閱讀理解七選五講義 高考英語二輪復習

閱讀理解七選五命題目的1.考查關鍵能力信息識別、獲取與加工能力邏輯推理與論證能力2.考查必備知識語篇層次：語篇主旨要義，語篇結構，并列段落段落層次：段落的構成句子層次：句際邏輯關系詞匯層次：替代、指代、復現(xiàn)各層次必備知識1.語篇層次語篇通常是圍繞一個中心議題的數(shù)個段落組成。語篇的組成模式通常為：導入（Introduction）+中心議題（Centralpoint）段落+分論點（Sub-points）段落群+結論（Conclusion）段落?？焖匍喿x了一個語篇以后，學生應抓取語篇的中心議題或主旨大意，把握語篇的整體結構，確定那幾個段落是平行段落。平行段落的主題句往往是相同或相似的結構。2.段落層次段落的構成模式通常為：主題句（thetopicsentence）+若干拓展句（developingsentences）+結論句（theconcludingsentence）。主題句多位于段首，也可以位于段中或短尾。有時候，段落也沒有結論句。3.句際邏輯關系一組意義相關的句子，按照一定的邏輯關系排列起來，就能在語篇中表達一個層次的意思。這種邏輯關系有時是顯性的，即運用明顯的過渡詞語來表達出來；有時是隱性的，即不使用任何過渡詞語，僅憑句子的排列順序來表達。語篇中的句際關系主要有以下諸類。1）

平列關系平列關系指句子之間在語義上處于平等并立的地位，互不相屬。如果改變句子的排列順序，并不影響整個語段的意義。例如：Allthepeopleonourblockgiveustrouble.

Mrs.Browncallsthepolicewheneverwegotoplayballonthestreet.Mrs.Johnsoncomplainsthatskateboardingmakestoomuchnoise.IfwehappentostrayintoMr.Hardy'syard,heyellsatus.上面這個語段中，后面三句是平列關系，共同說明“社區(qū)所有人都給我們帶來麻煩”這一主題。2)時序關系時序關系指各個句子只能按事物發(fā)展的時間先后順序排列，不可隨意改動次序，常用于描述事件過程或者操作流程。例如：

WehadahardtimegettingPeteroutoftheholehehadfalleninto.

First,wemadearopebylinkingourbeltstogether.

Then

weloweredittoPeter,tellinghimtograsptheend.

After

hehadholdoftherope,webegantopullhimslowlyoutofthehole.

As

hecameup,noonedaredtospeakaword.

Finally,wecouldgrasphimarms,andwithasighofrelief,wepulledhimoutontothegrassybank.上面這個語段中，后五句話是時序關系，共同說明“我們好不容易才把Peter拉出掉進的坑”這一過程。描述中，分別用了first，then，after，as，finally這些描述順序的關聯(lián)過渡詞語，使得文章脈絡清晰。3)

層遞關系層遞關系指句子間按照語義的輕重、認知的深淺作由輕到重、由淺入深、由主到次的順序排列。例如：Iseemtobesufferingfromalltheillnessesimaginable:insomnia(失眠),headache,backache,indigestion(消化不良),constipation(便秘)andpainsinthestomach.

Tomakethingsstillworse

(更糟糕的是),I'vecaughtacold,I'vegotasorethroat,andI'mconstantlysneezingandcoughing.

Tocrownitall

(最糟糕的是),Ihadanaccidenttheotherday,hurtmyrightshoulder,legandknee,andnearlybrokemyneck.IfItakealongwalk,Igetshortofbreath.Infact,Ifeelmoredeadthanalive.上面語段中，作者用層層遞進的方式描述了自己的不幸遭遇，感到生不如死。tomakethingsworse

和

tocrownitall，清楚地表現(xiàn)了這種層遞關系。4)轉(zhuǎn)折關系轉(zhuǎn)折關系指句子間意義表達發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)折，常用于進行對比、對照。例如：

CloningtakestheDNAfromasinglecelltocreateawholenewindividual.Acloneisanorganismwhichisgeneticallyidenticaltoanotherone.

But

it'snowcertainthatnocloneisanexactcopybecauseofdifferencesinexperiencesandupbringing.(克隆技術通過提取單個細胞的DNA來創(chuàng)造出一個完整的新個體。克隆體在基因上與另一個有機體是相同的。然而，現(xiàn)在可以確定的是，由于經(jīng)歷和成長環(huán)境的不同，沒有哪個克隆體是一絲不差的復制品。)又例如：It'stemptingtoseethelifeofajournalistasglamorousandexciting,

but

aswithanyotheroccupation,thereisalotofhardworkandroutineactivity.Italsodependsonwhatkindofpublicationyouworkfor.

However,eachdayisdifferentandyouwillcoverawiderangeofnewsstoriesandfeatures.5）總分關系總分關系指前面的句子涉及兩個或多個對象，后面的句子緊接著分別他們加以說明。這種組織方式使語段前后呼應，彼此配合，意義表達條理分明。例如：Friendscomeinmanyflavors.

Therearebestfriends,

schoolfriends,

fair-weatherfriends

(順境朋友),

foreverfriendsandmanymore.

Bestfriendsarefriendswithwhomyouspendalotoftimeandwithwhomyoushareallyourthoughtsandfeelings.

Schoolfriendsaredifferent:

youseeeachotherinschoolandyoustudyandhavefuntogether,

butyoumaynotknoweverythingabouteachother.

Fair-weatherfriendsarefriendswhoonlylikeyouwhenyouarehappyorwhenyouarepopular.

Ifyouarefeelingdown,

orifyouarehavingaproblem,

fair-weatherfriendsdon'twanttospendtimeortalkwithyou.

Foreverfriendsarefriendsthatwillalwayslistentoyouandtrytohelpyou,

evenifyoudisagreeorifyouarehavingaproblem.這一語段首先提出“朋友有許多種”，然后分別對bestfriends，schoolfriends，fair-weatherfriends

和

foreverfriends

進行解釋和說明。6)

解釋關系解釋關系指后面的句子對前面的句子進行闡釋、引申、例證，從而使意義表達更加明了、具體、生動，更有說服力。例如：

Doyouknowthattheaveragepersonputsonly25%ofhisenergyandabilityintohiswork?Thatmeansthosewhouse50%oftheirabilityreallystandoutfromtherest.Andtheveryfewwhoactuallygivetheirfull100%ofstrengthandsmartstotheirworkbecomethemostsuccessful.Manypeoplewantthegreenergrass,buttheydon'twanttopaythehigherwaterbilltogetit!普通人在工作或?qū)W習中只投入了25%的精力和能力。根據(jù)這一論斷，作者進行了引申和闡釋：投入50%就會出類拔萃，投入100%就會最成功。最后告誡普通人：草坪要比別家更加翠綠，就要比別人承擔更多水費。又例如：

Workandperseverance(毅力)alwayspayoff.Ourproblemiswewantaquickandeasyanswer.Butlifejustdoesn'tworkthatway.Awisemansaid,"Patienceandperseverancemaybebitter,butitsfinalfruitissweet."LarryBird,consideredoneofthegreatestbasketballplayersinhistory,said,"Ifyoukeepdoingyourbesteveryday,goodthingsaregonnahappentoyou."Weoftenthinkofgreatartistsandmusiciansasbeingbrilliantgeniuseswhojustnaturallyandeasilyperform,withouteffortorpractice.Butthetruthis(that)mostofthemsimplykeptworkinghardeverydayuntiltheyfinallyproducedtheirmasterpieces.Michelangelo'spainting

LastJudgment

isoneofthe12greatestpaintingsinallofhistory.Ittookhimeightyearstopaint,andmorethan2,000drawingstofinallygetitright.LeonardodaVincitook10yearstodohisfamouspainting,

TheLastSupper.Infact,manydaysheworkednon-stopandevenforgottoeat.Whenthegreatpianoplayer,Paderewski,wasaveryoldman,hestillpracticedpianosixhoursadayormore!Someonesaidtohim,"Youmusthavesomuchpatience."Paderewskianswered,"Idon'thaveanymorepatiencethanotherpeople.It'sjustthatIusemine."

Foralmost50years,PaulHarveywasthemostlistenedtoradiospeakersinAmerica.Hesaidthateveryprogramhewrotewaseditedandrewritten,word-for-word,50times!堅持不懈的努力終有回報。便捷的成功在生活中是行不通的。作者通過恰當?shù)囊煤拖鑼嵉氖聦崒@一主題進行了例證。

7)

因果關系因果關系指句子之間在邏輯上存在因果聯(lián)系。在排列方式上，既可以采用前因后果，也可以采用前果后因。例如：Advertisersdiscoveredyearsagothatallofuslovetogetsomethingoutofnothing.AnadvertisementwhichbeginswiththemagicwordFREEcanrarelygowrong.Thesedays,advertisersnotonlyofferfreesamples,butfreecars,freehouses,andfreetripsaroundtheworldaswell.

又例如：

Thequietlifeofthecountryhasneverappealedtome.Citybornandcitybred(城里生，城里長),Ihavealwaysregardedthecountryassomethingyoulookatthroughatrainwindoworsomethingyouoccasionallyvisitduringtheweekend.

8)比擬關系比擬關系指把深奧抽象的事物比喻為淺顯易懂、具體生動的事物。從而達到深入淺出、通俗易懂、形象生動的表達效果。例如：Thesurfaceoftheearthisliketheskinofanorange,whichcannotbespreadoutflatunlessitistornintostrips.Thatiswhyflatmapsofthewholeearthalway