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PAGEPAGE1譯文一：模具的發(fā)展趨勢1．模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡化方向發(fā)展

（1）模具軟件功能集成化

模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設計、制造、裝配、檢驗、測試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，達到實現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實體幾何造型、復雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設計高級渲染、塑料模設計專家系統(tǒng)、復雜形體CAM、藝術造型及雕刻自動編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復雜形體在線測量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。國內(nèi)有上海交通大學金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。

（2）模具設計、分析及制造的三維化

傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結構設計已越來越不適應現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術要求。模具設計、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設計模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結構的CAE分析、模具可制造性評價和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關等特點，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設計軟件，可進行交互式3D型腔、型芯設計、模架配置及典型結構設計。澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實感流動模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評和應用。國內(nèi)有華中理工大學研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學的Z-mold軟件。面向制造、基于知識的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進性和實用性的重要標志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對應的型芯和型腔，實現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關，自動產(chǎn)生材料明細表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進行智能化加工參數(shù)設定、加工結果校驗等。

（3）模具軟件應用的網(wǎng)絡化趨勢

隨著模具在企業(yè)競爭、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國際化，以及計算機軟硬件技術的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡使得在模具行業(yè)應用虛擬設計、敏捷制造技術既有必要，也有可能。美國在其《21世紀制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要實現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發(fā)周期從40個月縮短到4個月。2.模具檢測、加工設備向精密、高效和多功能方向發(fā)展（1）模具檢測設備的日益精密、高效

精密、復雜、大型模具的發(fā)展，對檢測設備的要求越來越高?，F(xiàn)在精密模具的精度已達2～3μm，目前國內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國、日本等國的高精度三坐標測量機，并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。如東風汽車模具廠不僅擁有意大利產(chǎn)3250mm×3250mm三坐標測量機，還擁有數(shù)碼攝影光學掃描儀，率先在國內(nèi)采用數(shù)碼攝影、光學掃描作為空間三維信息的獲得手段，從而實現(xiàn)了從測量實物→建立數(shù)學模型→輸出工程圖紙→模具制造全過程，成功實現(xiàn)了逆向工程技術的開發(fā)和應用。這方面的設備還包括：英國雷尼紹公司第二代高速掃描儀(CYCLONSERIES2)可實現(xiàn)激光測頭和接觸式測頭優(yōu)勢互補，激光掃描精度為0.05mm，接觸式測頭掃描精度達0.02mm。另外德國GOM公司的ATOS便攜式掃描儀，日本羅蘭公司的PIX-30、PIX-4臺式掃描儀和英國泰勒·霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多傳感三維掃描儀分別具有高速化、廉價化和功能復合化等特點。

（2）數(shù)控電火花加工機床

日本沙迪克公司采用直線電機伺服驅動的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驅動反應快、傳動及定位精度高、熱變形小等優(yōu)點。瑞士夏米爾公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自適應控制、PCE能量控制及自動編程專家系統(tǒng)。另外有些EDM還采用了混粉加工工藝、微精加工脈沖電源及模糊控制(FC)等技術。（3）高速銑削機床(HSM)銑削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速銑削具有工件溫升低、切削力小、加工平穩(wěn)、加工質量好、加工效率高(為普通銑削加工的5～10倍)及可加工硬材料(<60HRC)等諸多優(yōu)點。因而在模具加工中日益受到重視。瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五軸聯(lián)動加工中心，其機床定位精度可達8μm，自制的具有矢量閉環(huán)控制電主軸，最大轉速為42000r/min。意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速銑床，其加工范圍達2500mm×5000mm×1800mm，轉速達20500r/min，切削進給速度達20m/min。HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽車覆蓋件模具、壓鑄模、大型塑料等曲面加工，其曲面加工精度可達0.01mm。外文原文:Dietrend1．moldCAD/CAE/CAMbeingintegrated,three-dimensional,intelligentandnetworkdirection(1)moldsoftwarefeaturesintegratedDiesoftwarefeaturesofintegratedsoftwaremodulesrequiredrelativelycomplete,whilethefunctionmoduleusingthesamedatamodel,inordertoachieveSyndicatednewsmanagementandsharingofinformationtosupportthemolddesign,manufacture,assembly,inspection,testingandproductionmanagementoftheentireprocesstoachieveoptimalbenefits.SeriessuchastheUKDelcam'ssoftwarewillincludeasurface/solidgeometricmodeling,engineeringdrawingcomplexgeometry,advancedrenderingindustrialdesign,plasticmolddesignexpertsystem,complexphysicalCAM,artisticdesignandsculptureautomaticprogrammingsystem,reverseengineeringandcomplexsystemsphysicallinemeasurementsystems.Ahigherdegreeofintegrationofthesoftwareincludes:Pro/ENGINEER,UGandCATIA,etc..ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,ChinawithfiniteelementanalysisofmetalplasticformingsystemsandDieCAD/CAMsystems;BeijingBeihangHaierSoftwareLtd.CAXASeriessoftware;JilinGoldGridEngineeringResearchCenterofthestampingdiemoldCAD/CAE/CAMsystems.(2)molddesign,analysisandmanufactureofthree-dimensionalTwo-dimensionalmoldoftraditionalstructuraldesigncannolongermeetmoderntechnicalrequirementsofproductionandintegration.Molddesign,analysis,manufacturingthree-dimensionaltechnology,paperlesssoftwarerequiredtomoldanewgenerationofthree-dimensional,intuitivesensetodesignthemold,usingthree-dimensionaldigitalmodelcanbeeasilyusedintheproductstructureofCAEanalysis,toolingmanufacturabilityevaluationandCNCmachining,formingprocesssimulationandinformationmanagementandsharing.SuchasPro/ENGINEER,UGandCATIAsoftwaresuchaswithparametric,feature-based,allrelevantcharacteristics,sothatmoldconcurrentengineeringpossible.Inaddition,CimatrancompanyMoldexpert,Delcam'sPs-moldandHitachiShipbuildingofSpace-E/moldareprofessionalinjectionmold3Ddesignsoftware,interactive3Dcavity,coredesign,moldbasedesignconfigurationandtypicalstructure.AustraliancompanyMoldflowrealisticthree-dimensionalflowsimulationsoftwareMoldflowAdvisersbeenwidelypraisedbyusersandapplications.ChinaHuazhongUniversityofSciencehavedevelopedsimilarsoftwareHSC3D4.5FandZhengzhouUniversity,Z-moldsoftware.Formanufacturing,knowledge-basedintelligentsoftwarefunctionisameasureofdieimportantsignofadvancedandpracticalone.(3)moldsoftwareapplications,networkingtrendWiththemoldintheenterprisecompetition,cooperation,productionandmanagement,globalization,internationalization,andtherapiddevelopmentofcomputerhardwareandsoftwaretechnology,theInternethasmadeinthemoldindustry,virtualdesign,agilemanufacturingtechnologybothnecessaryandpossible.TheUnitedStatesinits"21stCenturyManufacturingEnterpriseStrategy"thattheautoindustryby2006toachieveagilemanufacturing/virtualengineeringsolutionstoautomotivedevelopmentcycleshortenedfrom40monthsto4months.2．moldtesting,processingequipmenttotheprecise,efficient,andmulti-direction(1)moldtestingequipmentmoresophisticated,efficientSophisticated,complex,large-scalemolddevelopment,testingequipmenthavebecomeincreasinglydemanding.PrecisionMouldprecisionnowreached2~3μm,moredomesticmanufacturershavetouseItaly,theUnitedStates,Japanandothercountriesinthehigh-precisioncoordinatemeasuringmachine,andwithdigitalscanning.SuchasDongfengMotorMouldFactorynotonlyhasthecapacity3250mm×3250mmItaliancoordinatemeasuringmachine,alsohasadigitalphotographyopticalscanner,thefirstinthedomesticuseofdigitalphotography,opticalscanningasameansofspatialthree-dimensionalaccesstoinformation,enablingtheestablishmentfromthemeasurementofphysical→modeloutputofengineeringdrawings→→thewholeprocessofmoldmaking,reverseengineeringasuccessfultechnologydevelopmentandapplications.Thisequipmentinclude:second-generationBritishRenishawhigh-speedscanners(CYCLONSERIES2)canberealizedandcontactlaserprobecomplementaryprobe,laserscanneraccuracyof0.05mm,scanningprobecontactaccuracyof0.02mm.AnotherGermancompanyGOMATOSportablescanners,JapanRoland'sPIX-30,PIX-4desktopscannerandtheUnitedKingdomTaylorHopson'sTALYSCAN150multi-sensor,respectivelyThree-dimensionalscannerwithhighspeed,low-costandfunctionalcompositeandsoon.(2)CNCEDMJapanSodicklinearmotorservodriveusingthecompany'sAQ325L,AQ550LLS-WEDMhavedrivenfastresponse,transmissionandhighpositioningaccuracy,theadvantagesofsmallthermaldeformation.SwitzerlandChanmiercompanyNCEDMwithP-E3adaptivecontrol,PCEenergycontrolandautomaticprogrammingexpertsystems.OthersalsousedthepowdermixedEDMmachiningtechnology,micro-finishingpulsepowerandfuzzycontrol(FC)technologies.(3)high-speedmillingmachine(HSM)Millingisanimportantmeansofcavitymold.Thelow-temperaturehigh-speedmillingwiththeworkpiece,cuttingforceissmall,smoothprocessing,processingquality,processingefficiency(forthegeneralmillingprocess5to10times)andcanprocesshardmaterials(<60HRC)andmanyotheradvantages.Thusinthemoldprocessingmoreandmoreattention.RuishikelangcompanyUCP710-typefive-axismachiningcenter,machinetoolpositioningaccuracyupto8μm,home-madeclosed-loopvectorcontrolspindlewithamaximumspeed42000r/min.ItalyRAMBAUDI'shigh-speedmilling,theprocessingrangeofupto2500mm×5000mm×1800mm,speedup20500r/min,cuttingfeedspeedof20m/min.HSMgenerallyusedlarge,medium-sizedmold,suchasmotorcovermold,diecastingmold,largeplasticsurfacemachining,thesurfaceprecisionupto0.01mm.譯文二：快速經(jīng)濟制模技術類型快速經(jīng)濟制模技術與傳統(tǒng)的機械加工相比，具有制模周期短、成本低、精度與壽命又能滿足生產(chǎn)上的使用要求，是綜合經(jīng)濟效益比較顯著的一類制造模具的技術，概括起來，有以下幾種類別。1.表面成型制模技術

表面成型制模技術，主要是利用噴涂、電鑄、化學腐蝕等新的工藝方法形成型腔表面及精細花紋的一種工藝技術。

2.澆鑄成型制模技術澆鑄成型制模技術的共同特點是依樣件為基準，澆鑄出凸、凹模，型腔表面不需要機械加工。

3.擠壓成型技術

（1）冷擠壓成型

利用鈹銅合金的良好的導熱性和穩(wěn)定性，經(jīng)固熔時效處理后，采用冷擠壓制造模具凹模型腔。其特點是制造周期短，型腔精度高(IT7級)，表面粗糙度Ra=0.025μm,強度高，壽命可達50萬次，無環(huán)境污染。

（2）超塑成型制模技術

該技術是利用金屬材料在細化晶粒、一定成型溫度、低變形速率條件下，材料具有最佳超塑性時，將事先制作好的凸模，用較小的力便可擠壓出凹模的一種快速經(jīng)濟制模技術。超塑成型材料的典型代表是Zn-22%AL。

4.無模多點成形技術

無模多點快速成形技術是以CAD/CAM/CAT技術為主要手段，利用計算機控制高度可調(diào)基本體群形成上下成形面，代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)模具對板料進行三維曲面成形的又一現(xiàn)代先進制造技術。此項技術可以隨意改變變形路徑與受力狀態(tài)，提高材料的成形極限，可反復成形，以此消除材料內(nèi)部的殘余應力，實現(xiàn)無回彈成形。

5.凱維朗(KEVRON)鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術

新型鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術是一種不同于一般具有凸、凹模結構的鋼帶模，它是由單刃鋼帶與特制墊板組成的新型快速經(jīng)濟制模技術。這種模具重量輕，一般只有200kg，加工精度為

±0.35-0.50mm，可適合各種黑色和有色金屬的0.5-0.65mm厚的板料加工。壽命可達到5-25

萬次，制造成本低。

6.模具毛坯的快速制造技術—實型鑄造

由于大量的模具是屬于單件或小批量生產(chǎn)，模具毛坯的制造質量和周期及成本對最終的模具質量和周期及成本的影響是至關重要的。

現(xiàn)代模具毛坯已廣泛地采用子實型鑄造技術，所謂實型鑄造就是利用泡沫塑料(聚苯乙烯—PS或聚甲基丙烯酸酯—PMMA)制作代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的木?；蚪饘倌＃煨秃蟛恍枞〕瞿Ｐ?，便可以澆鑄，泡沫塑料模型的高溫液體金屬作用下，迅速燃燒氣化而消失，金屬液取代原來泡沫塑料模型所占有的位置，冷凝后形成鑄件。實型鑄造在實際應用中有下列幾種情況。

（1）干砂實型鑄造

即用55-100目的全干沒有任何粘結劑的石英砂造型，用EPS或PMMA泡沫塑料制作的模型涂掛0.2-1mm厚透氣性良好的耐火涂料層，以提高鑄件表面光潔度，防止粘砂或塌箱。

（2）負壓實型鑄造

負壓實型鑄造又稱V法造型。該技術是使用全干而無粘結劑的石英砂做型砂，用EPS或PMMA泡沫塑料做模型，在塑料薄膜的密封條件下，讓整個鑄型在負壓條件下(真空度0.4-0.67MPa)進行液體金屬澆鑄，鑄件凝固后解除負壓即可得到表面光潔的鑄件。

（3）樹脂砂實型鑄造

利用樹脂砂做型砂，用EPS或PMMA泡沫塑料做模型，在常溫、常壓下進行液體金屬澆鑄而制取鑄件。利用實型鑄造的技術制造模具毛坯具有尺寸精度高(ISO9級)，加工余量小(一般在5mm左右)，不需要拔模斜度，不需要制型芯與泥芯撐，節(jié)省金屬材料，節(jié)省做木模型的木材，制造周期短，成本低。該技術適合大型、復雜、單件模具毛坯的生產(chǎn)。陶瓷型精鑄、失蠟精鑄等技術在提高模具毛坯精度、降低加工工時、縮短制造周期、降低成本等方面也顯示出其特有的優(yōu)越性。

7.其它方面技術為了簡化模具的結構設計，降低模具成本，縮短模具制造周期，在國內(nèi)外也先后出現(xiàn)了一些其它方面新技術的應用，如快換模架、沖壓單元、刃口堆焊、鑲塊鑄造、氮氣彈簧等。

外文原文：FasteconomicalpatternmakingstechnologiestypeThefasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnologyandthetraditionalmachine-finishingcompares,hasthepatternmakingcycleshort,thecostislow,theprecisionandthelifecansatisfyintheproductiontheoperationrequirements,issynthesizesaneconomicefficiencyquiteremarkablekindtomakethemoldthetechnology,summarizesbelow,hasseveraltypestoleave.1．surfacestakeshapethepatternmakingtechnologyThesurfacetakesshapethepatternmakingtechnology,mainlyistheusespurtsspreads,theelectrolyticcasting,chemistrycorrosionandsoonthenewtechniqueformationcavitysurfaceandthefinepatternonekindofcrafttechnology.2．sprinkletocastintothetypesystemmoldtechniqueSprinklingtocastintotechnicalandcommoncharacteristicsofthetypesystemmoldisaccordingtothekindpieceforbasis,sprinkleaconvexandcavemold,asurfacedonotneedthemachinetoprocess.3．extrusionstakesshapethetechnology(1)coldextrusionstakesshapeUsingtheberylliuimcopperalloygoodthermalconductivityandthestability,afterthesolidmeltagingtreatmentofmetal,usetheswagingpressuretomakethemoldconcavemodelcavity.Itscharacteristicismakesthecycleshort,thecavityprecisionishigh(theIT7level),surfaceroughnessRa=0.025mum,Theintensityishigh,thelifemayreach500,000times,doesnothavetheenvironmentalpollution.(2)ultramodelstakesshapethepatternmakingtechnologyThistechnologyisusingthemetalmaterialinthethincrystalgrain,certainlytakesshapethetemperature,underthelowdistortionspeedcondition,whenthematerialhasthebestsuperplasticity,toesattendtocarryoutraisedmoldwhichtheinitiativefinishes,thenmayextrudetheconcavemoldwiththesmallstrengthonekindoffasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnology.UltramodelstakesshapematerialtypicalrepresentativeisZn-22%AL.4．doesnothavethemoldmulti-spotsformingtechnologyDoesnothavethemoldmulti-spotsfastformingtechnologyisbyCAD/CAM/CATThetechnologyisthemainmethodabout,mayadjustthebasemainbodygrouphighlyusingthecomputercontroltoformformsthesurface,replacesthetraditionalmoldtocarryonthethreedimensionalcurvedsurfaceformingtothesheetanmodernadvancedmanufacturetechnology.Thistechnologymaychangethedistortionwayandthestressfulconditionatwill,enhancesthematerialtheformedlimit,mayformrepeatedly,bythiseliminationmaterialinteriorremainingstress,therealizationdoesnothavethesnappingbackforming5．triumphantUygurbrightsteelbeltblankingfallsthematerialpatternmakingtechnologyThenewsteelbeltblankingfallsthematerialpatternmakingtechnologyisonekindisdifferentwithhasraised,theconcavemoldstructuresteelbeltmoldgenerally,itiswithspeciallymakesthenewfasteconomicalpatternmakingtechnologybythesingleedgesteelbeltwhichthebackingstripiscomposed.Thiskindofmoldweightislight,onlythen200kg,theprocessingprecisionfor±0.35-0.50mm,maysuiteachkindofblackandthenon-ferrousmetal0.5-0.65mmthicksheetprocessinggenerally.Thelifemayachieve5-25tenthousand,theproductioncostislow.6.moldssemifinishedmaterialsfastmanufacturetechnologysolidcastingBecausethemassivemoldsarebelongtothesingleunitortheproduction,themoldsemifinishedmaterialsmanufacturequalityandthecycleandthecosttothefinalmoldqualityandcyclicalandthecostinfluenceareveryimportant.Themodernmoldsemifinishedmaterialswidelyhaveusedtheseedscastingtechnology,theso-calledsolidcastingis(polystyrenePSeitherpolymethacrylatePMMA)manufacturesusingthefoamplasticsreplacestraditionalthewoodenmoldorthemetalpattern,afterthemodellingdoesnothavetotakeoutthemodel,thenmaythecasting,underthefoamplasticsmodelhightemperatureliquidmetalfunction,deflagratethegasificationbuttovanish,themoltenmetalsubstitutionoriginalfoamplasticsmodelholdstheposition,afterthecondensationformsthecasting.Thesolidcastinghasthefollowingseveralkindofsituationsinthepracticalapplication.(1)drysandssolidcastingNamelyalldoesnotdoanycementingagentquartzsandmodellingwith55-100goal,spreadswithEPSorthePMMAfoamplasticsmanufacturemodelhangsthe0.2-1mmthickpermeabilitygoodfireproofcoatinglevel,byenhancesthecastingsuperficiallyattractivefineness,preventedthefatsandorcollapsesthebox.(2)negativecompactionscastingThenegativecompactioncastingcallsVlawmodelling.Thistechnologyistheusealldoesbutdoesnothavethecementingagentthequartzsandtomakethemoldingsand,makesthemodelwithEPSorthePMMAfoamplastics,inundertheplasticfilmsealcondition,entireletscast(vacuum