空間分析概念框架管理演示文稿

空間分析概念框架管理演示文稿當(dāng)前第1頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)（優(yōu)選）空間分析概念框架管理當(dāng)前第2頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)當(dāng)前第3頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)Placeeg.A:1118W25THST,LosAngeles,90007B:LosAngelesConventionCenterThebasisofrigorousandprecisedefinitionofplaceisacoordinatesystem:latitude/longitudeeg.A:(34.033572,-118.284656)B:(34.043219,-118.269850)當(dāng)前第4頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)Attributes:

Adataitemassociatedwithanindividualobject(record)inaspatialdatabase

Explicitattributes:elevation;nameImplicitattributes:polylinelength,polygoncentroid.當(dāng)前第5頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)Example當(dāng)前第6頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)Example當(dāng)前第7頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)ObjectsPointsaspairsofcoordinates,inlatitude/longitudeorsomeotherstandardsystemLinesasorderedsequencesofpointsconnectedbystraightlinesAreasorvolumesasorderedringsofpoints,alsoconnectedbystraightlinestoformpolygons.當(dāng)前第8頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)HowtodefinethedistancebetweenLAandLV???當(dāng)前第9頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)Fieldsdenotesaquantitythatcanbetheoreticallyassignedtoanypointofspace.TwowaysofthinkingaboutattributesontheEarth’ssurface:

Continuousfields(sometimesdiscontinuousfield)

Discreteobjects

當(dāng)前第10頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)Discreteobjects當(dāng)前第11頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)ContinuousfieldsElevationsurfaceContinuousfieldsSurface

Contours

Contours

當(dāng)前第12頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)Topology:Apropertyissaidtobetopologicalifitsurvivesstretchinganddistortingofspace.

Dimensionality:thedistinctionbetweenpoint,line,area,andvolume,whicharesaidtohavetopologicaldimensionsof0,1,2,and3respectivelyAdjacency:includingthetouchingoflandparcels,counties,andnation-statesConnectivity:includingjunctionsbetweenstreets,roads,railroads,andriversContainment:whenapointliesinsideratherthanoutsideanarea當(dāng)前第13頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)ExampleRemainincontacthowevermuchstretchingisapplied!Twocontourscannotcross!(待續(xù)）當(dāng)前第14頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)

GeographicInformationSystem4.1BasicPrimitives4.2SpatialRelationships4.3SpatialStatistics當(dāng)前第15頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)4.2SpatialRelationshipsNeighborhood:refertothesetofzonesorcellsthatareimmediatelyadjacenttoaselectedzoneorcell‘Moore’neighborhoodor‘Queen’smove’neighborhood‘vonNeumann’or‘Rook’smove’neighborhood(待續(xù)）當(dāng)前第16頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)1.2SpatialRelationshipsExtensiontoNeighborhoodNaturalNeighborhoodPrecinctNeighborhoodPollutionNeighborhood當(dāng)前第17頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)4.2SpatialRelationshipsDistance,direction(待續(xù)）Proximity(spatialweightsmatrices)

:Asparse

matrixexpressingtherelativeconnectionofpairsofplaces,oftendenotedbyW,including:1iftheplacesshareacommonboundary,else0thelengthofanycommonboundarybetweentheplaces,else0adecreasingfunctionofthedistancebetweentheplaces,orbetweentheirrepresentativepoints,ortheirkthnearestneighbors當(dāng)前第18頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)Example當(dāng)前第19頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialheterogeneity:thevariabilityofobject’sattributesinspace,estimatedbyvarianceLowvarianceHighvariance(待續(xù)）當(dāng)前第20頁\共有21頁\編于星期一\8點(diǎn)4.2SpatialRelationshipsSpatialdependence:object’sattributesatnearbypointsarenotsampledindependentlyandrandomly,butinsteadshowremarkablelevelsofinterdepende