管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯-標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化文件發(fā)布號：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII-標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化文件發(fā)布號：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第1頁。管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第1頁。PAGE2英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯專業(yè)班級：信息xx班學(xué)生姓名：xxx學(xué)號：xxxxxx二〇年月日管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第2頁。管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第2頁?？萍嘉恼抡g

DefinitionofaManagementInformationSystemThereisnoconsensusofthedefinitionoftheterm"managementinformationsystem".Somewriterspreferalternativeterminologysuchas"informationprocessingsystem","informationanddecisionsystem","organizationalinformationsystem",orsimply"informationsystem"torefertothecomputer-basedinformationprocessingsystemwhichsupportstheoperations,management,anddecision-makingfunctionsofanorganization.Thistextuses“MIS”becauseitisdescriptiveandgenerallyunderstood;italsofrequentlyuses“informationsystem”insteadof“MIS”torefertoanorganizationalinformationsystem.Adefinitionofamanagementinformationsystem,asthetermisgenerallyunderstood,isanintegrated,user-machinesystemforprovidinginformationtosupportoperations,management,anddecision-makingfunctionsinanorganization.Thesystemutilizescomputerhardwareandsoftware;manualprocedures;modelsforanalysisplanning,controlanddecisionmaking;andadatabase.Thefactthatitisanintegratedsystemdoesnotmeanthatitisasingle,monolithicstructure;rather,itmeansthatthepartsfitintoanoveralldesign.Theelementsofthedefinitionarehighlightedbelow.

1Computer-baseduser-machinesystemConceptually,managementinformationcanexistwithoutcomputer,butitisthepowerofthecomputerwhichmakesMISfeasible.Thequestionisnotwhethercomputersshouldbeusedinmanagementinformationsystem,buttheextenttowhichinformationuseshouldbecomputerized.Theconceptofauser-machinesystemimpliesthatsometasksarebestperformedbyhumans,whileothersarebestdonebymachine.TheuserofanMISisanypersonresponsibleforenteringinputdata,instructingthesystem,orutilizingtheinformationoutputofthesystem.Formanyproblems,theuserandthecomputerformacombinedsystemwithresultsobtainedthroughasetofinteractionsbetweenthecomputerandtheuser.管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第3頁。User-machineinteractionisfacilitatedbyoperationinwhichtheuser’sinput-outputdevice(usuallyavisualdisplayterminal)isconnectedtothecomputer.Thecomputercanbeapersonalcomputerservingonlyoneuseroralargecomputerthatservesanumberofusersthroughterminalsconnectedbycommunicationlines.Theuserinput-outputdevicepermitsdirectinputofdataandimmediateoutputofresults.Forinstance,apersonusingthecomputerinteractivelyinfinancialplanningposes“whatif”questionsbyenteringinputattheterminalkeyboard;theresultsaredisplayedonthescreeninafewsecond.管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第3頁。Thecomputer-baseduser-machinecharacteristicsofanMISaffecttheknowledgerequirementsofbothsystemdeveloperandsystemuser.“computer-based”meansthatthedesignerofamanagementinformationsystemmusthaveknowledgeofcomputersandoftheiruseinprocessing.The“user-machine”conceptmeansthesystemdesignershouldalsounderstandthecapabilitiesofhumansassystemcomponents(asinformationprocessors)andthebehaviorofhumansasusersofinformation.Informationsystemapplicationsshouldnotrequireuserstobecomputerexperts.However,usersneedtobeabletospecifytheirinformationrequirements;someunderstandingofcomputers,thenatureofinformation,anditsuseinvariousmanagementfunctionaidsusersinthistask.

2IntegratedsystemManagementinformationsystemtypicallyprovidesthebasisforintegrationoforganizationalinformationprocessing.Individualapplicationswithininformationsystemsaredevelopedforandbydiversesetsofusers.Iftherearenointegratingprocessesandmechanisms,theindividualapplicationsmaybeinconsistentandincompatible.Dataitemmaybespecifieddifferentlyandmaynotbecompatibleacrossapplicationsthatusethesamedata.Theremayberedundantdevelopmentofseparateapplicationswhenactuallyasingleapplicationcouldservemorethanoneneed.Auserwantingtoperformanalysisusingdatafromtwodifferentapplicationsmayfindthetaskverydifficultandsometimesimpossible.Thefirststepinintegrationofinformationsystemapplicationsisanoverallinformationsystemplan.Eventhoughapplicationsystemsareimplementedoneatatime,theirdesigncanbeguidedbytheoverallplan,whichdetermineshowtheyfitinwithotherfunctions.Inessence,theinformationsystemisdesignedasaplanedfederationofsmallsystems.管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第4頁。Informationsystemintegrationisalsoachievedthroughstandards,guidelines,andproceduressetbytheMISfunction.Theenforcementofsuchstandardsandprocedurespermitdiverseapplicationstosharedata,meetauditandcontrolrequirements,andbesharesbymultipleusers.Forinstance,anapplicationmaybedevelopedtorunonaparticularsmallcomputer.Standardsforintegrationmaydictatethattheequipmentselectedbecompatiblewiththecentralizeddatabase.Thetrendininformationsystemdesignistowardseparateapplicationprocessingformthedatausedtosupportit.Theseparatedatabaseisthemechanismbywhichdataitemsareintegratedacrossmanyapplicationsandmadeconsistentlyavailabletoavarietyofusers.TheneedforadatabaseinMISisdiscussedbelow.

3Needforadatabase管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第4頁。Theterm“information”and“data”arefrequentlyusedinterchangeably;however,informationisgenerallydefinedasdatathatismeaningfulorusefultotherecipient.Dataitemsarethereforetherawmaterialforproducinginformation.

Theunderlyingconceptofadatabaseisthatdataneedstobemanagedinordertobeavailableforprocessingandhaveappropriatequality.Thisdatamanagementincludesbothsoftwareandorganization.Thesoftwaretocreateandmanageadatabaseisadatabasemanagementsystem.Whenallaccesstoanyuseofdatabaseiscontrolledthroughadatabasemanagementsystem,allapplicationsutilizingaparticulardataitemaccessthesamedataitemwhichisstoredinonlyoneplace.Asingleupdatingofthedataitemupdatesitforalluses.Integrationthroughadatabasemanagementsystemrequiresacentralauthorityforthedatabase.Thedatacanbestoredinonecentralcomputerordispersedamongseveralcomputers;theoverridingrequirementisthatthereisanorganizationalfunctiontoexercisecontrol.

4UtilizationofModels

Itisusuallyinsufficientforhumanrecipientstoreceiveonlyrawdataorevensummarizeddata.Datausuallyneedstobeprocessedandpresentedinsuchawaythattheresultisdirectedtowardthedecisiontobemade.Todothis,processingofdataitemsisbasedonadecisionmodel.Forexample,aninvestmentdecisionrelativetonewcapitalexpendituresmightbeprocessedintermsofacapitalexpendituredecisionmodel.

Decisionmodelscanbeusedtosupportdifferentstagesinthedecision-makingprocess.“Intelligence”modelscanbeusedtosearchforproblemsand/oropportunities.Modelscanbeusedtoidentifyandanalyzepossiblesolutions.Choicemodelssuchasoptimizationmodelsmaybeusedtofindthemostdesirablesolution管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第5頁。Inotherwords,multipleapproachesareneededtomeetavarietyofdecisionsituations.ThefollowingareexamplesandthetypeofmodelthatmightbeincludedinanMIStoaidinanalysisinsupportofdecision-making;inacomprehensiveinformationsystem,thedecisionmakerhasavailableasetofgeneralmodelsthatcanbeappliedtomanyanalysisanddecisionsituationsplusasetofveryspecificmodelsforuniquedecisions.Similarmodelsareavailableforplanningandcontrol.ThesetofmodelsisthemodelbasefortheMIS.管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第5頁。Themanagementinformationsystem(MIS)notonlysupportstheunderlyingbedadministrator,moreovermaysupporttheintermediatedeckpersonnel'scontrolcheck,forhighlevelalsocanprovidecertaininformation.Themanagementinformationsystemframebyfourparts:Informationsource,informationprocessor,informationuserandinformationsuperintendent.Theinformationsourceistheinformationproductionplace;Informationprocessorburdentask/roleandsooninformationtransmission,processing,save;Theinformationuseristheinformationuser,carriesonthedecision-makingusingtheinformation;Theinformationsuperintendentisresponsiblefortheinformationsystemthedesign,theimplementationandthesafeguarding.Themanagementinformationsystemisregardedasgenerallyapyramidshapethestructure,dividesintofromthelowerlevelhandlingoftraffictotheoperatingcontrol,thecontrolcheck,thetopmoststorystrategicplanning.Themostbasicunitgreatlyprocessesthenumerousanddiversetransactioninformationandthestateinformationframingbythetask/role.管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第6頁。Inaword,themanagementinformationsystem(ManagementInformationSystem,MIS),isbytheartificialleadership,usingthecomputerhardware,thesoftware,thenetworkcommunicatesthesedevicesandotherofficeequipmentscarriesontheinformationthecollection,thetransmission,theprocessing,thestorage,theupdateandthesafeguardingbyachievedtheenterprisestrategycompetessuperior,enhancesthebenefitandtheefficiencytarget,supportstheenterprisethehighleveldecision-making,theintermediatedeckcheckandthebasicunitoperationintegrationman-machinesystem.MISisthesuperintendentprovidesthereport,providestheenterprisetherecentsituationaswellasthehistoricrecord.Thissystemmainlocalizationisaimsatintheenterprise,forcontrolfunctionandsoonlevelplan,checkanddecision-makingserves,providesthedatagenerallybythelowerlevelhandlingoftrafficsystem.MISwillbeabletheactualenterprise'seachkindofrunsituation,andusingthepasthistoricaldataforecastfuture,embarkstheassistanceenterprisefromtheenterpriseoverallsituationangletocarryonthedecision-making,usedthemessagecontrolenterprisethebehavior,helpedtheenterprisetoachieveitsplan

管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第6頁。管理信息系統(tǒng)的定義對于“管理信息系統(tǒng)”并沒有一致的定義。一些作者喜歡用其他術(shù)語代替，例如：“信息處理系統(tǒng)”“信息與決策系統(tǒng)”“組織信息系統(tǒng)”，或者干脆將“信息系統(tǒng)”用組織內(nèi)具有支持操作、管理、決策職能的計算機(jī)信息處理系統(tǒng)代替。這篇文章使用“管理信息系統(tǒng)”一詞，是因?yàn)樗峭ㄋ滓锥?，?dāng)涉及組織信息系統(tǒng)時也常用“信息系統(tǒng)”代替“管理信息系統(tǒng)”。一個管理信息系統(tǒng)的定義，通常被理解為：一種集成用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)，為組織提供信息支持運(yùn)作、管理、決策職能。該信息系統(tǒng)利用計算機(jī)硬件和軟件；手工處理程序；模擬分析法計劃、控制和決策；和數(shù)據(jù)庫。事實(shí)上，它是一個集成系統(tǒng)并不意味著它是單一的，單塊集成結(jié)構(gòu)；相反，它意味著零件適合加入整體設(shè)計。內(nèi)容定義如下：1計算機(jī)為主的用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)

理論上，管理信息系統(tǒng)可以脫離計算機(jī)上而存在，但是計算機(jī)的存在可以讓管理信息系統(tǒng)可行。問題不是計算機(jī)是否被使用在管理信息系統(tǒng)中，而是信息的使用被計算機(jī)化的程度。用戶機(jī)器系統(tǒng)的概念暗示了,一些任務(wù)最好由人執(zhí)行,其他的最好由機(jī)器做。MIS的使用者是那些負(fù)責(zé)輸入輸入數(shù)據(jù)、指示系統(tǒng)或運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)信息產(chǎn)品的人。因?yàn)樵S多問題，用戶和計算機(jī)建立了一個聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)，其結(jié)果通過一套在計算機(jī)和用戶之間的相互作用得到。用戶機(jī)器的相互作用是由用戶連接在計算機(jī)上的輸入-輸出設(shè)備（通常是一個視覺顯示終端）推動的。計算機(jī)可以使一臺個人機(jī)器服務(wù)于一名用戶或者一臺大規(guī)模的機(jī)器為一定數(shù)量通過終端由通信線路連接的用戶服務(wù)。用戶輸入-輸出設(shè)備允許直接輸入數(shù)據(jù)和緊接著輸出結(jié)果。例如：一個人使用計算機(jī)交互的在金融理財上通過在終端鍵盤輸入提交“如果什么，怎么辦？”之類的問題，結(jié)果幾秒鐘后便被顯示在屏幕上。MIS的計算機(jī)為主的用戶機(jī)器特征影響系統(tǒng)開發(fā)商和系統(tǒng)用戶的知識要求?！坝嬎銠C(jī)為主”意味著管理信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計者必須擁有計算機(jī)和對處理有用的知識。“用戶機(jī)器”的概念意味著系統(tǒng)設(shè)計者也應(yīng)該了解人作為系統(tǒng)組成部分（信息處理器）的能力和人作為信息使用者的行為。管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第7頁。信息系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用不應(yīng)該要求用戶成為計算機(jī)專家。但是，用戶需要能夠詳細(xì)說明他們的信息要求；對計算機(jī)的一些理解、信息的本質(zhì)，和對各種各樣管理功能的利用將幫助用戶完成任務(wù)。管理信息系統(tǒng)外文翻譯全文共9頁，當(dāng)前為第7頁。2集成系統(tǒng)管理信息系統(tǒng)代表性地為集成組織信息處理提供依據(jù)。信息系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部各自的應(yīng)用則由不同批次的用戶開發(fā)。如果沒有集成的處理和機(jī)制，各自的應(yīng)用也許無法協(xié)調(diào)一致和相容。在使用相同的數(shù)據(jù)時，數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)也許不同的被指定和不能兼容的橫跨。當(dāng)實(shí)際上一個單獨(dú)的應(yīng)用可以提供超過一個的更多的服務(wù)時，也許是分別的應(yīng)用重復(fù)的發(fā)展了。用戶想要通過使用從兩種不同的應(yīng)用中得到的數(shù)據(jù)來完成分析，也許會發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)非常困難，有時甚至不可能。信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用集成的第一步是一個整體信息系統(tǒng)計劃。即使應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)是一次一個的被執(zhí)行，他們的設(shè)計可以由整體計劃指導(dǎo)，確定他們怎么符合其他的工作。其實(shí)，信息系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計成為小型系統(tǒng)的一個飛行聯(lián)盟。信息系統(tǒng)集成也通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，指南，和程序達(dá)到，被留作管理信息系統(tǒng)的功能之用。這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和程序的執(zhí)行允許不同的應(yīng)用分享數(shù)據(jù)，應(yīng)付審核和控制條件，和被廣泛用戶共享。例如，一項(xiàng)應(yīng)用也許被開發(fā)來操作特殊的小型計算機(jī)。集成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能規(guī)定設(shè)備的選擇與中央數(shù)據(jù)庫一致。信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的這個趨勢有利于將應(yīng)用程序與用來支持它的數(shù)據(jù)分離。分開的數(shù)據(jù)庫是一種機(jī)制，這種機(jī)制的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)是通過橫跨許多應(yīng)用來集成和對不同的用戶都可以始終一致的可利用。管理信息系統(tǒng)對于一個數(shù)據(jù)庫的需要將在下面被談?wù)摗?對數(shù)據(jù)庫的需要術(shù)語“信