On-Verbal-Humor-in-the-American-Soap-Opera-Friends英語專業(yè)論文

PAGEPAGE18中國某某某某學校學生畢業(yè)設計(論文)題目：OnVerbalHumorintheAmericanSoapOperaFriends姓名：0000000000班級、學號：0000000000系(部)：經(jīng)濟管理系專業(yè)：商務英語指導教師：000000開題時間：2009-4-10完成時間：2009-10-272009年10月27日目錄畢業(yè)設計任務書…………………1畢業(yè)設計成績評定表……………2答辯申請書……………………3-4正文……………5-19答辯委員會表決意見……………20答辯過程記錄表…………………21課題OnVerbalHumorintheAmericanSoapOperaFriends課題(論文)提綱0.引言1.關于幽默1.1幽默語言的學習1.2合作原則和會話含義的介紹2.分析幽默語在情景喜劇《老友記》里的運用2.1量的準則2.2質(zhì)的準則2.3關系準則2.4方法準則3.關于幽默語的討論4.結論二、內(nèi)容摘要美國情景喜劇《老友記》中的言語幽默在一定程度上阻礙了英語學習者對該喜劇的欣賞。本文以語用學的合作原則和會話含義理論為基礎，從幽默會話對合作原則及其次準則的蔑視現(xiàn)象以及幽默會話中的隱含意義兩個方面對美國情景喜劇《老友記》中的言語幽默進行了探討,并分析了《老友記》中的言語幽默效果。本研究有助于提高英語學習者欣賞該喜劇，同時提高學習者理解美式幽默的能力。參考文獻[1]何兆熊主編.新編語用學概要[M].上海.上海外語教育出版社.1999.

[2]何自然.語用學與英語學習[M].上海.上海外語教育出版社.1997.

[3]胡范鑄.幽默語言學[M].上海.上海社會科學院出版社.1987.

[4]劉乃實.試析幽默的語用合作原則[J].清華大學研究教育.2002(2):143-147.

[5]毛榮貴.英語幽默語言賞析[M].上海.上海社會科學院出版社.1993.

[6]吳清.合作原則和情景喜劇中的幽默[J].江南大學學報.2005(2).107-110.OnVerbalHumorintheAmericanSoapOperaFriends00000000Abstract:TheverbalhumorinthefamousAmericansoapoperaFriends,toacertaindegree,preventstheEnglishlearnersfromappreciatingthesoapoperaeffectively.Thisthesis,basedonCooperativePrinciple(CP)andConversationalImplicationTheory,analyseshowverbalhumorfloutseachofthefourCooperativePrinciplesandhowtounderstandtheimpliedmeaningbehindthehumorousconversations.Meanwhile,theeffectsofverbalhumorareillustratedindetails.ThestudyissuretohelpEnglishlearnerstoappreciatethesoapoperaandimprovetheirabilityinunderstandingtheAmericanhumor.Keywords:verbalhumor；Friends；cooperativeprinciple；conversationalimplication0·Introduction

TheAmericansoapoperaFriendsisoneofthemostfamousandwelcomeinAmericaandintheworldforitsuniqueconversationalhumor.TheverbalhumorinFriendsisthetypicalhumorwithAmericancharacteristics,whichsometimesishardfornon-nativeEnglishspeakerstounderstand.Hence,detailedpragmaticanalysisoftheverbalhumorinFriendsishelpfultoimproveEnglishlearners’understandingandappreciationofthenatureofAmericanhumor.Atthesametime,itisilluminatingtoapplyhumorskillstomediateinterpersonalrelationships.1·Abouthumor

1·1studiesonhumor

Inrecentyears,anincreasingamountofstudiesonhumorhascaughttheattentionofscholarsathomeandabroad.However,thesestudiesdiscusshumoralwaysfrompsychologicalorlinguisticangles.

WalterNashconsidersthat“thehumorofpsychologicalandsocialsatireisexpressedtoaverygreatextentthroughtheflawsandconnectionsofspeechacts,thecontractualfailuresofpartiestoconversation”.Hepointsouthumorousconversationsoccurbecause“thoseexchangesviolatethemaximsof‘ordinary’conversation,asformulatedinawell-knownpaperbyH.P.Grice”.ChineseProfessorMaoRongguistudieshumorfromlinguisticview.Hedivideshumorouslanguageintotwotypes:rhetoricalhumorandnon-rhetoricalhumor.AccordingtothestudyofProfessorMao,therhetoricalhumorisproducedthroughusingvarioustropes,includingoxymoron,transferredepithet,zeugma,anticlimax,pun,irony,parody,paradox,andthenon-rhetoricalhumoriscreatedbylexicaldeviationanddeviationofregister.

Besides,manyscholarsinChinahavedoneresearchesonhumorbasedonpragmatictheories.However,thestudiesinthisfieldhavenotreachedthestageofmaturity,andtheyareratherinsufficientorlackofauthorityinChina,letalonethepragmaticstudiesonthehumorousconversationsinAmericansitcomsFriendssinceitjustcameintobeinginthe1990s.1.2ThecooperativeprincipleandconversationalimplicationThestudiesonthehumorinFriendsareratherinsufficientasitbecamepopularinChinajustinthe1990sothatthestudiesinthisfieldstillhavealongwaytoreachthestageofmaturity.Inthiscase,thisthesisismadetoresearchandfocusesonexplainingtherelationshipbetweentheverbalhumorandtheCooperativePrincipletoshowthewaysinwhichtheverbalhumorintheAmericansoapoperaFriendsfloutsthefourprinciples,thehumorouseffectistriggeredandtheimpliedmessagebehindthehumorisconveyed.

HerecomestoGrice’sCooperativePrincipleandhisconversationalimplicationtheory.Gricesuggeststhat“thereisasetofover-archingassumptionsguidingtheconductofconversation.Thesearise,itseems,frombasicrationalconsiderationsandmaybeformulatedasguidelinesfortheefficientandeffectiveuseoflanguageinconversationtofurtherco-operativeends”.Hisideaisthatinordertocarryonthetalktheparticipantsmustbewillingtocooperativeinmakingconversation.Participantsinconversationhavetheobligationtogiveadequateandaccurateinformation,andtomakerelevantresponses.Griceidentifiesasguidelinesfourbasicmaximsofconversation,calledtheCooperativePrinciple,orCPforshort.Theyareintroducedasfollows:Theco-operativeprinciple

Makeyourcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged

Theprincipleofquality

Trytomakeyourcontributiononthatistrue,specifically:

a.donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse

b.donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence

Theprincipleofquantity

a.makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange

b.donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired

Theprincipleofrelevance

Makeyourcontributionsrelevant

Theprincipleofmanner

Beperspicuous,andspecifically:

a.avoidobscurity

b.avoidambiguity

c.bebrief

d.beorderly

2·AnalysisofhumorinFriends

TherearealargenumberofhumorousdialoguesinFriends.Therefore,thehumorousdialogueshadtobeclassifiedaccordingtothefactororthereasonofcreatinghumor.Thosethatfloutfourprincipleswerechosentobeexplainedindetails.

HumorisusuallycausedbythedeliberateviolationoftheCPbyparticipantsoftheconversation.Differentfromdailyconversation,humoristheembodimentofwisdom.Itisjocularandwittyandusuallymakespeoplelaughing.Onecharacteristicofhumoristhatthelanguageusedinitisimplicit.Itisnotinastraightforwardwaytoexpressideasorputforwardsomecriticizingorcomplainingcomments.Besides,itdisclosesthingsorideaswhichareabsurdorunreasonableinatactfulandimplicitway.Peoplekeepthinkingandinferring,andtrytograsptheintendedmeaningandunderlyingmessagethroughthelanguageofhumor.2.1TheprincipleofqualityBytheprincipleofquality,itismeantthatinadialoguewealltrytomakeourcontributiontoonethingthatistrueorsaythingsthataretrue.Tokeeptothisprinciple,wesimultaneouslyobservetwosub-principles:wedonotsaywhatwebelievetobefalse,andwedonotsayanythingwelackadequateevidence.2.1.1“Joey:Whatareyoutalkingabout?Keepit!

Phoebe:It'snotmine,Ididn'tearnit,ifIkeptit,itwouldbelikestealing.

Rachel:Yeah,butifyouspentit,itwouldbelikeshopping!

Phoebe:Okay.Okay,let'ssayIboughtareallygreatpairofshoes.DoyouknowwhatI'dhear,witheverystepItook?'Not-mine.Not-mine.Not-mine.'AndevenifIwashappy,okay,and,andskipping-'Not-not-mine,not-not-mine,not-not-mine,not-not-mine'...”(Friends,1994)ThisdialogueappearsinthescenethatonedayPhoebediscoversthereisfivehundredextradollarsinheraccount;everyoneaskshertokeepthemoney,whilesheisunwillingtokeepanduseit.Shethinkstheshoeswouldblameherifsheusedthatmoneytobuyshoes.She,ofcourse,knowsshoescouldnotsayanything.SheissayingsomethinguntrueandisthusfloutingthemaximofQuality.Atthesametime,humorisproducedbypersonifyingtheshoesasapersonhavingavoice.Herimpliedmessageis“Ishouldnotkeeptheextramoney.AndIwouldfeelguiltyifIkeptandusedit.”2.1.2“Ross:IfIhadn’tletyoutalkmetogointotheairportinthefirstplace,Iwouldn’thaveputmyfistthroughthewall.

Chandler:Youputyourfistthroughthewall?

Ross:No.Imissitandhitthedoor.Butitopenedreallyhard.”(Friends,1997)ThisconversationhappensinthesituationthatRossfailstopersuadehisgirlfriendtostaywithhim.Rosssaysheputhisfistthroughthewalltoemphasizehowupsetandangryheis.However,ChandlerdoubtsRoss’swordsbecauseheknowsRossistootimidtoputhisfistthroughthewall.Later,Rossadmitshejusthitthedoor.Here,RosssayssomethinguntrueonpurposeandthusfloutsthemaximofQuality.Humorofthiskindisfoundedlargelyonhyperbole.2.1.3“Ross:Yeah,uh…andthenIfiguredafteryouwin,wecouldallgoouttothebalconyandseeanightrainbowwithgremlinsdancingontopofit!”

2.1.4“Ross:Youknowwhat,I’msureyourwishisgonnacometrue,but,youguys—justincase,maybeageniewillcomeoutifwerubthislamp!”(Friends,1999)Rosssaysthesetwosentences,comparingthathisfriendswouldwintothatsomeonewouldseeanightrainbowwithgremlinsdancingontopofitandthatcomingoutageniefromalamp,toexpresshedoesnotbelievehisfriendwouldwin.Humorhereisachievedbyusingmetaphor.Rossknowsthephenomenonwhathesaidcouldhardlyhappen,soheisfloutingthemaximofqualitydeliberately.Theimplicationthatresultsis“Itisimpossibleforyoutowin.”2.2TheprincipleofquantityBytheprincipleofquantity,itismeantthatinadialoguewealltrytomakeourcontributionasmuchasdesired.Therearetwosub-principlesunderthequantityprinciple:wetrytomakeourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchangeandwedonotmakeourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.2.2.1“Rachel:Isn’tthisamazing?Imean,I’venevermadecoffeebeforeinmyentirelife.

Chandler:That’samazing.

Joey:Congratulations.(Tasteabiteofcoffee)

Joey:AlthoughactuallyI’mreallynotthathungry.”(Friends,1995)

Aftertastingabiteofcoffee,Joeydoesnotmentionthetasteofcoffeeinhiscomment.Apparently,hisanswerislessinformativethanisrequired,thus,hefloutsthemaximofQuantity.Theimplicationthatresultsis“Thecoffeeisnottasty.”Inthefirstplace,thethreepersonsconsideritisamazingthatRachelcouldmakecoffee.ButitturnsoutthatRachel’scoffeeisterrible.Thissuddenturningpointwouldbringaboutthesenseofhumor.2.3Theprincipleofrelevance

Bytheprincipleofrelevance,itismeantthatinadialoguewealltrytomakeourcontributionrelevanttotheexchange.2.3.1“Ross:Idon’twanttobesingle,OK?Ijustwanttobemarriedagain.

(Rachelranintothecoffeeshopwearingtheweddingveil.)

Chandler:AndIjustwantamilliondollars!”(Friends,1994)

ThisconversationhappenswhenRossandChandleraretalkingaboutRoss’sloveaffair.Rosssayshewantstobemarriedagain,butChandlersayshewantsamilliondollars.Itseemsthatthetwosubjectstheymentionareirrelevant.ButitoccursinacertainsituationthatabridewearingweddingveilappearswhenRossspeaksouthisexpectationtobemarriedagain.Inthecase,Chandler’ssenseofhumorisembodiedbysayingsomethingirrelevant,i.e.floutingtheprincipleofRelevance.2.3.2“Phoebe:Oh,hey,Mon,doyoustillhaveyourlikeoldblousesanddressesfromhighschool?

Monica:Yeah,IthinkIhavesomearoundheresomewhere.Why?Phoebe:Well,it’sjustthatmaternityclothesaresoexpensive.”(Friends,2003)

Inthisconversation,whenPhoebeisaskedwhyshetalksaboutMonica’sdressesfromhighschool,sheanswersmaternityclothesareexpensive—thisreplyseemsirrelevanttothequestion,butactuallysheimplicatesthatMonica’sblousesanddressesfromhighschoolarebigenoughforapregnantwoman,whilematernityclothesaresoexpensive,soshewantstoborrowthem.Here,Phoebefloutstheprincipleofrelevancedeliberately,andthushersenseofhumorisexpressed.

2.4TheprincipleofmannerBytheprincipleofmanner,itismeantthatinadialoguewealltrytobeperspicuous(clearandlucid).Inlinewiththisprinciple,therearefoursub-principles:a.wetrytoavoidobscurity;b.wetrytoavoidambiguity;c.wetrytobebrief;d.wetrytobeorderly.

2.4.1“Phoebe:Ooh!Oh!(ShestartstopluckattheairjustinfrontofRoss.)

Ross:No,nodon't!Stopcleansingmyaura!No,justleavemyauraalone,okay?

Phoebe:Fine!Bemurky!”(Friends,1996)

Inthisconversation,PhoebewantstocatchRoss’sattentionbypluckingattheairinfrontofhim.Buthefeelsannoyingandhewantstoleavehimselfalone.Insteadofsaying“donotbotherme”directly,herefersto“myaura”andsays“stopcleansingmyaura”and“l(fā)eavemyauraalone”.Moreover,Phoebeutters“murky”todescribetheairaroundRossinsteadofusing“unhappy”or“sorrowful”todescribehimdirectly.Here,bothRossandPhoebeuseobscureexpressionandthusflouttheprincipleofManner.Butthehumorouseffecttheycreateandtheimplicationoftheirutteranceareobviousandacceptedbyaudience.

2.4.2“Emily:Whatdidyoudecide?DoesyouruncleNathangetaninvitationornot?

Ross:Oh,God!Nobodylikeshim.Andhe’ssocheap.Imeanhe’dneverflytoLondoninamillionyears…Yeah,invitehim.”(Friends,1997)RossandEmilyaredecidingwhowouldbeinvitedtotheirwedding.WhenEmilyasksRosswhetherinvitehisuncleornot,Rossdoesnotanswer“yes”or“no”brieflyanddirectly.Instead,hesaysalotofhisuncle’sweakpointsinthefirstplace,butfinallyhedecidestoinvitehimsoquickly.Thus,obviously,Ross’sdeliberatelyprolixexpressioncreatesasenseofhumorbyfloutingtheprincipleofManner.3·Discussion

Inthepreviouspart,thehumorousdialoguesinFriendswereselectedtobeanalyzedandexplainedfromtheviewoffloutingfourprinciplesofCPincludingtheprincipleofquality,quantity,relevanceandmanner.Afterdetailedanalyzing,aconclusionthatthereisimpliedmeaningbehindsomeofthehumorousconversationisdrawn.

TheverbalhumorinFriends,sometimesconveyingsomeimpliedmessage,called“conversationalimplication”–anextrameaningcomparedwiththeliteral,isstillasuccessfulcommunicationskillthoughit,toacertainextents,exteriorlyfloutstheprinciplesoftheCP.

SomeChinesescholarshaveresearchedonverbalhumorinAmericansoapoperaFriends.Theyconductananalysisontheselecteddialoguesonthebasisoftheprincipleofqualityandthemaximofmanner.Intheirresearches,theyhavethesameresultasthisthesisdoes,thatis,theparticipantsinhumorousconversationsdeliberatelyflouttheprincipleofqualityandofmanner.However,mostofthemdonotdiscussthehumorousconversationsfocusingonallofthefourprinciplesoftheCPanddonotdiscusstheconversationalimplication.Therefore,thisthesisislikelytofurtherthestudyinthisaspect.

AfterexplaininghowthepragmaticrulescanbeusedinFriendsandimpliedmeaningsbehindverbalhumor,thisthesisislikelytoassistpeopletoappreciatethehumorinFriends.TheverbalhumorinFriendsisthetypicalhumorwithAmericancharacteristicssothatsometimesitishardfornon-nativeEnglishspeakerstounderstand.Hence,detailedpragmaticanalysisoftheverbalhumorinFriendsishelpfulforEnglishlearnerstoimprovetheirunderstandingandappreciationofthenatureofAmericanhumor.Atthesametime,itisilluminatingforthemtoapplyhumorskilltomediateinterpersonalrelationships.4·ConclusionStudyinganddiscussingAmericancultureisofgreathelpforEnglishlearnerstounderstandAmericanhumor.Therefore,afurtherresearchonhumorinFriendscanbepossiblydevelopedfromtheaspectofcross-culturalcommunication.Besides,whileexplainingthehumorousdialogues,thispaperhasnotreferredtofigures’charactersandtraits,whichmayalsohavemucheffectonthestyleofhumor.InFriends,protagonistshaverespectivepersonalityandlifeexperience,sothestyleofhumorutteredbyeachofthemistoacertaindegreedifferent.Understandingofthefigures’personalitycontributestoafurtherstudyonthehumorinFriends.Bibliography

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[2]何自然.語用學與英語學習[M].上海.上海外語教育出版社.1997.

[3]胡范鑄.幽默語言學[M].上海.上海社會科學院出版社.1987.

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[6]吳清.合作原則和情景喜劇中的幽默[J].江南大學學報.2005(2).107-110.基于C8051F單片機直流電動機反饋控制系統(tǒng)的設計與研究基于單片機的嵌入式Web服務器的研究MOTOROLA單片機MC68HC（8）05PV8/A內(nèi)嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機溫度控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機實現(xiàn)的供暖系統(tǒng)最佳啟停自校正（STR）調(diào)節(jié)器單片機控制的二級倒立擺系統(tǒng)的研究基于增強型51系列單片機的TCP/IP協(xié)議棧的實現(xiàn)基于單片機的蓄電池自動監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)基于32位嵌入式單片機系統(tǒng)的圖像采集與處理技術的研究基于單片機的作物營養(yǎng)診斷專家系統(tǒng)的研究基于單片機的交流伺服電機運動控制系統(tǒng)研究與開發(fā)基于單片機的泵管內(nèi)壁硬度測試儀的研制基于單片機的自動找平控制系統(tǒng)研究基于C8051F040單片機的嵌入式系統(tǒng)開發(fā)基于單片機的液壓動力系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)監(jiān)測儀開發(fā)模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其單片機實現(xiàn)一種基于單片機的軸快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于雙單片機沖床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的研究基于CYGNAL單片機的在線間歇式濁度儀的研制基于單片機的噴油泵試驗臺控制器的研制基于單片機的軟起動器的研究和設計基于單片機控制的高速快走絲電火花線切割機床短循環(huán)走絲方式研究基于單片機的機電產(chǎn)品控制系統(tǒng)開發(fā)基于PIC單片機的智能手機充電器基于單片機的實時內(nèi)核設計及其應用研究基于單片機的遠程抄表系統(tǒng)的設計與研究基于單片機的煙氣二氧化硫濃度檢測儀的研制基于微型光譜儀的單片機系統(tǒng)單片機系統(tǒng)軟件構件開發(fā)的技術研究基于單片機的液體點滴速度自動檢測儀的研制基于單片機系統(tǒng)的多功能溫度測量儀的研制基于PIC單片機的電能采集終端的設計和應用基于單片機的光纖光柵解調(diào)儀的研制氣壓式線性摩擦焊機單片機控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于單片機的數(shù)字磁通門傳感器基于單片機的旋轉變壓器-數(shù)字轉換器的研究基于單片機的光纖Bragg光柵解調(diào)系統(tǒng)的研究單片機控制的便攜式多功能乳腺治療儀的研制基于C8051F020單片機的多生理信號檢測儀基于單片機的電機運動控制系統(tǒng)設計Pico專用單片機核的可測性設計研究基于MCS-51單片機的熱量計基于雙單片機的智能遙測微型氣象站MCS-51單片機構建機器人的實踐研究基于單片機的輪軌力檢測基于單片機的GPS定位儀的研究與實現(xiàn)基于單片機的電液伺服控制系統(tǒng)用于單片機系統(tǒng)的MMC卡文件系統(tǒng)研制基于單片機的時控和計數(shù)系統(tǒng)性能優(yōu)化的研究基于單片機和CPLD的粗光柵位移測量系統(tǒng)研究單片機控制的后備式方波UPS提升高職學生單片機應用能力的探究基于單片機控制的自動低頻減載裝置研究基于單片機控制的水下焊接電源的研究基于單片機的多通道數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)基于uPSD3234單片機的氚表面污染測量儀的研制基于單片機的紅外測油儀的研究96系列單片機仿真器研究與設計基于單片機的單晶金剛石刀具刃磨設備的數(shù)控改造基于單片機的溫度智能控制系統(tǒng)的設計與實現(xiàn)基于MSP430單片機的電梯門機控制器的研制基于單片機的氣體測漏儀的研究基于三菱M16C/6N系列單片機的CAN/USB協(xié)議轉換器基于單片機和DSP的變壓器油色譜在線監(jiān)測技術研究基于單片機的膛壁溫度報警系統(tǒng)設計基于AVR單片機的低壓無功補償控制器的設計基于單片機船舶電力推進電機監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)基于單片機網(wǎng)絡的振動信號的采集系統(tǒng)基于單片機的大容量數(shù)據(jù)存儲技術的應用研究基于單片機的疊圖機研究與教學方法實踐基于單片機嵌入式Web服務器技術的研究及實現(xiàn)基于AT89S52單片機的通用數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)基于單片機的多道脈沖幅度分析儀研究機器人旋轉電弧傳感角焊縫跟蹤單片機控制系統(tǒng)基于單片機的控制系統(tǒng)在PLC虛擬教學實驗中的應用研究基于單片機系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡通信研究與應用基于PIC16F877單片機的莫爾斯碼自動譯碼系統(tǒng)設計與研究基于單片機的模糊控制器在工業(yè)電阻爐上的應用研究基于雙單片機沖床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的研究與開發(fā)H