語法基本知識之詞法和句法學(xué)案2022-2023學(xué)年初高中英語銜接課程

article(art.)article(art.)numeral(num.)noun(n.)pronoun(pron.)verb(v.)adjective(adj.)adverb(adv.)preposition(prep.)conjunction(conj.)countablenoun(cn.)uncountablenoun(un.)語法基本知識--詞法I.英語中常見的詞性有哪些?冠詞數(shù)詞名詞代詞動詞形容詞副詞介詞連詞名詞又分為：可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞以下劃線動詞有什么不同？Heiswritingaletter.ThetowerwasdesignedbyGilbertScott.Mywatchstopped.Heislookingatme.Heislisteningtothemusic.請比較以下相同動詞在不同語境中的用法:Weareplayingbasketball.Childrenareplayingandchasingeachother.Tomleftlastweek.Neverleftchildrenplayingnearwaterunattended.小結(jié)：動詞分為及物動詞transitiveverb(vt.)和不及物動詞intransitiveverb(vi.)，及物動詞后面必須加賓語,不及物動詞不能接賓語,如需加賓語，賓語前需加介可。及物動詞直被動語態(tài)，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。練習：請說出以下詞的詞性：deskhewaterthatsafeonefirstheregreathard eat arrive haveand but teaII.構(gòu)詞法：.英語構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：派生，轉(zhuǎn)化，合成。派生(derivation)一通過加前綴和后綴構(gòu)成另一個詞。Eg.happy-unhappy-happiness轉(zhuǎn)化(conversion)-由一個詞類變?yōu)榱硪粋€詞類。Eg.watern.---waterv.合成(compounding)--由兩個或更多的詞構(gòu)成一個詞。Eg.wood+cut=woodcut木亥ljHappy+go+lucky=happy-go-lucky無憂無慮.派生：an,a,theinprefer---preferenceguide-guidanceassistprefer---preferenceguide-guidanceassist——assistance后綴：1)轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞exist---existenceappear-appearanceenter——entrancerefer---referenceperform---performanceinsure——insuranceintroduce——introduction小結(jié)1：-ence,-anceproduce---productionreduceintroduce——introductionconsume-consumptiondestroy-destructionreceive-receptionintend---intentionreserve---reservationconserve——conservationassume---assumptiondescribe-descriptionsolve-solutiondefine---definitionpreserve-preservationobserve-——observationstarve---starvation辨析：reserve,preserve,conserveReserve:(toarrangeforaplaceinahotel,restaurant,planeetctobekeptforyouto

useataparticulartimeinthefuture)I'dliketoreserveatablefortwo.Doyouhavetoreserveticketsforadvance?Preserve,conserve(toprotectsth.andpreventitfromchangingorbeingdamaged)Wemustencouragetheplantingofnewtreesandpreserve/conserveourexistingwoodlands.Organize---organizationwoodlands.Organize---organizationRealize---realizationExamine---examinationImagine---imaginationInvite--invitationForm---formationTransport---transportationPrepare-preparationOccupy---occupationApply-applicationExtend---extensionAdmit---admissionExplode-explosionDecide---decision小結(jié)2：-tion,-sionAssess-assessment小結(jié)3：-meritCrazy---crazinessHappyihappiness小結(jié)4：-nessIII-illness happy---happinesscivilize---civilizationdetermine-determinationinform---informationexplore---explorationsatisfy----satisfactionrecommend-recommendationexpand-expansionpermit--permissionconclude---conclusiondivide---divisionbase-basementlazy-lazinesslonely---loneliness語法基本知識-一句法I.句子成分：主語subject謂語賓語表語定語狀語補語同位語predicateobjectpredicativeattributeadverbialcomplementappositiveWeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.We,youngpeople,shoulddoourduties.LiMing,myfriend,worksinafactory.II.句子的分類：（按結(jié)構(gòu)）Weloveourmotherland.簡單句（只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)）Honeyissweet,butthebeestings, 并歹U句Comeagainwhenyouarefree.復(fù)合句小結(jié)：按照結(jié)構(gòu)，句子可以分為簡單句，并列句和復(fù)合句。IIL簡單句五種基本句式：1.1slept.Yougotup.2.Allsawme.Iliketoplayfootball.Helikesreading.3.1amhappy.Wegotexcited.主+謂（vi.）主+謂（vt.）+賓主+系+表Shelentmesomemoney.Shewhisperedmeyourstories. 主+謂+雙賓語ThatladyteachesyouEnglish.Sheaskedmetohelpher.Isawyousmiling.Ihadmyshoescleaned.主+謂+賓+賓補問題1:常見的系動詞有哪些？1)表狀態(tài):be,remain,keep,appear,seem,lie,stand,look,sound,smell,taste,feel...表變化:become,get,grow,turn,fall,go....他看起來很疲憊。.他說的話聽起來很有道理。.這面包聞起來很糟糕。.這湯很好喝。 。.這絲綢摸起來很柔軟。.在秋天，熊吃了又吃，長的胖極了。.請保持安靜。.天越來越暖和了。.我母親越來越老了.秋天樹葉變黃了。.他仍然保持沉默。.魚在熱天不久就變壞了。.我會一直陪著她，直到她睡著。Iwillstaywithheruntilshefallsasleep..廚房門開著，于是她走了進去。Thekitchendoorstoodopen,soshewentin.Thehousestoodempty..塔斯曼海(TheTasmanSea)位于塔斯馬尼亞(Tasmania)和澳大利亞之間。TheTasmanSealiesbetweenTasmaniaandAustralia.問題2：常見的接雙賓語的動詞有哪些？give,bring,tell,send,pass,show,teach,buy,hand等.他給我?guī)砹艘槐咀值?。請讓我看看你的護照。請把那支筆遞給我。媽媽給我講了個故事。許老師教我們英語。IV.請分析以下句子的結(jié)構(gòu):1.Sheisanicelady. Icouldn'tfindabettersittingroom.Ihavegotthewaytosolvetheproblem.IwatchedamoviecalledTheGreatGatsbyIfinallyfoundthemanwhohadhelpedmebefore.小結(jié)1:定語修飾名詞和代詞，一般由形容詞，分詞，不定式或從句充當。當定語較短時，在所修飾詞前，當定語較長時，在所修飾詞后。2.1getupatsix. Ididmyworkathome.Shefeelsveryhappy.Hewassurprisedatthenews.Ifyoucomeearly,youwillmeether.Youarelisteningtomeverycarefully.Igetupwhenthebellrings.IgotupearlysothatIcouldcatchthebus.tocatchthebus.Hecanhardlyunderstandit.Heranintotheroomcrying.Hecellphonewasstolen,causingherinformationtobeleaked.小結(jié)2：狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式，分詞或從句來充當，表示時間、地點、原因、條件、方式、目的、程度、伴隨、結(jié)果等。修飾動詞，形容詞、副詞或全句。Ifounditaboringfilm.Theyfoundherhappyyesterday.Isawtheelevatorupanddown.It'sverycol