計算機專業(yè)英語修訂考試系統(tǒng)2011chapt

1.2 Computer

Hardwarecushion粘附，膠著，堅持，堅持建筑上的，建筑學(xué)的算術(shù)，運算集合，聚集，裝配，集合櫥柜，機箱檢驗，校驗，收款處芯片結(jié)晶狀的晶體墊子，軟墊，襯墊Wordsadhere

v.Architectural

adj.arithmetic

n.assemble

v.cabinet

n.checkout

n.chip

n.crystal

adj. n.n.dropletn.小滴duplicaten.復(fù)制品，副本electromagneticadj.電磁的flexibleadj.柔韌的，易曲的impurityn.雜質(zhì)，混雜物，不潔，不純immenseadj.極廣大的，無邊的megabyten.兆字節(jié)metallicadj.金屬的moleculen.分子multiplicationn.乘法，增加mylarn.聚脂薄膜neonn.氖，氖光燈，霓虹燈opticaladj.光學(xué)的，眼的，視力的oxiden.氧化物plasman.等離子體，等離子區(qū)plottern.繪圖儀reinforcementn.增援，加強，加固，援軍sensitiveadj.敏感的，靈敏的，感光的sterileadj.貧脊的，不育的，消過毒的，無菌的sprayv.噴射，噴濺temporarilyadv.暫時地，臨時地thermaladj.熱的，熱量的tonern.調(diào)色劑，調(diào)色者，碳粉vocalizev.成為有聲volatileadj.揮發(fā)性的，可變的，不穩(wěn)定的Phrasesdot-matrix

printerhead

crashink-jetprinterlaser

printerline

upthermal

printer點陣式打印機磁頭劃傷噴墨式打印機激光打印機排列起，（使）排成行，（使）對齊熱敏式打印機Abbreviations算術(shù)–邏輯單元電致發(fā)光ALU（Arithmetic-Logic

Unit）EL（Electroluminescent）LCD（Liquid-Crystal

Display）液晶顯示器Computer

hardware

has

four

parts:

the

central

processing

unit(CPU)

and

memory,

storage

hardware,

input

hardware,

andoutput

hardware.計算機硬件具有四部分：中央處理器和內(nèi)存、存儲硬件、輸入硬件和輸出硬件。CPU

The

part

of

the

computer

that

runs

the

program

is

knownas

the

processor

or

central

processing

unit

(CPU).

In

a

puter,the

CPU

is

on

a

single

electronic

component,the

microprocessorchip,

within

the

system

unit

or

system

cabinet.

The

CPU

itselfhas

two

parts:

the

control

unit

and

the

arithmetic-logic

unit.

In

aputer,

these

are

both

on

the

puter

chip.CPU計算機運行程序的部分被稱為處理器或中央處理單元。在微型計算機中，CPU在系統(tǒng)單元或系統(tǒng)機箱內(nèi)的單獨電子元件，即微處理器芯片上。CPU本身具有兩個部分：控制單元和算術(shù)－邏輯單元。在微型計算機中，這兩個部分都在微型機芯片上。1.2 Computer

HardwareThe

Control

Unit

The

control

unit

tells

the

rest

ofthe

computer

system

how

to

carry

out

a

program'sinstructions.

It

directs

the

movement

ofelectronicsignals

between

memory

and

the

arithmetic-logicunit.

It

also

directs

these

control

signals

among

theCPU,

input

and

output

devices.控制單元控制單元告訴計算機系統(tǒng)的其他部分如何完成程序指令。它指揮著電子信號在內(nèi)存和算術(shù)－邏輯單元之間的移動。它也指揮著CPU和輸入輸出設(shè)備之間的控制信號。The

Arithmetic-Logic

Unitusually

called

the

ALU,The

arithmetic-logic

unit,performs

two

types

ofoperations—arithmeticoperations

are,

asand

logical.

Arithmeticyou

might

expect,

thefundamental

math

operations:

addition,

subtraction,multiplication,

and

division.

Logical

operationsconsist

of

comparisons.

That

is

,

two

pieces

of

dataare

compared

to

see

whether

one

is

equal

to,

lessthan,

or

greater

than

the

other.算術(shù)—邏輯單元通常被稱為ALU，完成兩類運算——算術(shù)和邏輯。算術(shù)運算是基本的數(shù)學(xué)運算：加、減、乘、除。邏輯運算是由比較（運算）構(gòu)成的。也就是說，用兩塊數(shù)據(jù)進行比較，以看其中一個是否是等于、小于或大于另外一個。內(nèi)存內(nèi)存也被稱為主存儲器、內(nèi)部存儲器，臨時存儲數(shù)據(jù)、程序指令和信息。關(guān)于內(nèi)存需要重點了解的是它所保存的內(nèi)容只是臨時的。換句話說，這些內(nèi)容只有在計算機開著時才能保存。當(dāng)機器被關(guān)閉時，其內(nèi)容會立即消失。在內(nèi)存中所存儲的信息是不穩(wěn)定的并會很快消失。Memory

Memory

is

also

known

as

primary

storage,internal

storage,

and

it

temporarily

holds

data,program

instructions,

and

information.

One

of

themost

important

facts

to

know

about

memory

is

thatpart

of

its

content

is

held

only

temporarily.

In

otherwords,

it

is

stored

only

as

long

as

the

computer

isturned

on.

When

you

turn

the

machine

off,

thecontent

will

immediately

vanish.

The

stored

contentin

memory

is

volatile

and

can

vanish

very

quickly.

分析：句中means

是“方法”的意思。whenneeded

forprocessing是狀語從句whenthey

are

neededfor

processing

的省略形式。為了簡潔起見，有的狀語從句（如時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句等）有時可省略從句的主語和部分謂語（尤其是當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語一致，且從句謂語包括有動詞be時）。例如，He

keptsilent

when

(he

was)asked

why

he

waslate.

問他為什么遲到，他一言不發(fā)。Storage

Hardware

[1]The

purpose

of

storagehardware

is

to

provide

a

means

of

storing

computerinstructions

and

data

in

a

form

that

is

relativelypermanent,

that

is,

the

data

will

not

be

lost

when

thepower

is

turned

off—and

easy

to

retrieve

whenneeded

for

processing.

There

are

four

kinds

ofstorage

hardware:

floppy

disks,

hard

disks,

opticaldisk,

and

magnetic

tape.存儲硬件存儲硬件的作用是以一種相對持久的方式提供存儲計算機指令和數(shù)據(jù)的方法，即當(dāng)切斷電源時不會丟失數(shù)據(jù)，且當(dāng)需要處理數(shù)據(jù)時又容易恢復(fù)。存儲硬件有四種：軟盤、硬盤、光盤和磁帶。FloppyDisks

Floppy

disks

are

also

called

diskettes,flexible

disks,

floppies,

or

simply

disks.

The

plasticdisk

inside

the

diskette

cover

is

flexible,

not

rigid.They

are

flat,

circular

pieces

of

mylar

plastic

thatrotate

within

a

jacket.

Data

and

programs

are

storedas

electromagnetic

charges

on

a

metal

oxide

filmcoating

the

mylar

plastic.軟盤軟盤又被稱為軟磁盤、可彎曲磁盤、軟盤或簡單地稱為磁盤。在磁盤封套內(nèi)是柔韌的圓形聚酯塑料盤片，它們在封套內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)。程序和數(shù)據(jù)以電磁荷的形式存儲在聚脂塑料片表面的金屬氧化物薄膜上。Hard

DisksHard

disks

consist

of

metallic

rather

than

plasticplatters.

They

are

tightly

sealed

to

prevent

any

foreign

matterfrom

getting

inside.

Hard

disks

are

extremely

sensitiveinstruments.

The

read-write

head

rides

on

a

cushion

of

air

about0.000

001

inch

thick.

It

is

so

thin

thata

smoke

particle,fingerprint,dust,

or

human

hair

could

cause

what

is

known

as

a

head

crash.A

head

crash

happens

when

the

surface

of

the

read-write

heador

particles

on

its

surface

contact

the

magnetic

disk

surface.

Ahead

crashis

a

disasterfor

ahard

disk.Itmeans

that

some

or

allof

the

data

on

the

disk

is

destroyed.

Hard

disks

are

assembledunder

sterile

conditions

and

sealed

from

impurities

within

theirpermanent

containers.硬盤硬盤是由金屬盤片而不是塑料盤片組成的。它們被緊緊地密封起來，以防止外界東西進入。硬盤是非常靈敏的設(shè)備。讀寫頭浮在大約0.000001英寸厚的空氣氣墊上。它是如此的薄，以至于煙粒、指印、灰塵或者頭發(fā)都可能引起磁頭劃傷。當(dāng)讀寫頭的表面或表面上的微粒與磁盤表面接觸時就會發(fā)生磁頭劃傷。磁頭劃傷對于硬盤來講是災(zāi)難，它意味著磁盤上的數(shù)據(jù)部分或全部丟失。硬盤在無菌條件下安裝并且密封在遠(yuǎn)離雜質(zhì)的永久的容器內(nèi)。Optical

Disks

Opticaldisks

are

used

for

storinggreat

quantities

of

data.

An

optical

disk

can

hold650

megabytes

of

data—the

equivalent

ofhundreds

of

floppy

disks.

Moreover,

an

opticaldisk

makes

an

immense

amount

of

informationavailable

on

a

puter.

In

optical-disk

technology,a

laser

beam

alters

the

surface

of

a

plastic

ormetallic

disk

to

represent

data.

To

read

the

data,a

laser

scans

these

areas

and

sends

the

data

toa

computer

chip

for

conversion.光盤光盤用于存儲大量的數(shù)據(jù)。一個光盤可能容納650兆字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)——相當(dāng)于數(shù)以百計的軟盤。并且，光盤使得大量的信息可用于微機上。在光盤技術(shù)中，激光束改變塑料或金屬盤的表面來代表數(shù)據(jù)。為了讀取數(shù)據(jù)，激光掃描這些區(qū)域并且將這些數(shù)據(jù)送給計算機芯片以轉(zhuǎn)換。Magnetic

TapeMagnetic

tape

is

an

effective

way

ofprograms

and

data.making

a

backup,

or

duplicate,

copy

of

yourWe

mentioned

the

alarmingconsequences

that

can

happen

if

a

hard

disk

suffersa

head

crash.

You

will

lose

some

or

all

of

your

data

orprograms.

Of

course,

you

can

always

make

copies

ofyour

hard-disk

files

on

floppy

disks.

However,

this

canbe

time-consuming

and

may

require

many

floppydisks.

Magnetic

tape

is

sequential

access

storageand

can

solve

the

problem

mentioned

above.磁帶磁帶是備份（即復(fù)制、拷貝程序和數(shù)據(jù)）的有效方法。我們曾提到如果硬盤遭遇磁頭劃傷就會產(chǎn)生令人擔(dān)憂的結(jié)果，因為這將會丟失部分或全部的程序或數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)然，也可以將硬盤上的文件拷貝到軟盤上。然而這很費時，并且需要很多軟盤。磁帶是順序訪問存儲的，能夠解決上面所提到的問題。Input

Hardware

Input

devices

take

data

andprograms,

and

people

can

read

orunderstand

andconvert

them

to

a

form

the

computer

can

process.This

is

the

machine-readable

electronic

signals

of0s

and

1s.

Input

hardware

is

of

two

kinds:keyboard

entry

and

direct

entry.輸入硬件輸入硬件接收人們能讀懂的程序和數(shù)據(jù)，并將其轉(zhuǎn)換為計算機能處理的形式。這就是機器可讀的電子信號0和1。輸入硬件有鍵盤輸入和直接輸入兩種。Keyboard

Entry

Data

is

input

to

the

computerthrough

a

keyboard

that

looks

like

a

typewriterkeyboard

but

has

additional

keys.

In

this

way,

theuser

typically

reads

from

an

original

documentcalled

the

source

document.

The

user

enters

thatdocument

by

typing

on

the

keyboard.鍵盤輸入數(shù)據(jù)通過形似打字機鍵盤但有附加鍵的鍵盤輸入到計算機。用這種方式，用戶一般讀取被稱為是源文件的初始文件，通過在鍵盤上打字輸入文件。Direct

Entry

Data

is

made

into

machine-readableform

as

it

is

entered

into

the

computer,

no

keyboardis

used.

Direct

entry

devices

may

be

categorizedinto

three

areas:

pointing

devices

(for

example,mouse,

touch

screen,

light

pen,

digitizer),

scanningdevices

(for

example,

image

scanner,

fax

machine,bar-code

reader),

and

voice-input

devices.直接輸入當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)輸入到計算機時，是以機器可讀懂的形式輸入的，不需要鍵盤。直接輸入設(shè)備分成三類：指針設(shè)備（如：鼠

標(biāo)、觸摸屏、光筆、數(shù)字化儀）、掃描設(shè)備（如：圖像掃描儀、傳真機、條形碼讀器）和聲音輸入設(shè)備。Output

Hardwaremachine-readableOutputinformationdevicesintoconvertpeople-readable

form.

Common

output

devices

aremonitors,

printers,

plotters,

and

voice

output.輸出硬件輸出設(shè)備將機器可讀的信息轉(zhuǎn)換為人類可讀的形式。一般的輸出設(shè)備有監(jiān)視器、打印機、繪圖儀和聲音輸出設(shè)備。分析：句中l(wèi)ine

up意思是“排成行”，that

alters

theiroptical

properties

是定語從句，修飾way。Monitors

Monitors

are

also

called

display

screen

or

videodisplay

terminals.

Most

monitors

that

sit

on

desks

are

built

in

thesame

way

as

television

sets,

and

these

monitors

are

calledcathode-ray

tubes.

Another

type

of

monitor

is

flat-panel

display,including

liquid-crystal

display

(LCD),

electroluminescent

(EL)display

and

gas-plasma

display.

An

LCD

does

not

emit

light

of

itsown.

Rather,

it

consists

of

crystal

molecules.

[2]An

electric

fieldcauses

the

molecules

to

line

up

in

a

way

that

alters

their

opticalproperties.

Unfortunately,

many

LCDs

are

difficult

to

read

insunlight

or

other

strong

light.

A

gas-plasma

display

is

the

besttype

of

flat

screen.

Like

a

neon

lightbulb,

theplasma

displayusesa

gas

that

emits

light

in

the

presence

of

an

electriccurrent.監(jiān)視器監(jiān)視器也被稱為屏幕顯示或視頻顯示終端。大多數(shù)放在桌面上的監(jiān)視器的制作方法同電視機一樣，它們被稱為是陰極射線管。另一類監(jiān)視器是平板顯示器，包括液晶顯示器、光電發(fā)光顯示器和等離子顯示器。液晶顯示器自己不發(fā)射光，相反，是由晶體分子組成，電場使得這些分子排成一行，這種排行改變著它們的光學(xué)特性。遺憾的是，許多液晶顯示器在太陽光或其他強光下很難讀到。等離子顯示器是平板顯示器中最好的一種。與氖光燈泡一樣，等離子顯示器在電流存在的情況下使用一種發(fā)光的氣體。Printers

There

are

four

popular

kinds

of

printers:

dot-matrix,

laser,

ink-jet,

and

thermal.Dot-Matrix

Printer

Dot-matrix

printers

can

produce

apage

of

text

in

less

than

10

seconds

and

are

highlyreliable.

They

form

characters

or

images

using

aseries

of

small

pins

on

a

print

head.

The

pins

strike

aninked

ribbon

and

create

an

image

on

paper.

Printersare

available

with

print

heads

of

9,

18,

or

24

pins.

Onedisadvantage

of

this

type

of

printer

is

noise.打印機有四種流行的打印機：點陣式、激光式、噴墨式和熱敏式。點陣式打印機能在不到幾秒的時間內(nèi)打印一頁文本并且非?？煽?。點陣式打印機利用在打印頭上的一系列小針來形成字符或圖像。這些針擊打噴墨的色帶并在紙上產(chǎn)生圖像。有9針、18針和24針的打印機，這種打印機的一個缺點是它的噪音。Laser

Printer

The

laser

printer

creates

dot-likeimages

on

a

drum,

using

a

laser

beam

light

source.[3]Thecharacters

are

treated

with

a

magneticallycharged

ink-like

toner

and

then

are

transferred

fromdrum

to

paper.

A

heat

process

is

used

to

make

thecharacters

adhere.

The

laser

printer

producesimages

with

excellent

letter

and

graphics

quality.分析：句中treatwith

意思是“用……處理”，then

后面省略了主語the

characters。激光打印機使用激光束光源在磁鼓上產(chǎn)生小點一樣的圖像，用磁化的帶電的像墨一樣的碳粉處理這些字符，然后從磁鼓傳送到紙上，再使用熱處理過程使這些字符粘貼。激光打印機打印的圖像字符清晰，圖像質(zhì)量高。Ink-Jet

Printer

An

ink-jet

printer

sprays

smalldroplets

of

ink

at

highspeed

onto

the

surface

of

thepaper.

This

process

not

only

produces

a

letter-quality

image

but

also

permits

printing

to

be

done

ina

variety

of

colors.噴墨式打印機能以很高速度將小點狀墨汁噴到紙面上。這一過程不僅印刷高質(zhì)量的圖像，并且能打印彩色圖像。Thermal

Printer

A

thermal

printer

uses

heatelements

to

produce

images

on

heat-sensitivepaper.Color

thermal

printers

are

not

as

popular

because

oftheir

cost

and

the

requirement

of

specifically

treatedpaper.

They

are

a

more

special

use

printer

thatproduces

near

photographic

output.

They

are

widelyused

in

professional

art

and

design

work

where

veryhigh

quality

color

is

essential.熱敏式打印機使用熱元素在熱感應(yīng)紙上產(chǎn)生圖像。由于價格高并需要特殊處理的紙張，彩色熱敏打印機不是很普及。熱敏式打印機是產(chǎn)生逼真輸出的特殊打印機。它們被廣泛應(yīng)用在要求高質(zhì)量彩色輸出的專業(yè)藝術(shù)設(shè)計工作中。Plotters

Plotters

are

special-purposedevices

for

producing

bar

charts,outputmaps,architectural

drawings,

and

even

three-dimensionalillustrations.

Plotters

can

produce

high-qualitymulticolor

documents

and

also

documents

that

arelarger

in

size

than

most

printers

can

handle.

Thereare

four

types

of

plotters:

pen,

ink-jet,

electrostatic,and

direct

imaging.繪圖儀是特殊用途的輸出設(shè)備，用于產(chǎn)生條形圖、地圖、建筑繪圖，甚至三維圖表。繪圖儀可以輸出高質(zhì)量的多種色彩的文檔，并且文檔的尺寸比大多數(shù)打印機能處理的要大。有四種類型的繪圖儀：鋼筆、噴墨、靜電和直接圖像。Voice-Output

Devices

Voice-output

devices

makesounds

that

resemble

human

speech

but

actually

are

pre-recorded

vocalized

sounds.

Voice

output

is

used

as

areinforcement

tool

for

learning,

such

as

to

help

studentsstudy

a

foreign

language.

It

is

used

in

many

supermarketsat

the

checkout

counter

to

confirm

purchases.

Of

course,one

of

the

most

powerful

capabilities

is

to

assist

thephysically

challenged.聲音輸出設(shè)備聲音輸出設(shè)備可以發(fā)出類似于人類說話的聲音，但實際上是事先錄制的聲音。聲音輸出作為強化工具被用于輔助學(xué)習(xí)，例如幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)外語。它還被用于許多超市的收款臺來確認(rèn)購買。當(dāng)然，它最強大的功能是用來幫助殘障者。習(xí)題1.2Ⅰ.

Put

“true”

or

“false”

in

the

brackets

for

the

following

statements

accordingto

the

passage.(

)

The

CPU

is

the

processor

of

a

computer.(

)

The

memory

of

a

computer

can

h