軟件工程外文翻譯文獻

軟件工程外文翻譯文獻軟件工程外文翻譯文獻(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)SoftwareengineeringSoftwareengineeringisthestudyoftheuseofengineeringmethodstobuildandmaintaineffective,practicalandhigh-qualitysoftwaredisciplines.Itinvolvestheprogramminglanguage,database,softwaredevelopmenttools,systemplatform,standards,designpatternsandsoon.

Inmodernsociety,thesoftwareusedinmanyways.Typicalsoftwaresuchasemail,embeddedsystems,human-machineinterface,officepackages,operatingsystems,compilers,databases,games.Meanwhile,almostallthevarioussectorsofcomputersoftwareapplications,suchasindustry,agriculture,banking,aviationandgovernmentdepartments.Theseapplicationsfacilitatetheeconomicandsocialdevelopment,improvepeople'sworkingefficiency,whileimprovingthequalityoflife.

Softwareengineersistocreatesoftwareapplicationsofpeoplecollectively,accordingtowhichsoftwareengineerscanbedividedintodifferentareasofsystemanalysts,softwaredesigners,systemarchitects,programmers,testersandsoon.Itisalsooftenusedtorefertoavarietyofsoftwareengineers,programmers.

Origin

Inviewofdifficultiesencounteredinsoftwaredevelopment,NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)in1968organizedthefirstConferenceonSoftwareEngineering,andwillbepresentedatthe"softwareengineering"todefinetheknowledgerequiredforsoftwaredevelopment,andsuggestedthat"softwaredevelopmenttheactivitiesofsimilarprojectsshouldbe."SoftwareEngineeringhasformallyproposedsince1968,thistimetoaccumulatealargenumberofresearchresults,widelylotoftechnicalpractice,academiaandindustrythroughthejointeffortsofsoftwareengineeringisgraduallydevelopingintoaprofessionaldiscipline.

Definition

creationanduseofsoundengineeringprinciplesinordertoobtainreliableandeconomicallyefficientsoftware.

applicationofsystematic,followtheprinciplecanbemeasuredapproachtodevelopment,operationandmaintenanceofsoftware;thatistobeappliedtosoftwareengineering.

Thedevelopment,managementandupdatingsoftwareproductsrelatedtotheories,methodsandtools.

Aknowledgeordiscipline(discipline),aimstoproducegoodquality,punctualdelivery,withinbudgetandmeetusersneedsoftware.

thepracticalapplicationofscientificknowledgeinthedesign,buildcomputerprograms,andtheaccompanyingdocumentsproduced,andthesubsequentoperationandmaintenance.

Usesystematicproductionandmaintenanceofsoftwareproductsrelatedtotechnologyandmanagementexpertisetoenablesoftwaredevelopmentandchangesinthelimitedtimeandundercost.Constructionteamofengineersdevelopedtheknowledgeoflargesoftwaresystemsdisciplines.

thesoftwareanalysis,design,implementationandmaintenanceofasystematicmethod.

thesystematicapplicationoftoolsandtechniquesinthedevelopmentofcomputer-basedapplications.

SoftwareEngineeringandComputerScience

Softwaredevelopmentintheendisascienceoranengineering,thisisaquestiontobedebatedforalongtime.Infact,boththetwocharacteristicsofsoftwaredevelopment.Butthisdoesnotmeanthattheycanbeconfusedwitheachother.Manypeoplethinkthatsoftwareengineering,computerscienceandinformationscience-basedasinthetraditionalsenseofthephysicalandchemicalengineeringas.IntheU.S.,about40%ofsoftwareengineerswithadegreeincomputerscience.Elsewhereintheworld,thisratioisalsosimilar.Theywillnotnecessarilyuseeverydayknowledgeofcomputerscience,buteverydaytheyusethesoftwareengineeringknowledge.

Forexample,PeterMcBreenthatsoftware"engineering"meanshigherdegreeofrigorandprovenprocesses,notsuitableforalltypesofsoftwaredevelopmentstage.PeterMcBreeninthebook"SoftwareCraftsmanship:TheNewImperative"putforwardtheso-called"craftsmanship"oftheargument,considerthatakeyfactorinthesuccessofsoftwaredevelopment,istodeveloptheskills,not"manufacturing"softwareprocess.

Softwareengineeringandcomputerprogramming

Softwareengineeringexistsinavarietyofapplicationsexistinallaspectsofsoftwaredevelopment.Theprogramdesigntypicallyincludeprogramdesignandcodingoftheiterativeprocess,itisastageofsoftwaredevelopment.

Softwareengineering,softwareprojectseekstoprovideguidanceinallaspects,fromfeasibilityanalysissoftwareuntilthesoftwareaftercompletionofmaintenancework.Softwareengineeringthatsoftwaredevelopmentandmarketingactivitiesarecloselyrelated.Suchassoftwaresales,usertraining,hardwareandsoftwareassociatedwithinstallation.Softwareengineeringmethodologythatshouldnotbeanindependentprogrammerfromtheteamandtodevelop,andtheprogramofpreparationcannotbedivorcedfromthesoftwarerequirements,design,andcustomerinterests.

Softwareengineeringdesignofindustrialdevelopmentistheembodimentofacomputerprogram.

Softwarecrisis

Softwareengineering,rootedinthe20thcenturytotheriseof60,70and80yearsofsoftwarecrisis.Atthattime,manyofthesoftwarehavebeenatragicfinaloutcome.Manyofthesoftwaredevelopmenttimesignificantlybeyondtheplannedschedule.Someprojectsledtothelossofproperty,andevensomeofthesoftwareledtocasualties.Whilesoftwaredevelopershavefounditincreasinglydifficultforsoftwaredevelopment.

OS360operatingsystemisconsideredtobeatypicalcase.Untilnow,itisstillusedintheIBM360serieshost.Thisexperiencefordecades,evenextremelycomplexsoftwareprojectsdonothaveasetofprogramsincludedintheoriginaldesignofworksystems.OS360isthefirstlargesoftwareproject,whichusesabout1,000programmers.FredBrooksinhissubsequentmasterpiece,"TheMythicalManMonth"(TheMythicalMan-Month)intheonceadmittedthatinhismanagementoftheproject,hemadeamilliondollarmistake.

Propertylosses:softwareerrormayresultinsignificantpropertydamage.EuropeanArianerocketexplosionisoneofthemostpainfullesson.

Casualties:Ascomputersoftwareiswidelyused,includinghospitalsandotherindustriescloselyrelatedtolife.Therefore,thesoftwareerrormightalsoresultinpersonalinjuryordeath.

WasusedextensivelyinsoftwareengineeringistheTherac-25caseofaccidents.In1985betweenJuneandJanuary1987,sixknownmedicalerrorsfromtheTherac-25toexceedthedoseleadstodeathorsevereradiationburns.

Inindustry,someembeddedsystemsdonotleadtothenormaloperationofthemachine,whichwillpushsomepeopleintothewoods.

Methodology

Therearemanywayssoftwareengineeringaspectsofmeaning.Includingprojectmanagement,analysis,design,programpreparation,testingandqualitycontrol.

Softwaredesignmethodscanbedistinguishedastheheavyweightandlightweightmethods.Heavyweightmethodsproducelargeamountsofofficialdocumentation.

Heavyweightdevelopmentmethodologies,includingthefamousISO9000,CMM,andtheUnifiedProcess(RUP).

Lightweightdevelopmentprocessisnotanofficialdocumentofthelargenumberofrequirements.Lightweightmethods,includingwell-knownExtremeProgramming(XP)andagileprocess(AgileProcesses).

Accordingtothe"newmethodology"inthisarticle,heavyweightmethodpresentedisa"defensive"posture.Intheapplicationofthe"heavyweightmethods"softwareorganizations,duetoasoftwareprojectmanagerwithlittleornoinvolvementinprogramdesign,cannotgrasptheitemfromthedetailsoftheprogressoftheprojectwhichwillhavea"fear",constantlyhadtoasktheprogrammertowritealotof"softwaredevelopmentdocumentation."Thelightweightmethodsarepresented"aggressive"attitude,whichisfromtheXPmethodisparticularlyemphasizedfourcriteria-"communication,simplicity,feedbackandcourage"tobereflectedon.Therearesomepeoplethatthe"heavyweightmethod"issuitableforlargesoftwareteam(dozensormore)use,and"lightweightmethods"forsmallsoftwareteam(afewpeople,adozenpeople)touse.Ofcourse,ontheheavyweightandlightweightmethodofapproachhasmanyadvantagesanddisadvantagesofdebate,andvariousmethodsareconstantlyevolving.

Somemethodologiststhinkthatpeopleshouldbestrictlyfollowedinthedevelopmentandimplementationofthesemethods.Butsomepeopledonothavetheconditionstoimplementthesemethods.Infact,themethodbywhichsoftwaredevelopmentdependsonmanyfactors,butsubjecttoenvironmentalconstraints.

Softwaredevelopmentprocess

Softwaredevelopmentprocess,withthesubsequentdevelopmentoftechnologyevolutionandimprovement.Fromtheearlywaterfall(Waterfall)developmentmodeltothesubsequentemergenceofthespiraliterative(Spiral)development,whichrecentlybegantheriseofagiledevelopmentmethodologies(Agile),theyshowedadifferenterainthedevelopmentprocessforsoftwareindustrydifferentawarenessandunderstandingofdifferenttypesofprojectsforthemethod.

Notedistinctionbetweensoftwaredevelopmentprocessandsoftwareprocessimprovementimportantdifferencebetween.SuchasISO15504,ISO9000,CMM,CMMIsuchtermsareelaboratedintheframeworkofsoftwareprocessimprovement,theyprovideaseriesofstandardsandpoliciestoguidesoftwareorganizationshowtoimprovethequalityofthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess,theabilityofsoftwareorganizations,andnotgiveaspecificdefinitionofthedevelopmentprocess.

Developmentofsoftwareengineering

"AgileDevelopment"(AgileDevelopment)isconsideredanimportantsoftwareengineeringdevelopment.Itstressedthatsoftwaredevelopmentshouldbeabletopossiblefuturechangesanduncertaintiesofacomprehensiveresponse.

Agiledevelopmentisconsidereda"lightweight"approach.Inthelightweightapproachshouldbethemostprestigious"ExtremeProgramming"(ExtremeProgramming,referredtoasXP).Correspondwiththelightweightapproachisthe"heavyweightmethod"exists.Heavyweightapproachemphasizesthedevelopmentprocessasthecenter,ratherthanpeople-centered.ExamplesofmethodssuchasheavyweightCMM/PSP/TSP.

Aspect-orientedprogramming(AspectOrientedProgramming,referredtoastheAOP)isconsideredtosoftwareengineeringinrecentyears,anotherimportantdevelopment.Thisaspectreferstothecompletionofafunctionofacollectionofobjectsandfunctions.Inthisregardthecontentsrelatedtogenericprogramming(GenericProgramming)andtemplates.軟件工程軟件工程是一門研究用工程化方法構(gòu)建和維護有效的、實用的和高質(zhì)量的\o"軟件"軟件的學(xué)科。它涉及到\o"程序設(shè)計語言"程序設(shè)計語言、\o"數(shù)據(jù)庫"數(shù)據(jù)庫、\o"軟件開發(fā)工具"軟件開發(fā)工具、\o"系統(tǒng)平臺"系統(tǒng)平臺、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、\o"軟件設(shè)計模式"設(shè)計模式等方面。在現(xiàn)代社會中，軟件應(yīng)用于多個方面。典型的軟件比如有\(zhòng)o"電子郵件"電子郵件、\o"嵌入式系統(tǒng)"嵌入式系統(tǒng)、\o"人機界面"人機界面、\o"辦公自動化（尚未撰寫）"辦公包、\o"操作系統(tǒng)"操作系統(tǒng)、\o"編譯器"編譯器、\o"數(shù)據(jù)庫"數(shù)據(jù)庫、\o"電腦游戲"游戲等。同時，各個行業(yè)幾乎都有計算機軟件的應(yīng)用，比如\o"工業(yè)"工業(yè)、\o"農(nóng)業(yè)"農(nóng)業(yè)、\o"銀行"銀行、\o"航空"航空、\o"政府"政府部門等。這些應(yīng)用促進了經(jīng)濟和社會的發(fā)展，提高人們的工作效率，同時提升了生活質(zhì)量。\o"軟件工程師"軟件工程師是對應(yīng)用軟件創(chuàng)造軟件的人們的統(tǒng)稱，軟件工程師按照所處的領(lǐng)域不同可以分為\o"系統(tǒng)分析員"系統(tǒng)分析員、\o"軟件設(shè)計師"軟件設(shè)計師、\o"系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)師（尚未撰寫）"系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)師、\o"程序員"程序員、\o"測試員（尚未撰寫）"測試員等等。人們也常常用程序員來泛指各種軟件工程師。由來鑒于軟件開發(fā)時所遭遇困境，\o"北大西洋公約組織"北大西洋公約組織（NATO）在\o"1968年"1968年舉辦了首次軟件工程學(xué)術(shù)會議，并于會中提出“軟件工程”來界定軟件開發(fā)所需相關(guān)知識，并建議“軟件開發(fā)應(yīng)該是類似工程的活動”。軟件工程自1968年正式提出至今，這段時間累積了大量的\o"研究"研究成果，廣泛地進行大量的技術(shù)實踐，借由\o"學(xué)術(shù)界"學(xué)術(shù)界和產(chǎn)業(yè)界的共同努力，軟件工程正逐漸發(fā)展成為一門專業(yè)\o"學(xué)科"學(xué)科。定義創(chuàng)立與使用健全的工程原則，以便經(jīng)濟地獲得可靠且高效率的軟件.應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)化，遵從原則，可被計量的方法來發(fā)展、操作及維護軟件；也就是把工程應(yīng)用到軟件上。與開發(fā)、管理及更新軟件產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的理論、方法及工具。一種知識或?qū)W科（discipline），目標(biāo)是生產(chǎn)品質(zhì)良好、準(zhǔn)時交貨、符合預(yù)算，并滿足用戶所需的軟件。實際應(yīng)用科學(xué)知識在設(shè)計、建構(gòu)電腦程序，與相伴而來所產(chǎn)生的文件，以及后續(xù)的操作和維護上。使用與系統(tǒng)化生產(chǎn)和維護軟件產(chǎn)品有關(guān)之技術(shù)與管理的知識，使軟件開發(fā)與修改可在有限的時間與費用下進行。建造由工程師團隊所開發(fā)之大型軟件系統(tǒng)有關(guān)的知識學(xué)科。對軟件分析、設(shè)計、實施及維護的一種系統(tǒng)化方法。系統(tǒng)化地應(yīng)用工具和技術(shù)于開發(fā)以計算機為主的應(yīng)用。軟件工程與計算機科學(xué)軟件的開發(fā)到底是一門\o"科學(xué)"科學(xué)還是一門\o"工程學(xué)"工程，這是一個被爭論了很久的問題。實際上，軟件開發(fā)兼有兩者的特點。但是這并不意味著它們可以被互相混淆。很多人認為軟件工程基于\o"計算機科學(xué)"計算機科學(xué)和\o"信息科學(xué)"信息科學(xué)就如傳統(tǒng)意義上的工程學(xué)之于\o"物理學(xué)"物理和\o"化學(xué)"化學(xué)一樣。在美國，大約40%的\o"軟件工程師"軟件工程師具有計算機科學(xué)的學(xué)位。在世界其他地方，這個比例也差不多。他們并不一定會每天使用計算機科學(xué)方面的知識，但是他們每天都會使用軟件工程方面的知識。例如PeterMcBreen認為，軟件“\o"工程"工程”意味著更高程度的\o"嚴謹"嚴謹性與經(jīng)過\o"驗證（尚未撰寫）"驗證的流程，并不適合現(xiàn)階段各類型的\o"軟件開發(fā)"軟件開發(fā)。PeterMcBreen在著作《SoftwareCraftsmanship:TheNewImperative》提出了所謂“craftsmanship”的說法，認為現(xiàn)階段軟件開發(fā)成功的關(guān)鍵因素，是開發(fā)者的\o"技能"技能，而不是“manufacturing”軟件的\o"流程（尚未撰寫）"流程。軟件工程與計算機程序設(shè)計軟件工程存在于各種應(yīng)用中，存在于軟件開發(fā)的各個方面。而\o"計算機程序設(shè)計"程序設(shè)計通常包含了程序設(shè)計和編碼的反復(fù)迭代的過程，它是軟件開發(fā)的一個階段。軟件工程力圖對軟件項目的各個方面作出指導(dǎo)，從軟件的可行性分析直到軟件完成以后的維護工作。軟件工程認為軟件開發(fā)與各種市場活動密切相關(guān)。比如軟件的\o"銷售"銷售，用戶\o"培訓(xùn)（尚未撰寫）"培訓(xùn)，與之相關(guān)的軟件和硬件安裝等。軟件工程的方法學(xué)認為一個獨立的\o"程序員"程序員不應(yīng)當(dāng)脫離團隊而進行開發(fā)，同時程序的編寫不能夠脫離軟件的需求，設(shè)計，以及\o"客戶"客戶的利益。軟件工程的發(fā)展是計算機程序設(shè)計工業(yè)化的體現(xiàn)。軟件危機軟件工程的興起要根源于20世紀\o"1960年代"60，\o"1970年代"70和\o"1980年代"80年代的\o"軟件危機"軟件危機。在那個時代，很多的\o"計算機軟件"軟件最后都得到了一個悲慘的結(jié)局。很多的\o"計算機軟件"軟件項目開發(fā)時間大大超出了規(guī)劃的時間表。一些項目導(dǎo)致了財產(chǎn)的流失，甚至某些軟件導(dǎo)致了人員傷亡。同時軟件開發(fā)人員也發(fā)現(xiàn)軟件開發(fā)的難度越來越大。\o"OS360（尚未撰寫）"OS360操作系統(tǒng)被認為是一個典型的案例。到現(xiàn)在為止，它仍然被使用在\o"IBM"IBM360系列主機中。這個經(jīng)歷了數(shù)十年，極度復(fù)雜的軟件項目甚至產(chǎn)生了一套不包括在原始設(shè)計方案之中的工作系統(tǒng)。OS360是第一個超大型的軟件項目，它使用了1000人左右的程序員。\o"FredBrooks（尚未撰寫）"FredBrooks在隨后他的大作《\o"人月神話"人月神話》（TheMythicalMan-Month）中曾經(jīng)承認，在他管理這個項目的時候，他犯了一個價值數(shù)百萬美元的錯誤。財產(chǎn)的損失：軟件的錯誤可能導(dǎo)致巨大的財產(chǎn)損失。\o"歐洲"歐洲\o"阿里亞娜火箭（尚未撰寫）"阿里亞娜火箭的爆炸就是一個最為慘痛的教訓(xùn)。人員傷亡：由于計算機軟件被廣泛應(yīng)用于包括醫(yī)院等與生命息息相關(guān)的行業(yè)。因此軟件的錯誤也有可能會導(dǎo)致人員傷亡。在軟件工程界被大量引用的案例是\o"Therac-25"Therac-25的意外.在\o"1985年"1985年六月到\o"1987年"1987年一月之間,六個已知的醫(yī)療事故來自于Therac-25錯誤地超過劑量,導(dǎo)致患者死亡或嚴重輻射灼傷[12]。在工業(yè)上，某些\o"嵌入式系統(tǒng)"嵌入式系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致機器的不正常運轉(zhuǎn)，從而將一些人推入了險境。方法學(xué)軟件工程的方法有很多方面的意義。包括項目管理，分析，設(shè)計，程序的編寫，測試和質(zhì)量控制。\o"軟件設(shè)計（尚未撰寫）"軟件設(shè)計方法可以區(qū)別為重量級的方法和輕量級的方法。重量級的方法中產(chǎn)生大量的正式\o"軟件開發(fā)文檔（尚未撰寫）"文檔。著名的重量級開發(fā)方法包括\o"ISO9000"ISO9000，HYPERLINK"