganizations.Late1900s,mostProtestant&CatholicChurchsupportofthemovementtolimitthesaleandconsumptionofalcoholicbeverages.AmericanTemperanceSocietyWoman'sChristianTemperanceUnion(WCTU)ProhibitionintheU.S.corruption,prostitution,spousalabuseandothercriminalactivities!ChangeofPoliticalClimateProhibitionintheU.S.Outbreakofanti-GermansentimentGrainandotheringredientsusedinthemanufacturingofbeerandhardliquorwereneededforthewareffort.Alcohol=temptationProhibitionintheU.S.ProhibitionintheU.S.EighteenthAmendmentTheEighteenthAmendmentwastheresultofdecadesofeffortbytemperancemovements,consideredthecrowningachievement.Atthetimeitwasgenerallyregardedasaprogressiveamendment,butitsoonprovedhighlyunpopular.ProhibitionintheU.S.

TextoftheEighteenthAmendmentSection1.Afteroneyearfromtheratificationofthisarticlethemanufacture,sale,ortransportationofintoxicatingliquorswithin,theimportationthereofinto,ortheexportationthereoffromtheUnitedStatesandallterritorysubjecttothejurisdictionthereofforbeveragepurposesisherebyprohibited.Section2.TheCongressandtheseveralStatesshallhaveconcurrentpowertoenforcethisarticlebyappropriatelegislation.Section3.ThisarticleshallbeinoperativeunlessitshallhavebeenratifiedasanamendmenttotheConstitutionbyconventionsintheseveralStates,asprovidedintheConstitution,withinsevenyearsfromthedateofthesubmissionhereoftotheStatesbytheCongressProhibitionintheU.S.VolsteadActWhiletheEighteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionprohibitedtheproduction,sale,andtransportof"intoxicatingliquors",itdidnotdefine"intoxicatingliquors"orprovidepenalties.Itgrantedboththefederalgovernmentandthestatesthepowertoenforcethebanby"appropriatelegislation."TodefinethelanguageusedintheAmendment,CongressenactedenablinglegislationcalledtheNationalProhibitionAct,betterknownastheVolsteadAct,onOctober28,1919.ProhibitionintheU.S.3DistinctPurposesoftheActtoprohibitintoxicatingbeveragestoregulatethemanufacture,sale,ortransportofintoxicatingliquor(butnotconsumption)toensureanamplesupplyofalcoholandpromoteitsuseinscientificresearchandinthedevelopmentoffuel,dyeandotherlawfulindustriesandpractices,suchasreligiousrituals.ProhibitionintheU.S.Whichmeanspeoplecandrinkathome.Manypeoplehadstoredalcoholbeforehand!Detroitpoliceinspectingequipmentfoundinaclandestineundergroundbrewery.ProhibitionintheU.S.ProhibitionintheU.S.Confused?ProhibitionintheU.S.TheEighteenthAmendmentoftheConstitutionestablishedProhibitionintheUnitedStates.Theseparate

VolsteadAct

setdownmethodsofenforcingtheEighteenthAmendment,anddefinedwhich"intoxicatingliquors"wereprohibited,andwhichwereexcludedfromprohibition(forexample,formedicalandreligiouspurposes)ProhibitionTemperanceMovementWWIImpactsOthersProhibitionintheU.S.?BetterWorld??NO!!OrganizedCrimesTaxEvasionCorruptionProhibitionintheU.S.Bootlegging(rumrunners):thepracticeofhidingflasksofillegalliquorinsidebootsHugeprofitsdistributingproductstospeakeasies&consumersanorganizedbusinessrunbycrimefamiliesandgangstersstrongerliquorsurgedinformoreprofitablesmugglingGangstersOrganizedcrimetookcontrolofthedistributionofalcoholViolenceinrivalswithopposinggangsProhibitionintheU.S.transnational,national,orlocalgroupingsofhighlycentralizedenterprisesrunby

criminals

forthepurposeofengaginginillegalactivity,mostcommonlyfor

monetary

profit.

Corruptionextendedamonglawenforcementofficialsgangsrichenoughtobribeunderpaidandunderstaffedlaw-enforcementpersonnelandpayforexpensivelawyers,sometimesracketeeringTaxBy1930,becauseenforcementdiminishedthesupply,theaveragedrinkinganAmericanspentperyearhadincreasedfrom$17to$35per,resultinginanillegalalcoholbeverageindustrythatmadeanaverageof$3billionperyearinillegaluntaxedincome.ExpensesProhibitionintheU.S.Inthefirstyear,Congressappropriated$6,350,000.By1923,thesecretaryoftreasurywasaskingfor$28,500,000andafewyearslater,itwasestimatedthatatleast$300,000,000wouldbeneeded.SpeakeasyAspeakeasy,alsocalledablindpigorblindtiger,isanestablishmentthatillegallysellsalcoholicbeverages.Theoperatorofanestablishment(suchasasaloonorbar)wouldchargecustomerstoseeanattraction(suchasananimal)andthenservea"complimentary"alcoholicbeverage,thuscircumventingthelaw.1925,NewYork,30,000to100,000ProhibitionintheU.S.ProhibitionintheU.S.TheMayflowerClubwasconsideredtheswankiestspeakeasyinWashington,DC.Itofferedliquorandgambling.NewYork's21ClubwasaProhibition-eraspeakeasy.ThencametheGreatDepression.SoaringunemploymentrateGovernmentwasinneedofmoretaxrevenueMoneyspentonenforcingthelawwentintopocketsofgangsProhibitionintheU.S.Strongvoicesforrepeal.ProhibitionAmendmentXVIIIVolsteadActImpactsBootleggingGangstersOrganizedcrimeCorruptionTaxEvasionViolenceHugeexpenseGreatDepression……….RepealAmendmentXXIProhibitionintheU.S.RepealOnMarch23,1933,PresidentFranklinRooseveltsignedanamendmenttothe“VolsteadAct”knownastheCullen-HarrisonAct,allowingthemanufactureandsaleof"3.2beer"(3.2%alcoholbyweight,approximately4%alcoholbyvolume)andlightwines.OnDecember5,1933,theTwenty-firstAmendmentwasratified.ProhibitionintheU.S.JingyuChen,XJTUTextoftheTwenty-firstAmendmentSection1.TheeighteentharticleofamendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesisherebyrepealed.Section2.ThetransportationorimportationintoanyState,Territory,orpossessionoftheUnitedStatesfordeliveryorusethereinofintoxicatingliquors,inviolationofthelawsthereof,isherebyprohibited.Section3.ThisarticleshallbeinoperativeunlessitshallhavebeenratifiedasanamendmenttotheConstitutionbyconventionsintheseveralStates,asprovidedintheConstitution,withinsevenyearsfromthedateofthesubmissionhereoftotheStatesbytheCongressProhibitionintheU.S.JingyuChen,XJTUTheonlyinstanceinUnitedStateshistoryofrepealofaconstitutionalamendment.Somestatescontinuedtoenforceprohibitionlaws.ProhibitionintheU.S.Itwasafailure.AttheendofProhibition,somesupportersopenlyadmitteditsfailure.Aletterwrittenin1932byJohnD.Rockefeller,Jr.——“WhenProhibitionwasintroduced,Ihopedthatitwouldbewidelysupportedbypublicopinionandthedaywouldsooncomewhentheevileffectsofalcoholwouldberecognized.Ihaveslowlyandreluctantlycometobelievethatthishasnotbeentheresult.Instead,drinkinghasgenerallyincreased;thespeakeasyhasreplacedthesaloon;avastarmyoflawbreakershasappeared;manyofourbestcitizenshaveopenlyignoredProhibition;respectforthelawhasbeengreatlylessened;andcrimehasincreasedtoalevelneverseenbefore.”ProhibitionintheU.S.Anythingpositive?Yes!ProhibitionhadanotableeffectonthealcoholbrewingindustryintheUnitedStates.Thepost-ProhibitionperiodsawtheintroductionoftheAmericanlager(貯藏啤酒),whichdominatestoday.ProhibitiondestroyedthefledglingwineindustryintheUnitedStates.Productivewinequalitygrapevineswerereplacedbylowerqualityvinesgrowingthickerskinnedgrapesthatcouldbemoreeasilytransported.ProhibitionalsohadalargeeffectonthemusicindustryintheUnitedStates,specificallywithjazz.Becauseofitspopularityinspeakeasiesandthedevelopmentofmoreadvancedrecordingdevices,jazzbecameverypopularveryfast.ProhibitionintheU.S.SaveaLittleDramForMe(spoken)Inthemiddleofthesermon,ParsonJohnsonroseandstartedsniffingtheair.Therewasapeculiarsmelltricklin’uptheparson’snose.Thattoldhimthatginwas‘roundsomewhere.AndheclosedhisBiblegentlyinthemiddleofthepsalmandstartedfigurin’mentallywherethatsmellwascomingfrom.Hi