2020年考研英語一真題

絕密★啟用前

2020年全國碩士研究生招生考試

英語（一）

（科目代碼：201）

☆考生注意事項眾

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指定位置上填寫報考單位、考生姓名和考生編號，并涂寫考生編號信息點。

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3.選擇題的答案必須涂寫在答題卡相應(yīng)題號的選項上，非選擇題的答案必須

書寫在答題卡指定位置的邊框區(qū)域內(nèi)。超出答題區(qū)域書寫的答案無效；在

草稿紙、試題冊上答題無效。

4.填（書）寫部分必須使用黑色字跡簽字筆書寫，字跡工整、筆跡清楚；涂

寫部分必須使用2B鉛筆填涂。

5.考試結(jié)束，將答題卡和試題冊按規(guī)定交回。

（以下信息考生必須認真填寫）

考生編號

考生姓名

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Eveniffamiliesdon'tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequentlyasbefore,millions

ofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthenation'sgreat

traditions:theSundayroast.]acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan

2it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis3should

berenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure4todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicwarningaboutthe

risksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked6high

temperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,

rejectthin-crustpizzasandonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidence

tosupportsuchalarmistadvice?9studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecan

causeneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno10evidencethatitcauses

cancerinhumans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis11tocausecancerbuthavenohardscientific

proof.12theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis13to

followtheFSAadvice.14.itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyears

beforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea15.

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16uponSunday

alongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.But

wouldlifebeworthliving?17、theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroast

foods18,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their19riskscoming

acrossasbeingpushyandoverprotective.Constanthealthscaresjust20withno

onelistening.

英語（一）試題.1.（共14頁）

1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till

2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence

3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern

4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed

5.[A]issued[B]received[C]ignored[D]cancelled

6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by

7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid

8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially

9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]if[D]While

10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative

11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow

12.[A]Onthebasisof[B]Atthecostof[C]Inadditionto[D]Incontrastt

13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate

14.[A]]Asusual[B]Inparticular[C]Bydefinition[D]Afterall

15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern

16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used

17.[A]Tobefair[B]Forinstance[C]Tobebrief[D]Ingeneral

18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully

19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition

20.[A]followup[B]pickup[C]openup[D]endup

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

英語（一）試題.2.（共14頁）

Text1

AgroupofLabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenew

yearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture“award.Theproposalisthatit

shouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017,

andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryfor2021.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthe

successofthecrownfbrHull,whereitbroughtin￡220mofinvestmentandan

avalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain'stowns,itistrue,arenot

preventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabidto

beattheirbiggercompetitors.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomean

annualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisno

longerabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,

asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.Acynic

mightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverof

self-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:after

townofculture,whoknowswhatwillfollow一villageofculture?Suburbofculture?

Hamletofculture?

Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun"yearof

culture^^washesinandwashesoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominencefora

spellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholders

ofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringin

high-profileartseventsandgoodpressfbrayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsof

thepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderand

moreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeof

vision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,community

groupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropean

capitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofacomplexseriesoffactorsthathave

turnedthecityintothepowerhouseofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A"townofculture,,couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown's

peculiarities——helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveall

celebratingitspeople.JeremyWright,theculturesecretary,shouldwelcomethis

positive,hope-filledproposal,andturnitintoaction.

英語（一）試題3（共14頁）

21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofculture,,awardcould

[A]consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.

[B]promotecooperationamongBritain'stowns.

[C]increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain'stowns.

[D]focusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas

[A]asensiblecompromise.

[B]aself^deceivingattempt.

[C]aneye-catchingbonus.

[D]aninaccessibletarget.

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit

[A]endeavourstomaintainitsimage.

[B]meetstheaspirationofitspeople.

[C]bringsitslocalartstoprominence.

[D]commitstoitslong-termgrowth.

24.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent

[A]acontrastingcase.

[B]asupportingexample.

[C]abackgroundstory.

[D]arelatedtopic.

25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?

[A]Skeptical.

[B]Objective.

[C]Favourable.

[D]Critical.

英語（一）試題.4.（共14頁）

Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneed

journalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithout

monetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalso

forfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproduction

ofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarket

foritsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.

Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheir

operations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapers

producedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whileUK

universitiesalonespentmorethan￡210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccess

theirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespite

increasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceof

Sci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnow

claimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.Thesuccessof

Sci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegally

accessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbe

transformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfunding

bodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritish

scientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailable

fromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthe

publisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotyetworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.

Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreaders

bychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserange

fromaround￡500to$5,000,andapparentlytheworkgetsmoreexpensivethemore

thatpublishersdoit.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptions

andofthese"articlepreparationcosts“hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.

Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthe

socialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangefbrthehopeofstatus,whilehuge

profitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneed

arebalancingofpower.

英語（一）試題.5.（共14頁）

26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicensetoprintmoney^^partlybecause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentfbrpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublisherslikeElsevierhave

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]reviewedthepublishingindustry.

[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned.

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthescientificpublishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.

[D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

英語（一）試題.6.（共14頁）

Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytolevel

theplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signaling

thatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouse

SpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure“genderparity“onboardsand

commissions,provideacaseinpoint.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-government

boardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemore

suchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebills

becomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentof

boardseatsforwomenby2022.

ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyear

becamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthe

measure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpressly

classifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyare

designedtoaddressan"important“policyinterest.BecausetheCalifornialawapplies

toallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikely

torulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection^^.

Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationon

corporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneral

population,butsowhat?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithout

governmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015

theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboard

membershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.Thatis

exactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.

WritinginTheNewRepublic.AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberof

opportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomen

toserveonsuchboardshasledtoa“goldenskirt“phenomenon,wherethesameelite

womenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,

rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheir

sponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.

英語（一）試題.7.（共14頁）

31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill

[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.

[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlabourandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

英語（一）試題.8.（共14頁）

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwould

imposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicesto

consumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidinga

platformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuser

data,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticians

andmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,“meaningthatitisdesigned

toapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon一in

otherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.

ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,

whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenext

fewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUnitedStates

traderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainst

Americancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.

Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthe

pastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltax

provisions.TheyhaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL

(multinationalanti-avoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomic

presence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britain

andseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesigned

totaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavea

righttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,

theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththe

currenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomic

CooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriesto

reachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceand

theUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservices

taxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsforthe

internationaltaxsystem.

France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbe

reachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollow

suit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdi徐renttaxesfromdozensof

nationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.

英語（一）試題.9.（共14頁）

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies?interests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax

[A]maytriggercountenneasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.

[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thattheOECD'scurrentwork

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoinvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceLeadstheChargeonDigitalTax

[C]FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

英語（一）試題.10.（共14頁）

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable

subheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Thereare

twoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixationsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttoberude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated

[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouare

payingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonistic,suchaswhena

politicalcandidateturnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseye

contactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:

41.

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,and

shewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetween

motherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingatsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbea

complimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentionina

crowdedroom."Eyecontactandsmile,,cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,a

common-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.

42.

NeuroscientistBonnieAuyeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedthe

amountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhen

thedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmen

withsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specific

英語（一）試題.11.（共14頁）

brainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearchers,

usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43.

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedy

SchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsof

messages,dependingonthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnection

ortrustinfriendlysituations,ifsmorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceor

intimidationinadversarialsituations."Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,it

mightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireif

you'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,“said

Minson.

44.

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,often

ontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andthe

eyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageare

registeredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledand

perceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.

45.

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimension

associatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivity

associatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenand

colleagues."Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyare

thecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer."Amoredirectfinding

isthatpeoplewhoscoredhighlyfbrnegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothers

forshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdid

notlookdirectlyatthem.

英語（一）試題.12.（共14頁）

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknown

astheRenaissance,themodemworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.

ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinstead

favouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.Renaissanceideashadspread

throughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishing

extraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.(46)WiththeChurch's

teachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetween

theMedievalandmodemperiodshadbeenbridged、leadingtonewandunexplored

intellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,