鍋爐培訓課件

提高鍋爐熱效率的途徑

Themethodofimprovingthermalefficiencyofaboiler2023/6/61友情提示上課時間請勿：--請將您手機改為“震動”

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Generalintroduction

提高鍋爐熱效率的基本方向

Thebasicmethodofimprovingthermalefficiencyofaboiler

提高鍋爐熱效率有兩個基本方向：

Thetwosidesofimprovingthethermalefficiency1.提高燃燒效率，降低不完全燃燒熱損失q3

和q4

。

Loweringtheheatlossduetounburnedq3andq4toimprovethecombustionefficiency.鏈條爐的遠大于q3，因此，重點要抓q4的降低。

Theefficiencyoftravelinggrateissurpassq3more,sothefocusiscutq4down.2023/6/642.提高傳熱效率，降低排煙熱損失和散熱損失。

Loweringtheheatlossduetoexhaustgastoimprovingtheefficiencyofheattransfer.

排煙熱損失常為使鍋爐熱效率降低的另一主要因素，而一般散熱損失較小。

Theothermainelementofreducingtheboilerefficiencyistheheatlossduetoexhaustgas,butthenormalheatlossduetoradiationisless.

2023/6/65二、提高鍋爐燃燒效率（以層燃爐為例）

Improvingboilercombustionefficiency(Layerburningfurnaceasanexample)1.燃料燃燒的基本概念Thebasicconceptoffuelcombustion

1）燃燒

combustion：

燃料中的可燃物質與空氣中的氧在一定溫度下發(fā)生劇烈的化學反應，發(fā)出光和熱的現(xiàn)象。

Combustiblematerialinthefuelandoxygenintheairtoacertaintemperature,theoccurrenceofviolentchemicalreactionsentthephenomenonoflightandheat.

2）燃燒的三個條件

Threeconditionsforcombustion：有可燃物、空氣、達到可燃物的著火的溫度。

Theyarefuel、airandfueltoreachthetemperatureofthefire.2023/6/663）完全燃燒的條件Combustionconditions：（同時具備以下條件）(Atthesametimeareasthefollows)

燃燒溫度，達到著火點并保持一定的溫度，能連續(xù)燃燒直至燃盡；足夠的空氣量；良好的混合；充分的燃燒時間在不同的燃燒階段將由其中的一個或兩個要素起主要作用。

Combustiontemperature,reachingignitionpointandmaintainingacertaintemperature,cancontinuetoburnuntiltheburning;enoughair;wellmixingandfullofburningtimeofwhichwillbeoneortwofactorsplayamajorroleindifferentstagesofcombustion.2023/6/674）燃燒過程

Thecombustionprocessisdividedintothreephases：

（分為三個階段）著火前的熱力準備階段；著火燃燒階段；燃盡階段。

Thermalpreparationphase

beforethefire;ignitedstage;burnstage2023/6/682.層燃爐——鏈條爐的工作特點Thecharacteroflayerburningfurnaceandtravelinggratefurnace：

鏈條爐為單面點火的爐子，著火由上而下進行，著火條件比較差，煤層與爐排無相對運動。

Travelinggrateisignitedtoonesideofthefurnace,top-downfire,fireconditionsarerelativelypoor,coalandgratewithnorelativemotion.因為煤是加在空爐排上，送入冷空氣，溫度低于200℃，不能滿足著火前熱力準備階段所需的熱量，揮發(fā)分較少的無煙煤或劣質煤、水分多的煤等都不易著火，適宜燃用煙煤。2023/6/69

Ⅰ-新燃料區(qū)；Ⅱ-揮發(fā)物析出、燃燒區(qū)；Ⅲa-焦炭燃燒氧化區(qū)；Ⅲb-焦炭燃燒還原區(qū)；Ⅳ灰渣形成區(qū)2023/6/6103.鏈條爐實際運行常存在的問題

Theprobleminoperationoftravelinggratefurnaceregularly：

1）利用煤倉供煤，煤的向下垂直壓力較大，與煤閘板擠壓形成的煤層比較密實，透氣性差。

Whenthecoalissuppliedwithcoalstore,thecoalformedwiththepressureofcoalbrakeiscompactandpoorventilation.

2）爐排上的煤層都是些顆粒大小不等混合在一起構成的——煤的粒徑無序摻混。

Thecoalonthegrateisconsistedwithmixedparticleofvariablesizes(coalisblendeddisorderinsize)2023/6/611

3）沿爐排方向兩側塊狀煤多，而細碎煤粒則在中部較多，造成

Bothsidesofdirectionalongwiththegratearealotofmassivecoalandmorefinecoalparticlesinthemiddle,cause：爐排上通風分布不均，易形成火口或漏煤量較大Ventilationonthegratedistributesunevenly,toeasilyformburnerorleakmorecoal；

爐排兩側易漏入冷空氣，爐膛過量空氣系數(shù)上升Onbothsidesofthegrateeasilyleakintothecoldair,andthefurnaceexcessairratioisincreased；

降低爐溫，煤不易燒透，排渣含碳量高Lowerfurnacetemperature,thecoalisburnedthroughhardly,andtheslagwithhighcarboncontent；

鍋爐效率和出力下降Boilerefficiencyandoutputwilldecline.2023/6/6123.改善層燃爐燃燒的措施Themeasuresofimprovingthelayerburningfurnace1）設前、后拱

Setfrontandreararch

改變氣流上升方向，使可燃氣體與空氣良好混合，將爐內熱量盡量向爐前反射，加速新燃料的著火。特別是前拱

Changingthedirectionofrisingaircurrents,sothatthecombustiblegasescanmixedwiththeair

well,tokeeptheheatinfurnacereflectedtotheforthasmuchaspossible,tospeedupthenewfueltofire——引燃拱，反射煙氣投射來的熱量。在前后拱間形成“喉口”，使生成的氣體在喉部加強混合。

Archfirereflectstheheatprojectedfromgas.Throatisformedbetweenfrontarchandreararch,tostrengthenthemixtureoftheformedgasinthethroat.2023/6/613拱的形狀和尺寸與燃料的性質有關。Theshapeandsizeofthearcharerelatedtothecharacterofthefuel.燃用低揮發(fā)分的無煙煤采用低而長的后拱。Thelowandlongreararchisadoptedtothefueledcoalstonewithlowvolatilization.燃用高揮發(fā)分的褐煤和煙煤采用高而短的后拱

Thehighandshortreararchisadoptedtothefueledcoalandlignitewithhighvolatilization

。燃用褐煤、煙煤的鏈條爐燃用無煙煤的鏈條爐2023/6/6142）分區(qū)送風

Zonecontroldraft

鏈條爐排上燃燒過程沿爐排方向所需的空氣量是不同的“分段送風”，使送入的風量與需要的風量吻合。

Intheprocessofcombustiononthegrate,therequiredamountofairalongthedirectionofthegrateisdifferent.zonecontroldraftmakethevolumeofairflowdeliveredtocoincidewiththeneeded.著火前準備階段基本不需空氣

Thereisnoneedforairbasicallyinthestageofpreparationbeforefire.揮發(fā)分和焦炭燃燒區(qū)需大量空氣

Intheareaofcokecombustionandvolatileneedsalotofair.

灰渣形成階段需要少量空氣

Inthestageofslagformationneedsasmallamountofair.鏈條爐空氣分布情況2023/6/615３）設二次風

Setsecondaryair在喉部設二次風，加強擾動和混合，降低q３．

Settingsecondaryairinthethroat,toreinforceagitationandmixture,toslowerq３.風量為總送風量的5~15%Thevolumeofairsuppliedaccountsup5~15%tothetotal；風速為50~80m/sWindspeedfor50~80m/s；工質可為空氣、煙氣、蒸汽。Therefrigerantforair、gasorvapor.1-前拱Fortharch2-后拱Reararch3-喉口Throat4-二次風Secondaryair2023/6/6164）向爐內送熱風Ventilateheatedairtothefurnace——尾部加空氣預熱器Addairheateratrear5）采用合適煤種和粒度Useappropriatecoalandthesize——燃用設計煤種Burningthecoaldesigned高揮發(fā)分的煤,水分控制在8~10%

Thehighvolatilecoal,watercontrolinthe8to10%；灰分,干燥基灰分≤30%Ash,dryash≤30%；灰的熔化溫度t3≥1200℃

Theashmeltingtemperaturet3≥1200℃；粒度20~30mm，均勻

Size20~30mm,uniform

；煤層厚度100~150mm

Thicknessofcoalis100~150mm.2023/6/617三、燃燒技術簡介

Thebriefintroductionofcombustiontechnology

1.鏈條爐分層燃燒技術Thetechnologyofhierarchicalcombustioninthetravelinggratefurnace1）分層燃燒裝置的結構（見圖）

Thestructureofhierarchicalcombustioninstallation2）分層燃燒裝置的工作過程Theprocessofhierarchicalcombustioninstallation.

在溜煤管的出口加裝給煤器，使爐排上煤層按不同粒度范圍分成二層或三層，避免了煤層密實、粒徑無序摻混帶來的缺點，提高效率和出力及煤種的適應性。Addattheexitof,todividethecoalonthegrateintotwoorthreelayersaccordingtothescopeofparticles,toavoidthedefectsfromcoalcompactingandparticlesmingleddisorderly,toimproveefficiencyandeffort,adaptabilityofthecoalandsoon.2023/6/618滾筒分層給煤機（ZL95233823.8）1-落煤斗2-給煤斗3-分煤斗4-單層復合篩5-耐火磚6-后梁7-鏈條爐排8-彈力擋煤板9-槽鋼架10-彈簧11-螺栓12-擋煤板13-絲桿14-折低的篩條15-托板16-滾筒17-筋條18-傳動帶

篩子的結構1-篩板2-梳齒狀篩條3-折低的篩條2023/6/6193）特點Character

使落煤疏松，按粒度分離分檔，按顆粒大小有序排列、均勻分布，提高燃燒效率，降低q4。

Thecoaldroploosely,accordingtothesizeseparated,bythesizeoftheparticlesarrangedorderly,distributeduniformly,improvingcombustionefficiency,cuttingq4down.

2023/6/6202.煤與爐渣混燒

Co-firingofthecoalandslag——

在煤中摻入顆粒較大的渣（煤渣比為4：1）減少通風阻力，增加了煤層的透氣性，使送風均勻，提高燃燒的穩(wěn)定性，降低q4。

Thecoalmingledwiththelargerparticlesofslag，reducingtheresistanceofventilation,increasingthepermeabilityofthecoal,ventilatinguniform,improvingthestabilityofthecombustion,cuttingq4down.

注意：煤層要加厚，爐膛溫度會略有下降。

Attention:Ifthecoalthickening,thetemperatureoffurnacewilldropslightly.

2023/6/6213.過量空氣系數(shù)的優(yōu)化

Optimizationofexcessairratioα值的大小對燃燒及q2、q3、q4均有影響，一實例測試數(shù)據(jù)表明，α存在一優(yōu)化值使Q2、q3、q4

andcombustionareallundertheinfluenceofthescaleofthevalueofa,Oneexampleoftestdatashowthattheexistenceofoptimizethevalueofαmeet

如圖：過量空氣系數(shù)由煙氣分析測得煙氣中的含氧量O2，根據(jù)下式計算爐膛出口處的過量空氣系數(shù)α

ExcessairratiomeasuredbytheanalysisofthegasintheoxygencontentofO2,tocalculateexcessairratioαinthefurnaceexitaccordingtotheequationasfollowed

2023/6/6224.循環(huán)流化床燃燒Circulatingfluidizedbedcombustion——潔凈燃燒技術Cleancombustiontechnology1）流化床

Fluidizedbed

流化床的工作過程

Theprocessofthefluidizedbed：將物料放在有空隙的箅板上，從箅板部通過箅或間隙向料層通入空氣，當顆粒的重力大于氣流推力時顆粒靜止在箅板上，料層不動，為固定床。Materialsareputonthegrateplatewithgaps,thelayerofmaterialsareventilatedairthrough()andgaps,ifthegravityofparticlesisgreaterthanthethrustofairflow,theparticleswillbestaticontheboardandthelayerofmaterialsismotionlessalso,sothatisdefinedasafixedbed.固定床Fixedbed2023/6/623若風速增加，料層膨脹，當風速超過某值，料層的穩(wěn)定性被破壞，而被風托起，且顆粒上下不停地翻騰，這種處于松散沸騰狀態(tài)的料層成為沸騰床或流化床，開始形成流化床的風速稱為沸騰臨界風速。Thelayerofmaterialswillexpandbytheincreasingofwindspeed,whenthewindspeedexcessavalue,thelayerofmaterialswillbedistructedinstabilityandholdupbythewind,writhingofparticlesupanddown,then,thelayerofmaterialsinthestateofboilingandlooseisdefinedasboilingbedorfluidizedbed.Thelayerofmaterialsledtotheformationoffluizedbedisdefinedasboilingcriticalwindspeed.流化床Fluidizedbed2023/6/624達到臨界風速后，再增加風速至某值，固體顆粒不再上下翻騰而是被吹走了，就形成了氣力輸送，如圖。達到氣力輸送時開始的風速為極限風速。風速在臨界風速和極限風速之間都可形成流化床。

Afterachievedcriticalwindspeed,ifincreasingthewindspeedtoavalue,solidparticalsarenolongerwrithingupanddownbutblownoff,thuspneumaticconveyingisformed.Thewindspeedatthebeginningofpneumaticconveyingisdefinedaswindspeedlimit.Thefluidizedbedcanbeformedbetweencriticalspeedandwindspeedlimit.氣力輸送2023/6/625固定床Fixedbed流化床Fluidizedbed氣力輸送Pneumaticconveying

沸騰臨界風速Boilingcriticalwindspeed，極限風速Windspeedlimit2023/6/6262）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐Circulatingfluidizedbedboiler

循環(huán)流化床鍋爐就是在鍋爐體內裝有旋風分離器，從爐膛出來的煙氣首先經(jīng)分離器，將煙氣中的固體顆粒收集，并送返爐內在進行燃燒，固體顆粒這樣循環(huán)燃燒，使燃燒效率很高，也就提高了鍋爐的熱效率。同時向爐內加石灰石粉進行燃燒中脫硫。

CFBboilerisequippedwithacycloneinthebody.Thesolidparticlesarecollectedtocyclonewhenthegascomingoutoffurnacepassthroughcycloneandreturnedinfurnaceburnning.Suchcirculatingcombustionofsolidparticleskeepcombustionefficiencyhighly,andthenimproveboilerefficiency.Atthesametime,limestonepowderaddedtothefurnaceforcombustiondesulfurization.2023/6/627循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的優(yōu)點Theadvantagesofcirculatingfluidizedbedboiler：

1）燃料適應性強

Theadaptableoffuelwell；

2）可回收煙氣中的碳粒，燃燒效率高，可達95%，高于層燃爐、低于煤粉爐。

Recoverycarbongrainofthegas,High-efficiencycombustion,upto95%,morethan,lessthanpulverizedcoal

3）對負荷變化適應性好，低負荷時可轉換為鼓泡流化床，最低在25%~30%額定負荷下仍可以運行，負荷調節(jié)速率快，操作靈活。

Adaptivetochangeinload.Runninginlowloadcanbeconvertedintobubblingfluidizedbed,aminimumof25%to30%oftheratedloadcanstillrun,rateofloadregulationfast,flexibleoperation.2023/6/628

4）可采用較小的空氣過量系數(shù)，傳熱效果好，熱效率高，可達85%以上。爐子的熱強度高，爐體緊湊。

Excessaircoefficiencyadoptedsmaller,effectiveheattransfer,boilerefficiencyhighly,above85%.Heatintensityinfurnacehighly,furnacecompactly.

5）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐固硫后的灰渣有較好的強度，在制成混凝土時還有補償收縮或實現(xiàn)微膨脹的功能，降低水化熱核提高流動性。

TheslaggeneratedafterdesulfurizationofCFBboilerisintensityhighlyandfunctionedofcompensationcontractionortherealizationofmicro-expansionintheconcretemaking.2023/6/629

6）脫硫脫氮的效果好，由于料層燃燒溫度低，維持在850℃~900℃，是CaCO3分解和SO2與CaO化合的最佳溫度，石灰石粉比表面積大，又是沸騰燃燒，能與SO2充分接觸，由于空氣過量系數(shù)小，NOX生成量較少。因此循環(huán)流化床燃燒被稱為“潔凈燃燒技術”。

Effectiveindesulfurizationanddenitrification,Duetolayerofmaterialscombustinginlow-temperature,maintainedat850℃~900℃,isthebesttemperaturefordecompositionofCaCO3andthecombinationofSO2andCaO,thelimestonepowderwithgreatspecificsurfaceareaandboilingburningcancontactwithSO2fully,duetothesmallexcessiveaircoefficient,NOXgenerateless.Therefore,circulatingfluidizedbedcombustion,knownas"cleancombustiontechnology."2023/6/630循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的缺點Theshortcomingsofthecirculatingfluidizedbedboiler:1）排塵量大，需用電除塵才能達到環(huán)保要求，增加了鍋爐房的初投資。ThequantityofdustemissionissolargethatitneedsESPtomeettherequirementofenvironmentalprotection,sothatwillincreasetheinvestmentintheearly.2）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐煙氣中的固體顆粒的濃度較高，水冷壁、分離器、面料系統(tǒng)及鍋爐內襯、特別是爐內埋管磨損嚴重。

TheconcentrationofsolidparticlesintheCBFboilergasishigher,andtheabrasioninthewatercooledwall,seperators,fabicsystemandboiler-linedisserious,especiallyinthefurnacepipe.2023/6/631

3）循環(huán)流化床鍋爐的耗電量大，費用較高，約為鏈條爐的兩倍。因需將煤破碎為0~10mm的細粒，將石灰磨成0.1~0.3mm的細粉；采用高壓風機、電除塵要耗電，購買石灰石也需費用。

Theconsumptionandexpenditureofcirculatingfluidizedbedboilerisastwiceastravlinggrate.Socoalwillbebrokenforthe0~10mmfineandlimewillbegroundintofinepowderof0.1~0.3mm.TheexpenditureincludesusinghighpressurefanandESP,andalsothecostofthepurchaseoflimestone.

4）爐墻的嚴密性要求高，密封性差會形成漏灰、漏風。

Tightnessofthefurnacewallhigh,Poortightnesswillinducealeaktightnessgray,theairleakage.2023/6/632四、提高傳熱效率Improvingtransferefficiency

（需要細化展開論述）1.受熱面的合理布置避免煙氣短路

Therationalarrangementofheatingsurfacecanavoidgasshortcircuit.1）受熱面的合理分配與布置

Therationalallocationandarrangementofheatingsurface.

輻射受熱面受熱強度遠大于對流受熱面；

Theheatintensityofradiantheatingsurfaceislargerthanconvectionheatingsurface.

鍋爐對流管束中是近于飽和溫度的鍋水，而煙氣流過對流管束溫度越來越低，過多地布置對流管束，其末端溫差減小，傳熱效果降低。

Thewaterintheconvectiontubebankarenearsaturationtemperature,thetemperatureofthegasflowconvectiontubebankismoreandmorelower,iftheconvectiontubebankarrangedtoomuch,thatdifferenceintemperaturewillreduceandeffectofheattransferwilllower.

2023/6/633因此常在鍋爐尾部設置省煤器及空氣預熱器等尾部受熱面。輻射受熱面、對流受熱面及尾部受熱面三者的分配是否恰當，是影響鍋爐傳熱效率及經(jīng)濟性的重要因素。

Sotherearheatingsurfaceincludingeconomizerandairheaterareusuallysetintheboilerrear.Whetherthedistributionofradiantheatingsurface,convectionheatingsurfaceandrearheatingsurfaceappropriateornotisanimportantfactortoaffecttheheattransferefficiencyofboilerandeconomy.

2023/6/634鍋爐對流管束受煙氣沖刷，其排列方式（順排或錯排）、流動方式（順流或逆流）以及與煙氣沖刷的方式（橫向沖刷或縱向沖刷）對放熱系數(shù)都有很大影響。管束的布置還與流動阻力及水循環(huán)等因素有關。

Thearrangement(shunroworstaggeredarrangement),typeofflow(faircurrentorreversecurrent),aswellasthewayofwashing(lateralorverticalerosionwashed)ofconvectiontubebankofboilerwhichiswashedoutbygashasastrongimpactonheatemissioncoefficient.Thearrangementoftubesisrelatedtothefactorsofwatercycleandflowedfriction,andsoon.2023/6/6352023/6/6362）防止隔墻損壞造成煙氣短路

Topreventtheshortcircuitofgascausedbythedamageofthewall在對流管束間常用磚或耐火材料砌成隔墻，是煙氣沿一定的路線流動，保持與管束正常地沖刷。若這些隔墻損壞，就會造成煙氣短路，使一部分受熱面得不到?jīng)_刷，而傳熱量減少，煙氣離開受熱面的溫度增高，q2熱損失增加。

Partitionwasusuallypiledbybricksorfireresistantmaterialbetweenconvectionbanks,gasflowinacertainroute,maintainingnormalerosion.Smokeshort-circuit

thatleadstoapartofheatingsurfacewithouterosion,andthenreduceheattransfercapacity,increasethetemperatureofgasdepartingfromheatingsurface,increaseheatlossq2.2023/6/6372.增加尾部受熱面，回收煙氣的余熱；

Increasetherearheatingsurface,recoverythewasteheatofgas1）控制排煙熱損失及煙氣余熱回收

Tocontrolheatlossduetoexhaustgasandrecoverthewasteheat

優(yōu)化α值及排煙溫度，控制排煙熱損失。

Tooptimizethevalueofαandthetemperatureofexhaustgas,controlheatlossduetoexhaustgas.2）加裝換熱設備回收煙氣余熱

—如熱管換熱器

Toinstallheattransferequipmenttorecoverthewasteheat,takeheatpipeheatexchangerforanexample.2023/6/6383.保持受熱面內部的潔凈，減少管內傳熱熱阻

Maintainthecleanlinessoftheinternalheatingsurface,reducingheatpipethermalresistance

1）加強水處理防止結垢Strengtheningthewatertreatmenttopreventscaling

Ca、Mg水垢導熱性能很差(比鋼小30～50倍)

thescalethermalconductivityofCa、Mgperformpoorly(lessthansteelfor30～50times)，使排煙溫度升高，降低鍋爐的出力和效率。

Raisingtheexhausttemperature,reducingoutputandefficiencyoftheboiler.2023/6/639根據(jù)試驗，在汽鍋內壁附著1mm厚的水垢，就要多消耗煤

2％～3％左右。同時，受熱面的壁溫大為增高，引起金屬的過熱而使其機械強度降低，導致管壁起皰或出現(xiàn)裂縫。

Accordingtothetest,thesteamboileradheredwithscaleofthicknessof1mmwillconsumethecoalaround2％～3％more,atthesametimetoincreasethewalltemperatureofheatingsurface,tocausemetaloverheatingandthenreduceitsmechanicalstrengthandleadtothewallblisteredorcracked.2023/6/640鍋爐水管內壁結垢后，使管內流通截面減小，水循環(huán)的流動阻力增大，影響循環(huán)回路正常工作，甚至會堵塞水管，導致管子燒損。

Afterscalingintheboilerpipewall,toreducetheflowofcross-sectioninthepipe,toincreasetheflowresistanceofthewatercycle,toaffectthenormalcirculationloop,oreventoplugthepipeandleadthepipetoburning.2023/6/641我國國家質量技術監(jiān)督局于2001-01-10批準，2001-10-01實施的《低壓鍋爐水質標準》中規(guī)定“承壓熱水鍋爐給水應進行鍋外水處理，對于額定功率小于等于4.2MW非管架式承壓的熱水鍋爐和常壓熱水鍋爐，可采用鍋內加藥處理，但必須對鍋爐的結垢、腐蝕和水質加強監(jiān)督”。

Low-pressureboilerwaterqualitystandardsimplementedon2001-10-01andapprovedbytheStateBureauofQualityandTechnicalSupervisionon2001-01-10providesthatfeedwaterofpressurehotwaterboilershouldbetreatedoutsideofboiler,fortheratedpowerequaltolessthan4.2MWnon-possessionstyleofpressurehotwaterboilerandpressurehotwaterboiler,d,osingpotcanbedealtwith,however,theboilermustbescaling,corrosionandwaterqualitysupervision.2023/6/6422）保持凝結水及回水潔凈Keepcondensationwaterandreturnwaterclean熱水管網(wǎng)的回水，特別是直供系統(tǒng)的回水，所含的雜質多為散熱器及管網(wǎng)中存在的污物及腐蝕產(chǎn)物，一般要求管網(wǎng)上的除污器性能可靠和經(jīng)常沖洗即可。

Theimpuritiesinthereturnwaterofthehotwaterpipenetwork,especiallyinthedirectsupplysystem,aremostlydirtandcorrosionproductsexistedintheradiatorandnetwork,andthedecontaminationinthenetworkrequiresperformancereliableandwashedfrequently.2023/6/6433）鍋爐和熱網(wǎng)的沖洗及加強鍋爐排污

Towashtheboilerandnetworkandstrengthenblowdown.鍋爐和熱網(wǎng)竣工時要沖洗，沖洗水速要高于1m/s。

Theboilerandnetworkwhicharecompletedneedtowash,andthespeedofflushingwaterismorethan1m/s.鍋爐內的水渣應及時通過排污排出，否則水渣會粘著在管壁上，受熱后仍有生成二次水垢的可能。

Theslagintheboilershouldbedischargedthroughblowdowntimely,orelsewilladhereonthewallanditispossibletogeneratethesecondwaterafterslagheated.2023/6/6444）離子交換軟化及除鹽

Ionexchangesofteninganddesalting

（1）離子交換軟化Ionexchangesoftening

供熱鍋爐為低壓鍋爐，一般僅進行軟化，通常采用陽離子交換法，陽離子和復合陰離子根組成離子交換劑。進行離子交換反應時，陽離子則能和水中的鈣(Ca++)、鎂(Mg++)等離子互相交換。

Usuallycationexchangewhoseion-exchangeagentiscomposedofcationandcompositerootanionicisadoptedforlowerpressureheatingboiler,justtosoftengenerally.Forionexchangereaction,thecationcanexchangewithcalcium(Ca++),andmagnesium(Mg++)andsooninthewater.2023/6/645離子交換劑具有不會形成硬度的陽離子如鈉離子(Na+)等與水中的Ca++和Mg++進行交換反應，水中的Ca++和Mg++被吸附在交換劑上，交換劑上原有的Na+轉入水中，Na+來代替原水中的Ca++和Mg++，而水中的Ca++、Mg++就被除去。

Ion-exchangeagentwillnothavethecationtobehardness,forexample,inthereactionofCa++、Mg++inthewaterwithNa+andsoon,Ca++andMg++areabsorbedontheexchangeagent,theoriginalNa+ontheexchangeagentshiftingintothewaterreplaceoriginalCa++andMg++inthewater,sothatCa++、Mg++inthewaterareremoved.

2023/6/646（2）離子交換除鹽

Ionexchangedesalting

小型電廠的中壓或次高壓鍋爐要求除鹽。Inferiorhighpressureormediumpressureboilerofsmall-scalepowerplantrequiredesalting4.膜分離技術MembraneTechnology2023/6/6474.保持受熱面外部潔凈，減少管外的熱阻。

Tomaintainheatingsurfacecleanandreducetheresistanceofthetube.1）加強吹灰

Strengthensootblowing

管道外表面積灰時傳熱熱阻增加。？定量Quantity

吹灰時應沿著煙氣流動方向由前向后逐步吹掃。

Transferresistancewillbeincreasedwhentheoutersurfaceofthepipeisfouling.Itshouldblowalongwiththedirectionofgasflowfromfronttobackgradually.

2023/6/6482）防止管外結焦

Topreventtheoutsidetubecoking管外結焦是灰熔融再冷卻后形成的熔渣。熔渣主要出現(xiàn)在爐膛內輻射受熱面上，水冷壁、凝渣管和過熱器等Theslagthatformedaftertheashmeltedandcooledisthecokeoutsidetube。Intheinnerfurnace,slagismainlyappearedontheradiationheatingsurface,waterwall,condensatetubeandsuperheaterandsoon.2023/6/6492023/6/650在這些區(qū)域爐溫最高，煤中的灰粒大部分處于熔融或軟化狀態(tài)，碰到水冷壁后就被冷卻凝固，粘結在受熱面的外表面上。（no）2023/6/651結焦影響受熱面的傳熱能力、引起水冷壁的熱偏差、流量偏差，造成水循環(huán)故障和暴管，還會引起受熱面的高溫腐蝕時管壁變薄。結焦的原因有：煤的灰分熔點過低、爐膛結構不恰當（qv偏高，水冷壁受熱面偏?。⒒鹧嬷行钠频?。（no）2023/6/6525.減少散熱損失及余熱回收Reduceheatlossandheatrecovery

1）加強爐墻保溫Strengtheningthefurnacewallinsulation

當環(huán)境溫度≤27℃時，設備和保溫結構外表面溫度應≤50℃；當環(huán)境溫度＞27℃時，保溫結構外表面溫度≤環(huán)境溫度+25℃。Whenthetemperatureofenvironmentlessthanorequalto27degree,thetemperatureofequipmentandoutsidethestructureoftheinsulationshouldlessthanorequalto50degree.Whenthetemperatureofenvironmentlessthanorequalto27degree,thetemperatureofoutsidethestructureoftheinsulationshouldlessthanorequaltothetemperatureadded25degreeofenvironment.

2023/6/6532）q6熱損失的回收

Thelossofheatrecovery

q6——為灰渣物理顯熱

Thephysicalashheat。固態(tài)排渣

Solidslag600℃

流化床排渣

Slagbed800℃2023/6/6543）排污余熱利用Blowdownwasteheatrecovery

為保持鍋水標準及排除鍋內沉淀物，鍋爐必須排污。

Inordertomaintainthestandardpotofwaterandruleoutthepotsedimentthattheboilermustblowdown

控制排污量的蒸汽鍋爐水質指標中，主要是堿度和溶解固形物。

Thewaterqualityindicatorsofsteamboilercontrolledtheamountofsewageismainlyalkalinityanddissolvedsolids

定期排污的間隔時間長，一般每班一次，在經(jīng)濟上值得利用的是連續(xù)排污。

Theblowdownonaregularbasisneedsalongtime,ageneralclass,economicallytheblowdowninarowisworthwhileusing.2023/6/655五、提高鍋爐的凈效率

Improvethenetefficiencyoftheboiler鍋爐凈效率是扣除鍋爐運行期間鍋爐房自用汽和自用電能消耗，而計算的鍋爐效率。Afterdiscountingtheeffectofthevaporusedforboilerroomandtheconsumptionofpowerforpersonaluseintheboilerrun-time,thecalculationoftheefficiencyoftheboilerisjustthenetefficiencyoftheboiler.2023/6/656提高鍋爐熱效率，除了降低q2、q3、q4、q5、q6以外，還應節(jié)約自用汽量及節(jié)約用電量。

Toimprovethethermalefficiencyofboilers,inadditiontolowerq2,q3,q4,q5,q6,italsoshouldsavetheirownsteamandtheamountofelectricitysavings.2023/6/6571）風機、水泵采用變頻調速Fans,pumpsusedFrequency

風機、水泵的選型是以額定負荷為依據(jù)的；計算流量和揚程時還需加一個富裕量，鍋爐運行時的風機和水泵的實際流量都小于設備的額定流量，必須進行調解。

Theselectionoffanandpumpisbasedontheratedload;thecalculationofflowandheatneedstoaddWell-offvolume,intherun-timeofboiler,theactualflowoffanandpumpislessthantheratedflowofequipment,soitneedstomediate.2023/6/658改變進、出口節(jié)流閥或擋板的開度，電機輸出功率一部分用來克服節(jié)流的阻力而損失掉了。變頻調速是頻率改變而使電機轉速改變，流量得以調節(jié)，而電機的輸出功率隨轉速大小而改變，達到節(jié)能的效果。

Changingtheopeningofthet