神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞

神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞第一頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三TypesandFunctionsofGliaNameofGlialCellFunctionAstrocyte(Astroglia)Star-shapedcellsthatprovidephysicalandnutritionalsupportforneurons:1)cleanupbrain"debris";2)transportnutrientstoneurons;3)holdneuronsinplace;4)digestpartsofdeadneurons;5)regulatecontentofextracellularspaceMicrogliaLikeastrocytes,microgliadigestpartsofdeadneurons.Oligo-dendrogliaProvidetheinsulation(myelin)toneuronsinthecentralnervoussystem.SatelliteCellsPhysicalsupporttoneuronsintheperipheralnervoussystem.SchwannCellsProvidetheinsulation(myelin)toneuronsintheperipheralnervoussystem.第二頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三NeurogliaintheCNS第三頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Abletoreplicate!ImportanceinnervoussystemfunctionisVASTLYunderestimated!Evidenceismounting:NurturingroleSignalingrole(Memory?)InflammationPainManymoretocome!Neuroglia:DistinguishingFeatures第四頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三PresenceoftightjunctionsbetweentheendothelialcellsOneofthenotablefeaturesofendothelialcellsincomparisontoothercellisthelackofpinocyticvesiclesSelectivepermeabilitytomoleculesbasedontheirmolecularweightandlipidsolubilityPresenceofspecificmarkersRichintwoenzymes:gammaglutamyltranspeptidase(GGTP)(foraminoacidtransport)andalkalinephosphatase(transportofphsopahteions)usedasmarkerforBBB.Others:glucosetransporter(GLUT-1);endothelialbarrierantigen(EBA;unknownfunction)andantigenrecognizedbytheMRCOX-47monoclonalantibody(importantforcell-to-celladhesion);transferrinreceptor(transportofferricions).PropertiesofBloodBrainBarriers第五頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三BBB第六頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三1.NeuronshaveTWO"processes"calledaxonsanddendrites.GlialcellsonlyhaveONE.2.NeuronsCANgenerateactionpotentials.GlialcellsCANNOT,however,dohavearestingpotential.3.NeuronsHAVEsynapsesthatuseneurotransmitters.GlialcellsdoNOThavechemicalsynapses.4.NeuronsdoNOTcontinuetodivide.GlialcellsDOcontinuetodivide.5.TherearemanyMORE(10-50timesmore)glialcellsinthebraincomparedtothenumberofneurons.

Gliaaredifferentfromneurons:第七頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三NerveCells第八頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Neurons,Glia,ExtracellularSpace,andBlood第九頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三BidirectionalCommunicationPartnersintheCNSReceivingsignalsfromneighboringneuronsandrespondingtothemwithreleaseofneuroactivesubstancesExpressreceptorsforalmostallneurotransmittersandneuromodulatorsIncreaseofintracellularcalciumconcentrationMembranedepolarizationinastrocytesarecommonresponsestoneuralactivityMetabolicallycoupledtoneuralactivity第十頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三MetabolismofAstrocytesandtheirMetabolicCooperationwithNeuronsGlucoseAminoacidmetabolismEnzymes:glutaminesynthetase(glutamate-glutaminecycle);glycogenphosphorylatase(glycogenmobilization);pyruvatecarboxylase(anapleroticsynthesisofoxaloacetate);cysteinesulfinatedecarboxylase(synthesisoftaurine);glycinecleavagesystem,glycinemetabolism.

第十一頁，共十二頁，編輯于2023年，星期三ThreeTypesofMetabolicCooperationofAstrocytesandNeuronsSupplyoftheenergysubstratelactatetoneuro