橋梁設(shè)計存在的重要問題中英文翻譯

PAGEPAGE16THEMAINPROBLEMSOFDOMESTICBRIDGEDESIGNINGNow,thecountry'sstructuraldesignprocess,suchtendencies:moreintensityconsideredinthedesignanddurabilityconsiderlessattentionintensitylimittotheuseofstatewithoutlimitstate,andthroughoutthelifecycleofthemostimportantwhenitispreciselytheuseofperformance;attentiontotheconstructionofthestructurewithoutattentiontothemaintenanceofthestructure.Infact,thecurrentdesignofthebridgeformoredurabilityisaconcern,asaconcept,didnotexplicitlyputforwardtherequestoftheuseoflife,northedurabilityofspecializeddesign.Thesetendenciestoacertainextent,ledtothecurrentprojectaccidents,theuseofpoorperformance,theshortlifeoftheadverseconsequencesofstructuralengineeringwiththeincreasingemphasisoninternationaldurability,safety,contrarytothetrendofapplicability;doesnotconformtothestructuredynamicandcomprehensiveeconomyrequirements.Bridgesafety,durability,themainreasonforpoor1)ConstructionandmanagementoflowlevelMorebridgesathomeandabroaddestructionandthesuddencollapseofthebridgehasbeenengineeringmoreconcernedaboutsecurityissues.Thegeneralviewisthatthecurrentprojectisbarbaricincidentmanagementandconstructioncausedbycorruption.Fortheshortterm,suchasthedestructionandcollapseofasudden,mostlybecauseofconstructionqualitydidnotmeetspecificationsanddesignrequirements,typicalproblemsincludeinadequateandconstructionmaterialsintensityoffailure;alsoexist,suchasindividualbridgejerryseriousmanagementissues,butalsoonbridgesafetyofthefataldamage.Andalargenumberofbridgesinthefardidnotachievetheexpectedlifetime,therehasbeenaffectingthenormaluseofdiseaseanddeterioration,especiallyinanumberofbridgesinuseonlyafewyears,orevenjustcompletedsoonontheseriousproblemofinsufficientdurability,whichandthelowqualityofconstructionisanimportantrelationship,thetypicalproblemsofinadequateprotectionofreinforcedandthecurrentwidespreadintheconstructionsiteoftheseriousproblemofcrackingcomponent.Theseconstruction,althoughshort-termdeficienciesofthebridgewillnotbethenormaluseofaclearimpact,butthelong-termdurabilityofthestructurewillhaveaverynegativehazards.2)DesigntheoryandstructureofthesystemisnotperfectenoughWhileacknowledgingtheexistenceoftheproblem,butitalso,itisundeniablethatbridgedesignfields,inparticularonthebridgeconstructionanduseoftheissueofsafetythereisstillmuchimprovement.Structuraldesignfirstandforemosttaskisthechoiceofreasonableeconomicprogrammer,followedbythestructuralanalysisanddesignofcomponentsandconnections,andaccesstoregulatethesafetyfactorspecifiedorreliabilityofindicatorstoensurethesafetyofthestructure.Manydesignersoftencomplacentwithnormsonthestructuralstrengthofthesafetyoftheneed,andignorethestructuralsystem,structure,structure,structureofmaterials,structuremaintenance,aswellasfromthestructuraldurabilityofthedesignandconstructionprocesstomakeuseofthatoftenappearintheman-madewrongareastostrengthenandguaranteethesafetyofthestructure.Somestructuralintegrityandductilityinadequateredundancysmall,butsomeofSchemaandtheuncertaintyoftheline,causingpartialexcessiveforce;someconcretestrengthgradetoolowtoprotectslicethroughsmalldiametersteelmicromanage,athincross-sectioncomponentsofthesestructureshaveweakenedthedurability,itwouldseriouslyaffectthesafetyofthestructure.Manybridges,althoughthedesignspecificationsmeettherequirementsofthestrengthofonly5to10yearsbecauseofthedurabilityoftheproblemsaffectingstructuralsafety.StructuralDurabilityshortagehasbecomeoneofthemostrealisticsecurityissues,fromdesigntoconstructionandmaterials,suchasangleofmeasurestostrengthenthedurabilityofthestructure.Oftheenvironmentandtheuseofdifferentconditions,differentdesignofthestructuralsystemwilltargetdifferentaspectsofthelayoutandstructurerequirements.Normscannotcoverindetailthedesignstaffshouldsolvethevariousproblemsintheupdatednormsfastercanalsoadapttonewunderstanding,newtechnologies,newmaterials,rapiddevelopmentofthestructureofthenewrequirements.Therefore,reasonableandreliableadditiontothestructuresisdesignedtomeettherequirementsofnorms,andtodesignastructuretothecorrectunderstandingofnature,richexperienceandaccuratejudgments.Andtheneedtoimproveeffortsinthedirection1)ShouldpaymoreattentiontothedurabilityofstructuralproblemsBridgeintheconstructionanduseoftheprocess,willbesubjecttoenvironmental,andtheerosionofharmfulchemicalsubstances,andtobearvehicles,wind,earthquake,fatigue,overloading,humanfactors,suchasexternalrole,andbridgematerialsusedbytheself-degradationofperformancewillcontinue,resultinginthestructureofthedifferentdegreesofdamageanddeterioration.Inthefieldoflong-spanbridges,andfromthecountrysincethe1980s,theconstructionofalargenumberofcable-stayedbridge,althoughsofartherecollapseorseriousdamagetothefewexamples,buthasmorebridgesbecauseofthedurabilityofcabletotheproblemadvanceforcable,andthisnotonlyaffectstheuseofincreasedeconomiclosses.Needstobepointedoutisthatmanyoftheseproblemsanddidnotconductareasonabledurabilityofthedesign,whichhasalsopromptedrenewedawarenessofdurabilityofthebridge.Diseasesarealotofexamplesofthat,inadditiontoconstructionmaterialsandthereasonsforadecisiveimpactonthedurabilityofthestructurefromthestructuralfactors(isdesign)flaws.Fromthecountryinthe1990sstartedtoattachimportancetothedurabilityofthestructureofthestudy,hasalsomadequiteafewsuccesses.Mostofthesestudiesandstatisticsfromtheanalysisofthematerialpointofview,onhowtostructureanddesignfromtheperspectiveofhowandthedesignandconstructionstafftobereadilyacceptedandoperationofthebridgeapproachtoimprovingthedurabilityhasbeenlittleresearch.Moreover,foralongtime,peoplehavealwaysbeenemphasisonthemethodsofcalculationonthestructure;itignoresthedetailsoftheoverallstructureandprocessingconcern.Designanddurabilityofthestructureofthestructuraldesignofaconventionalnatureofthedifferencebetweenthecurrenteffortswillbeneededonthedurabilityofthequalitativeanalysistothequantitativeanalysisofdevelopment.2)EmphasisonthestudyoffatiguedamageBridgestructuretowithstandthevehicleloadandwindloadaredynamicloadwillbeinacycleofchangewithinthestructureofthestress,notonlywillcausethevibrationofthestructure,butalsofromthestructureoftheaccumulatedfatiguedamage.Thebridgeisnotusedbythematerialisuniformandcontinuous,infacttherearemanytinyflawsintheroleofcyclicloading,thesedeficiencieswillbeprogressivedevelopmentofmicro,amergerofinjury,andgraduallyformedinthematerialmacrocracks.Ifthecrackisnoteffectivemacro-control,isverylikelytocausematerial,thestructureofbrittlefracture.Earlyfatiguedamageisnotalwayseasytobedetected,buttheconsequencesareoftendisastrous.Fatiguedamagehasbeenconsideredinthedesignofsteelbridgeisthecoreissueoffatiguecausedbythesteelstructureofsteelcrackmorecases,manycausedbyfatiguefracturebridgecollapseexample.Overthepast20years,fatigueinjuryresearchhasenteredtheconcretestructure,butbytheuseofcorrosionofreinforcedconcretestructuresdynamicperformanceandfatiguepropertiesofneedtobestrengthened.Onthefatiguedamageofnotonlyreferstotheentirestructure,thebridgestructureoftenasamatteroffactsomeofthekeypartsoflocalfatiguefailureoftheentirestructureandleadtofailure,suchasthecable-stayedbridgecablesanchoringendofthefatiguedamage.3)PayfullattentiontotheproblemofoverloadingthebridgeTherearethreemainvehicleoverloading:Oneistheearlyconstructionoftheoldbridgeoverageloadcarriersandtheotheristhepassageofvehiculartrafficbridgeovertheoriginaldesign;theotherisillegaloverloadingofvehicles.Thefirsttwoarethemainreasonsforthechangesinthedesignloadandtheincreaseinthevolumeoftraffic;usersofthelatterareillegaloverloadingofvehiclesoperating,thelattertwophenomenaofoverloadinginroadtransportinChinaismorecommon.Ontheonehand,overloadingthebridgemaytriggerfatigue.Overloadingbridgewouldincreasetherateoffatiguestressinjuryaggravated,orevensomestructuraldamagecausedbyoverloadingaccidents.Ontheotherhand,duetooverloadingofthebridgecausedinternaldamagecannotberestored,thebridgewillbemadeoftheworkundernormalloadconditionschange,whichcouldendangerthesafetyofbridgesanddurability.Forexample,theconcretebridgehasalwaysbeenregardedasanadequatedurability,buttheoverloadingofthevehicle,crackingmayoccur;cracksevenintheloadwillbeabletodivestclosed,buttheinternalstructureofconcretehasbeendamage,crackingcomponentfromthelowerbend,Stiffnessdeclinewasinthenormaluseofload,shouldnothavebeencrackingorstructuralcrackshavebecomesmallercracksinexcessofthenormstoallowalargercracksordeformation.Thesewillbeusedforstructuralperformanceandlong-termdurabilityhasanegativeimpact,inadditiontotheTrafficControldepartmentsshouldstrengthenmanagement,butalsotheneedforoverloadingtheconsequencesofresearch,analysis.男4)椅Act侵ive腦ly斗lea脖rn室fro附mf洞ore冷ign秋ex多per膠ien訂ce質(zhì)and圈re紹sul繡ts魚Dom津est楊ic廚bri朱dge屆de亭sig腎nt呈he膜mai歸np梨rob滴lem哥si極st菜he載use努of可th就en耗orm法al碗str毀uct陸ure丑of蘭po添or傅per出for乳man酒ce速(re半fer搏rin斜gc儉omp苦are偵dw詠ith逐th墻ed響esi保gn喝exp碰ect貪ati宋ons字ca塌nb叨ea抄ttr悅ibu減ted向to縣po傭or痕per母for前man棵ce永of伴the鴿ap妹pli置cat惡ion擁,i蜂ncl刷udi襖ng浸the帝br猛idg繞et豬oo燭muc權(quán)hv候ibr建ati校on,舅li填nea葉ri滋rre程gul灑ari眾ty,陜jo減int吊s,父dia瞧rrh糧ea,白ex年ces離siv壓es愛tru建ctu沈ral額cr慶ack僅ing瘦an蜻dd廳efo軍rma濱tio礎(chǔ)n,鏡etc泡.),敬du漢rab屆ili跨ty位and慎sa塘fet憶yo遲ft督he究poo認r(殃inc螞lud恭ing誦sh顆ort研l(wèi)i拖fe般spa恒n,刻hig叛hm川ain維ten對anc繳ec萍ost礙s,港and仁mo袋re殖fre稱que美nt班acc拴ide門nts筆,e黎tc.彈).后Whi循le筒the膨se寨iss優(yōu)ues遭ha筆ve解wit元ht嫩he納cur款ren元td陳ome誼sti碰cc愈ons蛾tru概cti稱on抗qua考lit教ya腸nd嚼m(xù)an航age郊men迅tl撓eve撕ll爐owe臟r,兔but給to匙be異fa跨ir,酒si蹲nce登th忍is四sit瞞uat悉ion贏ca惑nn連ot蜻be績res籌olv囑ed馬in礎(chǔ)the因sh臉ort美te凡rm,鼓th套en先as塔eng蜻ine辨ers衡we祥sh靈oul眉da位ddr芽ess練th寇is登iss煤ue標in繩the撤pr粉emi梅se,地ar翅ef蔥ull偽yt糾ake建ni蠟nto丙ac膜cou譜nt魯sta鮮ge爹of翁con信str觸uct陳ion世an貝dm晃ana詳gem皮ent依an馬dm嘆ate遣ria妨ls錘tec白hno疤log仙y,孩the南us癥eo響fa瓜ppr今opr本iat鞭es己ecu恥rit失y,治the鼻ap閑pro奉pri純ate巴wa貓yt糟oe鏡nsu攝re俘tha市tt茄he鉗des堆ign猴of求a訊bri珍dge泉to延th刺eu輸se禮of縣the精pe控rfo杠rma錘nce冷,t顆his洋is雀a密mor停ep隊roa屢cti拍ve瞧and添ef乳fec吧tiv禁em稻ean害s.戚Esp捐eci企all抱yt鼻he肯dur摘abi眉lit這yo窗ft百he蹈bri朽dge槳an初ds喂afe邊ty堅of惰man等yp件rob蛛lem障sw聯(lián)ith千th窯es校tru天ctu繁re植or士the星us蒜eo豆fm蛾ate杠ria鉤ls態(tài)ele執(zhí)cti幼on廊are梳un侵rea家son順abl扒ea曬nd嫌imp億rop餡er后han帳dli松ng焦of意the恐st鋪ruc涌tur談al勻det點ail烤s.握In挖Eur臣ope尿an樣cou衫ntr取ies花(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。傅既國配內(nèi)從上竿世賞紀膝9腥0矮年代開榴始重視族了對結(jié)譯構(gòu)耐久預性的研曉究，也貝取得了只不少成奶果。這黎些研究寄大多是級從材料椒和統(tǒng)計坦分析的標角度進查行的，別對如何容從結(jié)構(gòu)長和設(shè)計容的角度展及如何聯(lián)以設(shè)計蒜和施工鐘人員易睬于接受倘和操作陵的方式脂來改善好橋梁耐占久性卻值很少有達人研究傘。而且睡，長期拖以來，赤人們一閃直偏重英于結(jié)構(gòu)惜計算方電法的研死究，卻舅忽視了岡對總體俱構(gòu)造和亦細節(jié)處舞理方面去的關(guān)注溫。結(jié)構(gòu)墊的耐久懼性設(shè)計袖與常規(guī)加的結(jié)構(gòu)膀設(shè)計有夸著本質(zhì)綢的區(qū)別纖，目前有需要努割力將耐胳久性的孤研究從掩定性分旬析向定劈量分析吊發(fā)展荷。饅臣2肆）重視朱對疲勞溜損傷的形研究遭橋欺梁結(jié)構(gòu)額所承受踐的車輛經(jīng)荷載和糖風荷載燥都是動招荷載，追會在結(jié)介構(gòu)內(nèi)產(chǎn)具生循環(huán)喘變化的肌應力，聲不但會階引起結(jié)功構(gòu)的振尾動，還斜會引起啞結(jié)構(gòu)的幼累積疲綱勞損傷吩。美烏由精于橋梁者所采用已的材料特并非是須均勻和姓連續(xù)的加，實際興上存在男許多微裳小的缺腰陷，在紙循環(huán)荷嚷載作用幫下，這鐘些微缺驗陷會逐吧漸發(fā)展帆、合并罩形成損橫傷，并毫逐步在訊材料中牢形成宏伙觀裂紋講。如果幫宏觀裂綁紋不得艘到有效刺控制，嗎極有可機能會引短起材料四、結(jié)構(gòu)毅的脆性楊斷裂。顆早期疲悅勞損傷盯往往不胃易被檢受測到，爆但其帶四來的后撇果往往厘是災難股性的服。待幕?；鶆趽p傷箏過去一希直被認持為是鋼孔橋設(shè)計秤中的核刃心問題傘，由鋼縣結(jié)構(gòu)疲娘勞引起肆的鋼材澡開裂案稀例較多議，亦有飲不少因伏疲勞斷貪裂引起況橋梁垮盛塌的例泉子。初近壯2科0跡年來，逗疲勞損演傷的研絞究已進驚入混凝療土結(jié)構(gòu)染，但對愉于使用幣期受腐衫蝕的鋼季筋混凝布土構(gòu)