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PAGEPAGE23中國某某某某學校學生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)題目:AnAnalysisoftheCommainEnglishandChinese姓名:000000000班級、學號:00000000000系(部):經(jīng)濟管理系專業(yè):商務(wù)英語指導教師:0000000開題時間:2009-4-10完成時間:2009-102009年10月22日目錄畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書…………………1畢業(yè)設(shè)計成績評定表……………2答辯申請書……………………3-4正文……………6-25答辯委員會表決意見……………26答辯過程記錄表…………………27課題AnAnalysisoftheCommainEnglishandChinese課題(論文)提綱引言Ⅰ.逗號的基本用法1.1逗號的來源1.2逗號的常規(guī)基本用法Ⅱ.逗號的修辭功能2.1修辭的定義2.2英語中逗號的修辭作用2.3漢語中逗號的修辭作用Ⅲ.逗號的語義功能3.1英語中逗號的語義功能3.12逗號引起語義改變3.2漢語中逗號的語義作用Ⅳ.逗號的語法功能4.1.1英語中逗號的語法作用4.2.2漢語中逗號的語法作用結(jié)論二、內(nèi)容摘要逗號作為英語書面語的一個重要結(jié)構(gòu)表達方式,跟漢語逗號的用法有所不同。在學習英語時,受漢語母語的干擾,學生往往不能正確地理解和使用英語的逗號。不少從事英漢翻譯的實踐者也經(jīng)常忽略逗號的用法,致使譯作時有缺憾。為此,本文運用語音語調(diào)原理、寫作、修辭、美學、語義學等方面的知識,通過詳實的文獻實例,全面地論述了英漢語逗號的修辭和語義功能:從修辭功能的角度看,逗號可以用以進行澄清、解釋、替代、強調(diào)、對比、補充,或是取得生動和幽默的效果,等等;從語義功能的角度看,逗號本身可以作為信息載體,暗含特定的意思,在更多的情況下,它本身不含意義,但它的使用與否會引起整個句子意思的變化。本文在再次強調(diào)逗號的重要性的同時,建議英語學習者和研究者們重新認識標點符號的重要性,并予以充分的重視。關(guān)鍵詞:逗號英語漢語學習參考文獻[1]Bassett,Susan&Lefevere,AndreConstructingCultures:EssaysonLiteraryTranslation.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.2001[2]Dingwangdao,etc.ahandbookofwriting,foreignlanguageteachingandResearchPress.1994[3]GuHongmingTheSpiritoftheChinesePeople,ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch.1998[4]Halliday,M.A.K.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar.London:EdwardArnold1985[5]Henle,PaulLanguage,Thought,andCulture.TheUniversityof[6]Kramsch,Claire,LanguageandCulture.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress2000[7]官志紅.英語寫作易忽視的標點符號問題.大學英語,3(1998):21-23[8]李現(xiàn)新.逗號的妙用.山東教育,24(1997):22-24[9]馬占祥.TheUseofPunctuation.內(nèi)蒙古師大學報(哲學社會科學版),6(1999):23-25[10]潘繼成.標點符號修辭探微.語文學刊,5(1999):12-15[11]汪國勝.標點符號概說.高等函授學報(哲學社會科學版),6(1999):12-15[12]許建平.英漢標點符號的異同.大學英語,11(1998):13-15[13]張端芬.英漢語標點符號之比較.華南理工大學學報,(自然科學版),52(1997):13-15AnAnalysisoftheCommainEnglishandChinese000000Abstract:ThecommaisthemostfrequentlyusedPunctuationmark,butitisoftenabusivelyusedaswell.ManyEnglishlearnersandtranslatorsseldomattachesadequateimportancetoit,soitisnoWonderforthemtomakethisorthatmistakeaboutit.Thispaper,madeupofthreechapters,isthusdesignedtomakeathoroughstudyoftheuseofthecommainEnglishandChineseThefirstchaptermakesasynopticcomparisonofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthebasicusesofthecommainEnglishandChinese.Groundedonthefirstchapternewandoriginalincontent,thesecondandthethirdchapters,employingthetheoriesinphonetics,writing,rhetoric,semanticsandaesthetics,furtherdiscussestherhetoricalandthesemanticfunctionsofthecommainEnglishandChinese:rhetoricallyspeaking,thecommacanbeusedtoclarify,toexpound,tosubstitute,toemphasize,tocontrast,tocomplement,ortovivify;semanticallyspeaking,thecommaitselfcancarryinformationtoindicatecertainmeaning,orthePresenceandabsenceofthecommacancausesemanticchanges.Last,thepaperproposesthemoreresearchshouldbedoneonthecomma,andotherpunctuationmarksaswell.Keywords:Comma;comparativeStudy;EnglishChineseⅠ.TheBasicUsesoftheComma1.1TheOriginoftheCommaAccordingtoEncyclopediaBritannica,therewasnopauseorstopintheearlierformsofEuropeanwriting:“thelettersranoncontinuouslyinlines,withwordsbydegreesdividedupbyspacingwithinthelines.(Gwinnetal,1993:799)andinthelate15thcentury,AldusManutiusintroducedaregularsystemofpunctuationmarks,whichincludedthecomma(,),thesemicolon(;),thecolon(:),theperiod(.)andthequestionmark(?),andmostofwhichwerederivedfromthedotsoftheGreekgrammarians.Butthesedotshaveoftenchangedmeanings:therefore,theGreekinterrogativemark(:)becametheEnglishsemicolon·InancientChinese,therewasnosuchapunctuationmarkasthecomma(,)toindicateapausewithinasentence,andtherewasevennoperiod.Theterm“句讀(dou)”wasfirstusedintheHanDynastyand“讀”markedas“、”atthattimereferredtoanypausewithinasentence.Eversincetheinventionofprinting,“句讀”wasintroducedfromPersonalstudiesintowrittenmaterialsandtherebyitwasgraduallypopularizednationwide.AftertheOpiumwarin1840,withthetranslationofforeignbooksthewesternpunctuatingsystemwasintroducedintoChinese.In1891,withacombinationofChinesetraditionalpunctuatingsystem“句讀”andthenewly-introducedpunctuatingsystem,WangBinyaodrewuptenkindsofpunctuationmarks,amongwhichthemark“,”wasfirstadoptedasapunctuationmarktoindicatetheshortestpauseinChinese.(cf.WuBangju,1996:7一13)later,manyChinesescholars,suchasChenWangDao,HuShi,QianXuantong,ZhouZuoren,etc.introducedintomodernChinesethemark“,”,toreplacethemark“、”inafinalsensetoindicatethepausewithinasentence,andthemark“hassincebeenusedasanotherpunctuationmarkindicatingtheshortestpausewithinasentence.AndduetothehistoricalborrowingofthecommafromEnglish,thecommainChinesenowsharesagreatdealincommonwiththatinEnglish,althoughdifferencesstillexistsimultaneously.1.2TheGeneralFunctionoftheCommaTherearevariousversionsofthedefinitionofthecomma,buttheycanroughlybeclassifiedintotwogroups:GroupI(l)Punctuationmark(,)toindicatealightpauseorbreakbetweenPartsofsentence.(OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-Chinesedictionary:274)(2)Punctuationmark(,)indicatingapausebetweenPartsofsentence,ordividingitemsinalist,stringoffigures,etc.(IllustratedOxfordDictionary:169)(3)apunctuationmark(now,〕usedtoseparatethesmallestmembersofasentence.Alsousedtoseparatefiguresandsymbolsinarithmetic,Chemicalformulae,etc.(TheOxfordEnglishDictionary:539)(4)apunctuationmark(,)usedtoindicateaseparationofelementswithinthestructureofasentence,andinsomecountriestoprecedeadecimalfraction.(UniversalDietionary:320)(5)thepunctuationmark“,"indicatingaslightpauseinthespokensentenceandusedwherethereisalistingofitemsortoseparateanonrestrictiveclauseorphrasefromamainclause.(Collin’sEnglishDictionary:303)Group2(6)aPunctuationmark(,)usedtoseparatethingsorideasinasentence.(ACurrentEnglish-ChineseDictionary:157)(7)amark(,)ofPunctuation.Commasareusedchieflytoshowinterruptionsinthethoughtorinthestructureofasentence,andtoseparatethepartsofanaddressorotherseriesofwordsornumbers.(TheWorldBookDictionary:415)(8)aPunctuationmark(,)indicatingaslightseparationinideasorconstruction.(TimeEnglish-EnglishEnglish-ChineseDictionary:356)DefinitionsinGroup1simplypointoutthatthecommaisusedtoseparatestructurallysentenceelementssuchasitemsinalist,stringoffigures,andsymbolsinarithmeticorchemicalformulae.However,definitionsinGroup2giveamorecomprehensiveaccountofthegeneralfunctionofthecomma,thatis,toindicateseparationsinthestructureortoshowinterruptionsinthethought.Anditisthislatterdefinitionofthecommathatisadoptedinthispaper.Ⅱ.TheRhetoricalFunctionsoftheComma2.1.DefiningRhetoricInitslongandvigoroushistory,rhetorichasenjoyedmanydefinitions,AccommodateddifferingPurposes,andvariedwidelyinwhatitincluded.Forexample(cf.LvXu,20()4:3-4),1.TheartofusingwordsinspeakingorwritingsoastopersuadeorInfluenceothers.(TheWorldBookDictionary)Thewordrhetoricwasonceprimarilythenameofanimportantbranchofphilosophyandanartdeservingofseriousstudy.Inrecentyearsthewordhascometobeusedchieflyinapejorativesensetorefertoinflatedlanguageandpomposity.2.2TheRhetoricalFunctionsoftheCommainEnglishOfcourse,therhetoricalfunctionsofthecommaarefarmoreflexibleandComplicatedthanwhatwasdiscussedintheabovetable.Therefore,insteadoftryinginvaintoexhausttherhetoricalfunctionsofthecommaasameansofcohesion,atentativeeffortismadeheretoprobeintothemostfrequently-usedrhetoricalfunctionsofthecomma.1.ToClarifySyntacticallyspeaking,thecommaisusedtoseparateaseriesofitems,ashasalreadybeendiscussedinChapter1.But,thecommausedinthiscaseisfarfromthat:itisusednotonlytoseparatetoindicatePauses,buttoclarifysoastomakeawrittentexteasiertobereadandunderstood.By“clarify”,thewritermeansthecommaismoreoftenthannotanecessitytoavoidambiguityorvagueness.2.ToexpoundWhenthecommaisusedtoseparateorsetoffanappositiveelementorothersalike,itoftenindicatesthatwhatimmediatelyfollowsisafurtherexplanationorillustrationoftheantecedent.3.ToSubstituteSometimesawriterwittinglyusesacommatosubstitutewhathasalreadybeenimpliedinthecontextandthereforecanbereadbetweenthelinesbythereader.Bydoingso,thewritercanavoidredundancyorunnecessaryrepetitionssoastonotonlymakethesentencemoreconciseinstructure,butmoreemphaticinforce.4.ToemphasizeThecommaisoftenPurposefullyusedtoseparateasentenceelementwhichcoversmostofthepartsofspeechinasentence,theadverbialsinparticular,andwhichthewriterintendstogiveprominenceto.Withoutthecommathewritercanstillmakehimselfunderstood,buthismajorconcernmight,thus,bemissedamongthereaders.5.TocontrastInordertogiveconsiderableprominencetohisorherfocusofwriting,awriterusuallyadoptsthecommatointroduceacontrastiveelementafterthefocus.Andthecontrastiveelementisusuallyintroducedbynot,butoryet,-Withthiscontrast,thefocuscanbemademoreconvincinganditwillbeeasierforthereadertounderstandthewriter’sintendedargument.6.TocomplementThecommaisalsousedtosetoffcomplementaryelements,whichcanbeAword,aword-grouporaphrase.Theseelementsarenotanecessityofthewholesentences,buttheycanmakeitclearerinmeaning.7.TovivifyInmostdescriptivewritingslikeProse,thecommaisquiteapetforawriterwhowantstovivifysomespecialandspecialpurposeofwriting.Inthiscase,thecommais,ontheotherhand,usedtogrammaticallyseparateaseriesofelementsinasentence.Ontheother,itisused,inamoreimportantsense,toachieveanaestheticeffectsorotherrhetoricalpurposes.2.3TheRhetoricalFunctionsoftheCommainChinese2.3.1TheChiefRhetoricalFunctionsoftheCommaBecausethecommainmodemChinesewasoriginallyintroducedfromEnglish,itSharesagreatmanysimilaritieswiththatofEnglish,notonlygrammaticallybutalsorhetorically.Therefore,rhetoricallyspeaking,thecommainChinesecanalsobeusedtoclarify,toexpound,tosubstitute,toemphasize,tocontrast,tocomplementandtovivify,althoughitiscomparativelylessflexibleingeneral.1.ToclarifyInChinese,Dunhaoisconventionallyusedtoseparateaseriesofitems,butthecommaissometimesusedinsteadtoavoidconfusionorvagueness.2.ToexpoundAcommainChinesewhenusedtosetoffanappositiveelementindicatesthattheelementservesasafurtherexplanationorillustrationofitsantecedent.3.TosubstituteAlthoughnotasflexiblyandfrequentlyusedasthatinEnglish,thecommaInChinesecanalsobeusedtosubstituteasentenceelementwhichcanbetoldfromthecontext,andthusthewholesentencebecomesmoreconcise,andsometimesmorepowerful.4.ToemphasizeChineseisnotasflexibleasEnglishwhenitcomestothemeansofemphasis.Themostfrequently-usedmeansareword一orderandrepetition.Andinbothcases,thecommaisusuallyneededtoseparatetheemphasizedpartfromtherestofthesentence5.ToContrastThecommaisoftenusedtoseparatecontrastiveelementsinsentencestructureslike“是……,不是……”,“要……,不要……”,“不是……,而是……”,“沒有……,只有……”,“并非……,就是……”,tonamejustafew.6.TocomplementInChinese,therearecaseswhenthecommaisusedtosetoffacomplementaryelement,andsometimes,tousethecommaornotcangiverisetoasemanticchange.7.TovivifyWhenthecommaisusedtovivifytheintendedthingsorideas,moreoftenthannottwoormorecommasareusedsimultaneouslyaswellasasyndetically.Ⅲ.TheSemanticFunctionsoftheComma3.1TheSemanticFunctionsoftheCommainEnglishToinsertonemorecommaintoasentenceortodeleteoneofthecommasalreadyusedinasentence,bothofthemusuallyleadtoasemanticchange.Therearetwopossibilitiesofthesemanticfunctionsofthecomma:oneisthatthecommaitselfmaycarryameaning,theotheristhatthecomma,whenusedtoseparateorsetoffsyntactically,cancauseasemanticchange.3.1.1CommasthatEndorseNoMeaningbutCauseSemanticChangesThecaseswhentheuseofthecommaitselfcarriesnomeaningbutcausessemanticchangescanroughlybegeneralizedasthefollowinggroups:1.CommasthatSeparatewith-PhrasesAwith-Phraseinsuchcasescanbeoneusedasanattribute,oranadverbialindicatingaconcomitantactionorafurtherexplanationofthemainpredicateverb.Fromexample,“whenV5.NaiPaul,inhisnovel,Writes,‘Hewasamiddle-agedman,withglasses,thefirstcommacanseemalittleprecious.Yetitgivesthedescriptionaspin,aswellasasubtlety,thatitotherwiselacks,anditshowsthattheglassesarenotPartofthemiddle-agedness,butsomethingelse.”(Iyer,1999:328)2.CommasthatSetoffAppositiveElementsInEnglish,therearetwokindsofappositives:restrictiveandnonrestrictive.Theuseofthecommacannotonlyturnarestrictiveappositiveelementintoanonrestrictiveone,butcanconsequentlycauseasemanticchangeaswell,withtheexceptionwhentheantecedentoftheappositiveisapropername,orsuchanounashusbandorwifewhichisspatio-temporallyofonenessinnature.Forexample,thereisnodifferencebetween“MyhusbandJimhasgonetoParisonabusinesstrip,and“Myhusband,Jim,hasgonetoParisonabusinesstrip”.However,theparentheticalcommascanoftenbeomittedinPhrasessuchas“myhusbandJohnandmysisterMary,eventhoughtherecouldbeonlyonehusbandandtheremightbeonlyonesisterNonetheless,suchacaseis,afterall,quitelimitedinnumber.Contrastivelyonewillneverfinditraretofallacrosscaseswhentheuseofthecommacausessemanticchanges.,3.CommasthatSeparateaseriesofItemsThesemanticfunctionofthecommainthiscasehas,infact,alreadybeenmentionedinthesectionaboutthecommatoclarifyinthesecondchapter.Thesemanticchangearousedinthiscaseislargelyduetotherelationsbetweenadjectives,mostlypremodifying.4.CommasthatSeparateorSetoffAttributiveClausesAcomma,whenusedtoseparatearestrictiveattributiveclause,itcannotonlychangeitintoanonrestrictiveone,butcauseasemanticchangeoroccasionallyajokeatonce。3.2TheSemanticFunctionsoftheCommainChineseChineseisasemantic-typedlanguage:emptywordsandword-orderarethetwomainmeanstogiveexpressionstothingsorideas.Therefore,PunctuationmarksarenotasflexiblyusedasthatinEnglish.Andthecommaisnoexception.But,therearecaseswhenacommaitselfcarriesmeaningorcausesasemanticchange.Ⅳ.TheGrammaticalUsesoftheComma4.1.TheGrammaticalUsesoftheCommainEnglishThecommaismainlyused:(1)toseparateinternalelements,(2)toseparatedependentclauses,or(3)tosetoffparentheticalelements.1.CommasthatSeparateInternalEelementsThecommacanbeusedtoseparateaninternalelementinasentence.Aninternalelementisonewhichisinseparableinmeaningandstructurefromthesentenceasawhole.Forexample,thesubjectofasentenceisaninternalelementofthesentence.Thecommaisoftenusedtoseparateaseriesofsingle-words,Phrases,iterativeorrepetitiveelementsinaseries.(1)Single-wordsAseriesofjuxtaposednouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs,etcisconventionallyseparatedbythecomma.(2)PhrasesAlistofjuxtaposednounPhrases,verbsPhrases,adjectivePhrases,gerundialPhrases,orparticipialPhrases,etcisoftenseparatedbythecomma.(3)IterativeorrepetitiveelementsAniterativeelement,usuallyintheformofaPronoun,isonewhichisusedtorefertowhathasalreadybeenmentioned,butwhichiscomparativelymoregeneralizedinmeaning.Arepetitiveelementisonewhichisusedtosimplyrestatewhathasalreadybeenmentioned.2.CommasthatSeparateIndependentClausesAnindependentclauseisonewhichhasitsownlogicallycompletethought.Whentwolong,independentclausesareseparatedbyacomma,acoordinatingconjunctionlikebut,and,for,yet,orsoisoftenusedasandin5)andbutin6).(5)WehadstartedfromYarmouthatthreeo’clockintheafternoon,andweweredueinLondonabouteightnextmorning.(Dickens,1993:121)(6)Storiesofproblemsyoungpeoplehavewithreadingarenotnew,butThetrendseemstobeworsening·(Greene,1999:260)However,coordinateclausesareoccasionallyseparatedasyndeticallyonlybycommas,especiallywhentheclausesareshort,Parallel,and(often)threeormoreinnumber.3.CommasthatSetoffParentheticalElementsCommasarealsousedtosetoffParentheticalelements.Aparentheticalelementisonewhichisunessentialtothemeaningofasentenceyetinterruptstheflowofthethoughtofthesentence.Theseelementscanbesinglewords,Phrases,orclauses.Whentheyareusedatthebeginningortheendofasentence,onecommaonlyisneededtosetthemofffromtherestofthesentence:whentheyareusedwithinasentence,twocommasareusedinstead.(1)Commasthatsetoffappositives(2)Commasthatsetoffsentencemodifiers(3)Commasthatsetoffcontrastingelements(4)Commasthatsetofflongintroductoryphrasesoradverbclauses(5)CommasthatsetoffnonrestrictiveattributivePhrasesorclauses4.2TheGrammaticalUsesoftheCommainChineseDuetohistoricalreasons,grammaticallyspeaking,thecommainChinesehasmuchincommonwiththatinEnglish.AndthecommainChinesecanalsobeusedtoseparateinternalelementsorindependentclauses,ortosetoffparentheticalelements.1.CommasthatSeparateInternalElementsAcommaisoftenusedtoseparateasentenceelementwhichisinseparablefromthewholesentence.1.Commasthatseparateaseriesofitems(1)Single一wordsInChinese,aseriesofjuxtaposednouns,verbs,adjectives,etc.areconventionallyseparatedbyDunhao.,(2)PhrasesCoordinateverbphrases,nounphrases,adjectivephrases,etc.areconventionallyseparatedbythecomma.21)一個人夾在蘇州上海杭州,或廈門香港廣州的市民中間,渾渾沌沌地過去,只能感到一點點清涼,君時帶一女時色,君劣窟劈與多矛)總著不瀚,嘗不透;賞厲不洲關(guān)足。(YuDafu,1999:204)In21),Twocommasareusedtoseparatethethreenounphrasesandthethreeverbinbolditalicrespectively.(3)Iterativeorrepetitiveelements22)有喜有憂,有笑有淚,有花有實,有香有色,既須勞動,又長見識,這就是養(yǎng)花的樂趣。(laoShe,1999:188)23)“我早就做了,我早就做了,我早就做了!”WangMeng,1999:126)Herein22),這usedasaniterativeelementreferstotherealsubjectofthewholesentence有喜有憂,有笑有淚,有花有實,有香有色,既須勞動,又長見識,這就是養(yǎng)花的樂趣andtwocommasareusedtoseparatetherepeatedsentences我早就做了in23).(2)Commasthatseparateindependentclauses2.CommasthatSetoffParentheticalElementsThecommainChinesecanalsobeusedtosetoffthoseelementswhicharenotofgreatimportancetothemeaningandthoughtinasentence.1.Commasthatsetoffappositives2.Commasthatsetoffsentencemodifiers3.Commasthatsetoffcontrastingelements4.CommasthatseofflongintroductoryelementsoradverbclausesConclusion“OfallthePunctuationmarkstheCommaisthemostflexibleintherangeofitsuse,andhencethemostdifficulttocategorize.(Quirk:1615)Accordingly,thisthesisisanattemptmademainlyinthehopethatitwillmoreorlessbeconducivetotheteachingandlearningofEnglishlanguage,English-Chinesetranslationinparticular.Punctuation,anessentialaspectofdiscourseanalysis,givesasemanticindicationoftherelationshipbetweensentencesandclauses,butithasnotyetreceivedadequateattentionfromlanguagepractitioners,whichislargelybecause,Punctuationmarksare,Afterall,notalanguageunitofconventionallanguageresearchwork.AndTranslatorsshould,therefore,trytoretainthesameeffectachievedbytheuseofpunctuationmarksintheSLTwhentranslatingitintoanotherlanguage.However,thePresentmaterialsorreferencesonPunctuationmarksarefarfromenough,andmostofthemarejustgrammatically-focused.Therefore,thereshouldbemoreattentionandeffortsontheresearchworkofpunctuationmarks,comparativeresearchinparticular,sothattheotheraspects,otherthangrammaticalonly,ofpunctuationmarks,suchasrhetorical,semantic,pragmatic,etc.,canbeexploredintoandthusmoreprofoundandinsightfulresultswillbeachievedsoasto,inafinalsense,beconductivetotheteachingandlearningofEnglish-Chinesetranslation.Bibliography:[1]Bassett.Susan&Lefevere.AndreConstructingCultures.EssaysonLiteraryTranslation.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.2001.[2]Dingwangdao,etc.ahandbookofwriting.foreignlanguageteachingandResearchPress.1994.[3]GuHongmingTheSpiritoftheChinesePeople.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch.1998.[4]Halliday,M.A.K.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar.London:EdwardArnold1985.[5]Henle,PaulLanguage.Thought.andCulture.TheUniversityofMichigan[6]Kramsch.Claire.LanguageandCulture.ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress2000.[7]官志紅.英語寫作易忽視的標點符號問題.大學英語.3(1998).21-23.[8]李現(xiàn)新.逗號的妙用.山東教育,24(1997).22-24[9]馬占祥.TheUseofPunctuation.內(nèi)蒙古師大學報(哲學社會科學版),6(1999).23-25.[10]潘繼成.標點符號修辭探微.語文學刊,5(1999):12-15.[11]汪國勝.標點符號概說.高等函授學報(哲學社會科學版),6(1999).12-15.[12]許建平.英漢標點符號的異同.大學英語,11(1998).13-15[13]張端芬.英漢語標點符號之比較.華南理工大學學報.(自然科學版).52(1997).13-15基于C8051F單片機直流電動機反饋控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與研究基于單片機的嵌入式Web服務(wù)器的研究MOTOROLA單片機MC68HC(8)05PV8/A內(nèi)嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機溫度控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機實現(xiàn)的供暖系統(tǒng)最佳啟停自校正(STR)調(diào)節(jié)器單片機控制的二級倒立擺系統(tǒng)的研究基于增強型51系列單片機的TCP/IP協(xié)議棧的實現(xiàn)基于單片機的蓄電池自動監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)基于32位嵌入式單片機系統(tǒng)的圖像采集與處理技術(shù)的研究基于單片機的作物營養(yǎng)診斷專家系統(tǒng)的研究基于單片機的交流伺服電機運動控制系統(tǒng)研究與開發(fā)基于單片機的泵管內(nèi)壁硬度測試儀的研制基于單片機的自動找平控制系統(tǒng)研究基于C8051F040單片機的嵌入式系統(tǒng)開發(fā)基于單片機的液壓動力系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)監(jiān)測儀開發(fā)模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其單片機實現(xiàn)一種基于單片機的軸快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于雙單片機沖床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的研究基于CYGNAL單片機的在線間歇式濁度儀的研制基于單片機的噴油泵試驗臺控制器的研制基于單片機的軟起動器的研究和設(shè)計基于單片機控制的高速快走絲電火花線切割機床短循環(huán)走絲方式研究基于單片機的機電產(chǎn)品控制系統(tǒng)開發(fā)基于PIC單片機的智能手機充電器基于單片機的實時內(nèi)核設(shè)計及其應用研究基于單片機的遠程抄表系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與研究基于單片機的煙氣二氧化硫濃度檢測儀的研制基于微型光譜儀的單片機系統(tǒng)單片機系統(tǒng)軟件構(gòu)件開發(fā)的技術(shù)研究基于單片機的液體點滴速度自動檢測儀的研制基于單片機系統(tǒng)的多功能溫度測量儀的研制基于PIC單片機的電能采集終端的設(shè)計和應用基于單片機的光纖光柵解調(diào)儀的研制氣壓式線性摩擦焊機單片機控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于單片機的數(shù)字磁通門傳感器基于單片機的旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器-數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器的研究基于單片機的光纖Bragg光柵解調(diào)系統(tǒng)的研究單片機控制的便攜式多功能乳腺治療儀的研制基于C8051F020單片機的多生理信號檢測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