2009英語真題及解析

2009年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4Intelligence,it5out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7—insteadofinstinct.innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.1.[A]Suppose2.[A]tended3.[A]thinner4.[A]tendency5.[A]insistson6.[A]off[B]Consider[B]feared[C]Observe[C]happened[C]lighter[C]inclination[C]turnsout[C]over[D]Imagine[D]threatened[D]dimmer[D]priority[D]putsforward[D]along[B]stabler[B]advantage[B]sumsup[B]behind[B]spontaneous[B]doubt7.[A]incredible8.[A]fight[C]inevitable[C]stop[D]gradual[D]think9.[A]invisible10.[A]upward11.[A]features12.[A]outside13.[A]deliver14.[A]bychance15.[A]if[B]limited[B]forward[B]influences[B]on[B]carry[B]incontrast[B]unless[C]indefinite[C]afterward[C]results[D]different[D]backward[D]costs[D]across[D]apply[C]by[C]perform[C]asusual[C]as[D]forinstance[D]lest16.[A]moderate17.[A]at[B]overcome[B]for[C]determine[C]after[D]reach[D]with18.[A]Aboveall19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent20.[A]Byaccident[B]Intime[C]Sofar[B]Afterall[C]However[D]Otherwise[D]hostile[D]BetterstillSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeingA.casual22.TheresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbeA.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23.”ruts”(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningtoA.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connectionsB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtestingA,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformedB,nolongeremphasizescommonness?C,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelD,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem25.RyanmostprobablyagreethatA.ideasarebornofarelaxingmindB.innovativenesscouldbetaughtC.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideasD.curiosityactivatescreativemindsText2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s___________.[A]easyavailability[B]flexibilityinpricing[C]successfulpromotion[D]popularitywithhouseholds27.PTKisusedto__________.[A]locateone’sbirthplace[B]promotegeneticresearch[C]identifyparent-childkinship[D]choosechildrenforadoption28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.[A]tracedistantancestors[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines[C]fullyusegeneticinformation[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis__________.[A]disorganizeddatacollection[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting[B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems

[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab[D]liesbehindDNAtestingText3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak.TheU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterepantsaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexaminghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry’swork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld’sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn’tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportantofeducationinpoorcountries___________.[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts[B]hasfallenvictimofbias[C]isconventionaldowngraded[D]hasbeenoverestimated32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem__________.[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians[B]takeseffortsofgenerations[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment[D]requiressufficientlaborforce33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat__________.[A]theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined

[B]theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive[C]theU.Sworkforcehasabettereducation[D]]theU.Sworkforceismoreorganize34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged__________.[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood[C]whenpeopleonlongerwenthung[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation__________.[A]resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments[B]doesnotdependoneconomicperformance[C]followsimprovedproductivity[D]cannotaffordpoliticalchangesText4Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“Somuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuits”Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland’sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans’theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.`BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,Theinthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:“comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.”O(jiān)newonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane’s,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion.“Ourmainendwastocatchfish.”36.Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland___________.[A]Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife.[B]intellectualinterestswereencouraged.[C]Politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.[D]intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment.37.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNewEnglanders__________.

[A]experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.[B]broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld[C]paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife[D]wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay__________.[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften__________.[A]influencedbysuperstitions[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs[C]puzzledbychurchsermons[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings40.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland__________.[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect[C]camefromdifferentbackgrounds.[D]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreferencePartBDirections:Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45),choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41.____________.AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylor,wasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.42._____________.Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43._____________.Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.44._______________.HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorof

diffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.45.________________.Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistémileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople’ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.50Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whitepollution”isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspaperto1)giveyouropinionsbrieflyand2)maketwoorthreesuggestionsYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.PartB52.Directions:Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)2009考研英語試題答案1—5BADBC6—10ADCBD11—15DBCDA16—20CBAAC21—25ABCAA26—30ACDAB31—35DBBAC36—40BBDAC41—45CEABG46．Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience,butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive盡管人們可以這樣說，對任何一個社會制度價值的衡量就是其在增長和豐富經(jīng)驗方面所產(chǎn)生的影響，但是這種影響并不是其最初（原來）動機的一部分。47.Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted.andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution。這個制度的副產(chǎn)品僅僅是為人們所逐步注意到，而在實施這種制度時，認(rèn)為這種影響是一個制約因素則仍然更為緩慢。48.whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition.itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.盡管我們在與年輕人交往時，很容易忽視我們的行為對他們性格的影響，但是與成年人接觸或交往卻并不那么容易。49.Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.既然我們對他們的主要職責(zé)（任務(wù)）就是使年輕人能夠參與到一個共同的生活中去，因此我們不禁思考我們是否正具備這種力量，而這種力量將有助于我們獲得這種能力。50.We