考研真題：廣東暨南大學(xué)2019年翻譯碩士英語(yǔ)考試真題

考研真題：暨南大學(xué)2019年[翻譯碩士英語(yǔ)]考試真題學(xué)科、專業(yè)名稱：翻譯碩士專業(yè)研究方向：英語(yǔ)筆譯考試科目名稱：翻譯碩士英語(yǔ)考試科目代碼：211考生注意：所有答案必須寫在答題紙（卷）上，寫在本試題上一律不給分。I.Vocabulary&Grammar(30%)Directions:Thereare30sentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChooseONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.1.Educationandworkcanberestructuredtoteachand______theskillsofconcentrationandfocus.A.proposeB.propagateC.propelD.proceed2.It'sdifficultto_________thedemandsofmyjobandthedesiretobeagoodfather.A.reconcileB.combineC.relateD.integrate3.Breakoutofthisguiltandletyourself________inyoursense

ofaccomplishmentforwhatyouhavegottendone

insteadof

whatthere

is

still

todo.

A.absorbB.indulgeC.involveD.relish4.Forthis,wenever________theuseofforce,asitiscommonaspirationandsacredmissionofthepeopleofChina

tosafeguard

China’s

sovereignty

and

alsotoreunify

ourmotherland.

A.declareB.renounceC.announceD.claim5.Becauseofhisadventures,heisapersonoffargreaterexperienceand________.A.resourcefulnessB.resourcesC.considerationsD.thoughtfulness6.Ifamachine,railwayline,orbridge

is________,itisdeliberatelydamagedordestroyed,forexample,inawarorasaprotest.

A.explodedB.bombedC.bombardedD.sabotaged7.Evenifwecouldcollectmostofwhatwegaveout

–

whichwecan't

–

ascantofhighpoweredweapons

in

the

hands

of

bad

actors

canbedisastrousinaplacewheregovernmentcontrolisweak.A.amountB.volumeC.handfulD.number8.Studythecontractthoroughlyandcarefully,________

yourdutiesandwhathappensifyoubreakthe

contract.A.scrutinizeB.watchC.observeD.keep9.Halfofthosesurveyedsaythatthepenaltyshouldbeassevereas________fordrunkdriving.A.theseB.thoseC.thisD.that10.Ifyoudescribesomeoneas

________,youdisapproveofthembecausetheyaretooproudoftheirsocialstatus,intelligence,ortaste.A.arrogantB.snobbishC.conceitedD.contemptuous11.IfAlbertEinsteinlivedtoday,hewouldbesurprisedbywhat_______inscienceandtechnology.AhaddiscoveredB.hadbeendiscoveredC.hasdiscovered.D.hasbeendiscovered.12.----Yoursisternearlydevotedallhertimetohercourseduringthethreeyears.----That’sright,orshe_________thefirstplaceinherschoolinthe2018CollegeEntranceExamination.A.wouldn’ttakeB.wouldn’thavetakenC.hadn’ttakenD.couldn’ttake13.Thecountryhassentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent_______attheendoflastMarch.A.hasbeenlaunchedB.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunched14.Awhaleis_______afish_______ahorseis.A.nomore,thanB.norather,thanC.notmore,thanD.not,ratherthan15.Fortunately,aBritishgamesandadvertisingcompany,CaptiveMedia,has

________

asolutiontocopewiththesituation.A.comeoffB.comeupwithC.comeoverD.comeon16.Whilegovernmentsandcompaniesshouldtake________measurestostopabuse,attemptstocontroltheInternetisnotthesimplesolution.A.sentimentalB.sensitiveC.sensationalD.sensible17.I'msureI'mnotaloneinfeeling

anxious,

______

andworriedwhenIdon'thavemyphonewithme.A.inedgeB.onedgeC.atedgeD.offedge18.Whatwearesuggestingisthatapopulation-wide

________

toreducesaltintake,evenslightly,willhavehealthbenefits.A.effortB.affectC.effectD.efficacy19.

Expertssaythatonahotandhumiddaywecanloseuptofourlitresoffluidthrough

sweating

and

________.A.inhalationB.exhalationC.expirationD.inspiration20.Forasmallnumberofus,extremejealousycanleadto

___

behaviourlike

stalkinganditcanalsocause

depression,____relationshipsandevenkill.A.obsessing...destroyingB.obsessive...destroyC.obsession...destructionD.obsessed...destroyed21.Thisisthelastpartofthehikenowanditwillbedifficult.Let’stakeabreakto____________andthenkeepgoing.

A.takeourselvesB.supportourselvesC.goourselvesD.steadyourselves22.Hundredsofpeopleturned___atSophie'sHairwhentheysawanadvertofferingfreehaircuts_____nostringsattached.A.on...atB.up...withC.in...onD.down...of23.Itfoundthatthehighrateofinfantbraincellproductioncouldincrease

forgetfulness,becausenewcells

____________existingmentalcircuits.A.interfere

withB.addintoC.affectintoD.resultfrom24.There'sanewsystemindevelopmentwhichwillmakeitpossibletoreadtheuniquemapsof

veins

underthesurfaceofyourfinger,andusethemto

___________

payments–orprovethatit'syoumakingthepayments.A.realizeB.engageC.authenticateD.appreciate25.Fortheluckyfew,there'sthechanceofbeingpluckedfrom

____

andthrownintotheglamorousworldofmodeling.A.celebrityB.obscurityC.irritationD.integration26.In2002,inan

____________

moveintheEuropeanUnion,Germany________somerightstoanimalsinits

constitution.A.incredible...deliveredB.unbelievable...relievedC.indecent...tookD.unprecedented...granted27.Aroundtheworld,girlsdobetterthanboysatschoolwhile

inonlythreeregions–Colombia,CostaRicaandtheIndianstateHimachalPradesh–________________

withboysdoingbetter.A.wasreversedthetrendB.wasthe

trendreversedC.thetrendwasreversedD.reversedwasthetrend28.InBritain,theEqualityActof2010makesit_________fororganizationstomakereasonable

__________fordisabledpeople.A.obligatory...developmentB.responsible...changesC.mandatory...adjustmentsD.significant...technique29.Anewprojectwantstousethepowerofsciencefictionto

_______peopletocreateabetterfuture.A.inspireB.umpireC.expireD.respire30.Whyyouaremadetowalkdownmanyaislestoreachthe

everyday_________atthebackoftheshop?A.essentialsB.essenceC.commodityD.baseII.ReadingComprehension(40%)Directions:Thispartconsistsoftwosections.InSectionA,therearethreepassagesfollowedbyatotalof20multiple-choicequestions.InSectionB,therearetwopassagesfollowedbyatotalof10short-answerquestions.ReadthepassagesandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.SectionAMultiple-ChoiceQuestions(20%)Passage1Questions31to37arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Federaleffortstoaidminoritybusinessesbeganinthe1960’swhentheSmallBusinessAdministration(SBA)beganmakingfederallyguaranteedloansandgovernment-sponsoredmanagementandtechnicalassistanceavailabletominoritybusinessenterprises.Whilethisprogramenabledmanyminorityentrepreneurstoformnewbusinesses,theresultsweredisappointing,sincemanagerialinexperience,unfavorablelocations,andcapitalshortagesledtohighfailurerates.Evenyearsaftertheprogramwasimplemented,minoritybusinessreceiptswerenotquitetwopercentofthenationaleconomy’stotalreceipts.Recentlyfederalpolicymakershaveadoptedanapproachintendedtoacceleratedevelopmentoftheminoritybusinesssectorbymovingawayfromdirectlyaidingsmallminorityenterprisesandtowardsupportinglarger,growth-orientedminorityfirmsthroughintermediarycompanies.Inthisapproach,largecorporationsparticipateinthedevelopmentofsuccessfulandstableminoritybusinessesbymakinguseofgovernment-sponsoredventurecapital.ThecapitalisusedbyaparticipatingcompanytoestablishaMinorityEnterpriseSmallBusinessInvestmentCompanyorMESBIC.TheMESBICthenprovidescapitalandguidancetominoritybusinessesthathavepotentialtobecomefuturesuppliersorcustomersofthesponsoringcompany.MESBIC’saretheresultofthebeliefthatprovidingestablishedfirmswitheasieraccesstorelevantmanagementtechniquesandmorejob-specificexperience,aswellassubstantialamountsofcapital,givesthosefirmsagreateropportunitytodevelopsoundbusinessfoundationsthandoessimplymakinggeneralmanagementexperienceandsmallamountsofcapitalavailable.Further,sincepotentialmarketsfortheminoritybusinessesalreadyexistthroughthesponsoringcompanies,theminoritybusinessesfaceconsiderablylessriskintermsoflocationandmarketfluctuation.Followingearlyfinancialandoperatingproblems,sponsoringcorporationsbegantocapitalizeMESBIC’sfarabovethelegalminimumof$500,000inordertogeneratesufficientincomeandtosustainthequalityofmanagementneeded.MESBIC’sarenowemergingasincreasinglyimportantfinancingsourcesforminorityenterprises.Ironically,MESBICstaffs,whichusuallyconsistofHispanicandBlackprofessionals,tendtoapproachinvestmentsinminorityfirmsmorepragmaticallythandomanyMESBICdirectors,whoareusuallyseniormanagersfromsponsoringcorporations.Thelatteroftenstillthinkmainlyintermsofthe“socialresponsibilityapproach”andthusseemtopreferdealsthatareriskierandlessattractivethannormalinvestmentcriteriawouldwarrant.Suchdifferencesinviewpointhaveproduceduneasinessamongmanyminoritystaffmembers,whofeelthatminorityentrepreneursandbusinessesshouldbejudgedbyestablishedbusinessconsiderations.ThesestaffmembersbelievetheirpointofviewisclosertotheoriginalphilosophyofMESBIC’sandtheyareconcernedthat,unlessamoreprudentcourseisfollowed,MESBICdirectorsmayreverttopolicieslikelytore-createthedisappointingresultsoftheoriginalSBAapproach.31. Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?A.TheuseofMESBIC’sforaidingminorityentrepreneursseemstohavegreaterpotentialforsuccessthandoestheoriginalSBAapproach.B.ThereisacrucialdifferenceinpointofviewbetweenthestaffanddirectorsofsomeMESBIC’s.C.Afterinitialproblemswithmanagementandmarketing,minoritybusinesseshavebeguntoexpandatasteadyrate.D.Minorityentrepreneurswishingtoformnewbusinessesnowhaveseveralequallysuccessfulfederalprogramsonwhichtorely.32. Accordingtothepassage,theMESBICapproachdiffersfromtheSBAapproachinthatMESBIC’sA.seekfederalcontractstoprovidemarketsforminoritybusinesses.B.encourageminoritybusinessestoprovidemarketsforotherminoritybusinesses.C.attempttomaintainaspecifiedrateofgrowthintheminoritybusinesssector.D.relyontheparticipationoflargecorporationstofinanceminoritybusinesses.33. WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorcitetosupporttheconclusionthattheresultsoftheSBAprogramweredisappointing?A.Thesmallnumberofnewminorityenterprisesformedasaresultoftheprogram.B.Thesmallnumberofminorityenterprisesthattookadvantageofthemanagementandtechnicalassistanceofferedundertheprogram.C.Thesmallpercentageofthenation’sbusinessreceiptsearnedbyminorityenterprisesfollowingtheprogramsimplementation.D.Thesmallpercentageofrecipientminorityenterprisesthatwereabletorepayfederallyguaranteedloansmadeundertheprogram.34. WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSBAprogramcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Themaximumtermforloansmadetorecipientbusinesseswas15years.B.Businessloanswereconsideredtobemoreusefultorecipientbusinessesthanwasmanagementandtechnicalassistance.C.Theanticipatedfailurerateforrecipientbusinesseswassignificantlylowerthantheratethatactuallyresulted.D.Recipientbusinesseswereencouragedtorelocatetoareasmorefavorableforbusinessdevelopment.35. Theauthor’sprimaryobjectiveinthepassageisto________.A.disprovetheviewthatfederaleffortstoaidminoritybusinesseshavebeenineffectiveB.explainhowfederaleffortstoaidminoritybusinesseshavechangedsincethe1960’sC.establishadirectlinkbetweenthefederaleffortstoaidminoritybusinessesmadebeforethe1960’sandthosemadeinthe1980’sD.analyzethebasisforthebeliefthatjob-specificexperienceismoreusefultominoritybusinessesthanisgeneralmanagementexperience36. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheattitudeofsomeMESBICstaffmemberstowardtheinvestmentspreferredbysomeMESBICdirectorscanbestbedescribedasA.disapprovingB.defensiveC.shockedD.indifferent37. Thepassageprovidesinformationthatwouldanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?A.Whatwastheaverageannualamount,indollars,ofminoritybusinessreceiptsbeforetheSBAstrategywasimplemented?B.Whatlocationsareconsideredtobeunfavorableforminoritybusinesses?C.WhatisthecurrentsuccessrateforminoritybusinessesthatarecapitalizedbyMESBIC’s?D.Howhastheuseoffederalfundingforminoritybusinesseschangedsincethe1960’s?Passage2Questions38to44arebasedonthefollowingpassage.In1977theprestigiousEwhaWomen’sUniversityinSeoul,Korea,announcedtheopeningofthefirstwomen’sstudiesprograminAsia.Fewacademicprogramshaveeverreceivedsuchpublicattention.Inbroadcastdebates,criticsdismissedtheprogramasabetrayalofnationalidentity,animitationofWesternideas,andadistractionfromtherealtaskofnationalunificationandeconomicdevelopment.Evensupportersunderestimatedtheprogram;theythoughtitwouldbemerelyanotherofthemanyWesternideasthathadalreadyprovedusefulinAsianculture,akintoairlines,electricity,andtheassemblyline.Thefoundersoftheprogram,however,realizedthatneitherviewwascorrect.TheyhadsomereservationsabouttheapplicabilityofWesternfeministtheoriestotheroleofwomeninAsiaandfeltthatsuchtheoriesshouldbecloselyexamined.TheirapproachhasthusfaryieldedimportantcritiquesofWesterntheory,informedbythespecialexperienceofAsianwomen.Forinstance,liketheWesternfeministcritiqueoftheFreudianmodelofthehumanpsyche,theKoreancritiquefindsFreudiantheoryculture-bound,butinwaysdifferentfromthosecitedbyWesterntheorists.TheKoreantheoristsclaimthatFreudiantheoryassumestheuniversalityoftheWesternnuclear,male-headedfamilyandfocusesonthepersonalityformationoftheindividual,independentofsociety.Ananalysisbasedonsuchassumptionscouldbevalidforahighlycompetitive,individualisticsociety.IntheFreudianfamilydrama,familymembersareassumedtobeengagedinaDarwinianstruggleagainsteachother—fatheragainstsonandsiblingagainstsibling.SuchaconceptprojectsthecompetitivemodelofWesternsocietyontohumanpersonalities.ButintheAsianconceptofpersonalitythereisnoidealattachedtoindividualismortotheindependentself.TheWesternmodelofpersonalitydevelopmentdoesnotexplainmajorcharacteristicsoftheKoreanpersonality,whichissocialandgroup-centered.The“self”isasocialbeingdefinedbyandactinginagroup,andthewell-beingofbothmenandwomenisdeterminedbytheequilibriumofthegroup,notbyindividualself-assertion.Theidealisoneofinterdependency.Insuchacontext,whatisrecognizedas“dependency”inWesternpsychiatrictermsisnot,inKoreanterms,anadmissionofweaknessorfailure.AllthisbearsdirectlyontheAsianperceptionofmen’sandwomen’spsychologybecausemenarealso“dependent.”InKoreanculture,mencryandotherwiseeasilyshowtheiremotions,somethingthatmightbeconsideredabetrayalofmasculinityinWesternculture.Inthekinship-basedsocietyofKorea,fourgenerationsmayliveinthesamehouse,whichmeansthatpeoplecanbesonsanddaughtersalltheirlives,whereasinWesternculture,therolesofhusbandandson,wifeanddaughter,areoftenincompatible.38. Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthecontentofthepassage?A.Acritiqueofaparticularwomen’sstudiesprogram.B.Areportofworkinsocialtheorydonebyaparticularwomen’sstudiesprogram.C.Anassessmentofthestrengthsandweaknessesofaparticularwomen’sstudiesprogram.D.Ananalysisofthephilosophyunderlyingwomen’sstudiesprograms.339. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatKoreanscholarsinthefieldofwomen’sstudiesundertookananalysisofFreudiantheoryasaresponsetowhichofthefollowing?A.AttacksbycriticsoftheEwhawomen’sstudiesprogram.B.ThesuperficialityofearliercritiquesofFreudiantheory.C.ThepopularityofFreudinKoreanpsychiatriccircles.D.TheirassessmentoftherelevanceandlimitationsofWesternfeministtheorywithrespecttoKoreanculture.40. WhichofthefollowingconclusionsabouttheintroductionofWesternideastoKoreansocietycanbesupportedbyinformationcontainedinthepassage?A.Exceptfortechnologicalinnovations,fewWesternideashavebeensuccessfullytransplantedintoKoreansociety.B.TheintroductionofWesternideastoKoreansocietyisviewedbysomeKoreansasachallengetoKoreanidentity.C.ThedevelopmentoftheKoreaneconomydependsheavilyonthedevelopmentofnewacademicprogramsmodeledafterWesternprograms.D.TheextenttowhichWesternideasmustbeadaptedforacceptancebyKoreansocietyisminimal.41. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthepositiontakenbysomeofthesupportersoftheEwhawomen’sstudiesprogramwasproblematictothefoundersoftheprogrambecausethosesupporters________.A.assumedthattheprogramwouldbebasedontheuncriticaladoptionofWesterntheoryB.failedtoshowconcernfortheissuesofnationalunificationandeconomicdevelopmentC.wereunfamiliarwithWesternfeministtheoryD.werenotthemselvesscholarsinthefieldofwomen’sstudies42. WhichofthefollowingstatementsismostconsistentwiththeviewofpersonalitydevelopmentheldbytheEwhawomen’sstudiesgroup?A.Personalitydevelopmentoccursinidentifiablestages,beginningwithdependencyinchildhoodandendingwithindependenceinadulthood.B.Anytheoryofpersonalitydevelopment,inordertobevalid,mustbeuniversal.C.Personalitydevelopmentisinfluencedbythecharacteristicsofthesocietyinwhichapersonlives.D.Personalitydevelopmentishinderedifapersonisnotpermittedtobeindependent.43. WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheWesternfeministcritiqueofFreudiantheorycanbesupportedbyinformationcontainedinthepassage?A.ItrecognizestheinfluenceofWesterncultureonFreudiantheory.B.Itwaswrittenafter1977.C.Itacknowledgestheuniversalityofthenuclear,male-headedfamily.D.ItchallengesFreud’sanalysisoftheroleofdaughtersinWesternsociety.44. Accordingtothepassage,criticsoftheEwhawomen’sstudiesprogramcitedtheprogramasathreattowhichofthefollowing?I. NationalidentityII. NationalunificationIII. EconomicdevelopmentIV. FamilyintegrityA.IonlyB.IandIIonlyC.I,II,andIIIonlyD.II,III,andIVonlyPassage3Questions45to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Intheeighteenthcentury,Japan’sfeudaloverlords,fromtheshoguntothehumblestsamurai,foundthemselvesunderfinancialstress.Inpart,thisstresscanbeattributedtotheoverlords’failuretoadjusttoarapidlyexpandingeconomy,butthestresswasalsoduetofactorsbeyondtheoverlords’control.Concentrationofthesamuraiincastle-townshadactedasastimulustotrade.Commercialefficiency,inturn,hadputtemptationsinthewayofbuyers.Sincemostsamuraihadbeenreducedtoidlenessbyyearsofpeace,encouragedtoengageinscholarshipandmartialexercisesortoperformadministrativetasksthattooklittletime,itisnotsurprisingthattheirtastesandhabitsgrewexpensive.Overlords’income,despitetheincreaseinriceproductionamongtheirtenantfarmers,failedtokeeppacewiththeirexpenses.Althoughshortfallsinoverlords’incomeresultedalmostasmuchfromlaxityamongtheirtaxcollectors(thenearlyinevitableoutcomeofhereditaryoffice-holding)asfromtheirhigherstandardsofliving,amisfortunelikeafireorflood,bringinganincreaseinexpensesoradropinrevenue,couldputadomainindebttothecityrice-brokerswhohandleditsfinances.Onceindebt,neithertheindividualsamurainortheshogunhimselffounditeasytorecover.Itwasdifficultforindividualsamuraioverlordstoincreasetheirincomebecausetheamountofricethatfarmerscouldbemadetopayintaxeswasnotunlimited,andsincetheincomeofJapan’scentralgovernmentconsistedinpartoftaxescollectedbytheshogunfromhishugedomain,thegovernmenttoowasconstrained.Therefore,theTokugawashogunsbegantolooktoothersourcesforrevenue.Cashprofitsfromgovernment-ownedmineswerealreadyonthedeclinebecausethemosteasilyworkeddepositsofsilverandgoldhadbeenexhausted,althoughdebasementofthecoinagehadcompensatedfortheloss.Openingupnewfarmlandwasapossibility,butmostofwhatwassuitablehadalreadybeenexploitedandfurtherreclamationwastechnicallyunfeasible.Directtaxationofthesamuraithemselveswouldbepoliticallydangerous.Thislefttheshogunsonlycommerceasapotentialsourceofgovernmentincome.Mostofthecountry’swealth,orsoitseemed,wasfindingitswayintothehandsofcitymerchants.Itappearedreasonablethattheyshouldcontributepartofthatrevenuetoeasetheshogun’sburdenoffinancingthestate.Ameansofobtainingsuchrevenuewassoonfoundbylevyingforcedloans,knownasgoyo-kin;althoughthesewerenottaxesinthestrictsense,sincetheywereirregularintimingandarbitraryinamount,theywerehighinyield.Unfortunately,theypushedupprices.Thus,regrettably,theTokugawashoguns’searchforsolvencyforthegovernmentmadeitincreasinglydifficultforindividualJapanesewholivedonfixedstipendstomakeendsmeet.45. WhichofthefollowingfinancialsituationsismostanalogoustothefinancialsituationinwhichJapan’sTokugawashogunsfoundthemselvesintheeighteenthcentury?A.Asmallbusinessborrowsheavilytoinvestinnewequipment,butisabletopayoffitsdebtearlywhenitisawardedalucrativegovernmentcontract.B.Firedestroysasmallbusiness,butinsurancecoversthecostofrebuilding.C.Asmallbusinessisturneddownforaloanatalocalbankbecausetheownershavenocredithistory.D.Asmallbusinesshastostruggletomeetoperatingexpenseswhenitsprofitsdecrease.46. Accordingtothepassage,themajorreasonforthefinancialproblemsexperiencedbyJapan’sfeudaloverlordsintheeighteenthcenturywasthat________.A.spendinghadoutdistancedincomeB.tradehadfallenoffC.profitsfrommininghaddeclinedD.thecoinagehadbeensharplydebased47. Thepassageimpliesthatindividualsamuraididnotfinditeasytorecoverfromdebtforwhichofthefollowingreasons?A.Agriculturalproductionhadincreased.B.Taxeswereirregularintimingandarbitraryinamount.C.Therewasalimittotheamountintaxesthatfarmerscouldbemadetopay.D.Thedomainsofsamuraioverlordswerebecomingsmallerandpoorerasgovernmentrevenuesincreased.48. Thepassagesuggeststhat,ineighteenth-centuryJapan,theofficeoftaxcollectorA.wasasourceofpersonalprofittotheofficeholderB.wasregardedwithderisionbymanyJapaneseC.remainedwithinfamiliesD.existedonlyincastle-towns49. ThepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwastheprimaryreasonwhytheTokugawashogunsturnedtocitymerchantsforhelpinfinancingthestate?A.Aseriesofcostlywarshaddepletedthenationaltreasury.B.Mostofthecountry’swealthappearedtobeincitymerchants’hands.C.Japanhadsufferedaseriesofeconomicreversalsduetonaturaldisasterssuchasfloods.D.Themerchantswerealreadyheavilyindebtedtotheshoguns.50. Accordingtothepassage,theactionsoftheTokugawashogunsintheirsearchforsolvencyforthegovernmentwereregrettablebecausethoseactionsA.raisedthecostoflivingbypushinguppricesB.resultedintheexhaustionofthemosteasilyworkeddepositsofsilverandgoldC.werefarlowerinyieldthanhadoriginallybeenanticipatedD.didnotsucceedinreducinggovernmentspendingSectionBShort-AnswerQuestions(20%)Passage4Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.KazukoNakane’shistoryoftheearlyJapaneseimmigrantstocentralCalifornia’sPajaroValleyfocusesonthedevelopmentoffarmingcommunitiestherefrom1890to1940.TheIssei(first-generationimmigrants)werebroughtintothePajaroValleytoraisesugarbeets.LikeIsseilaborersinAmericancities,Japanesemeninruralareassoughtemploymentviathe“boss”system.Thesystemcomprisedthreeelements:immigrantwagelaborers;Isseiboardinghouseswherelaborersstayed;andlaborcontractors,whogatheredworkersforaparticularjobandthennegotiatedacontractbetweenworkersandemployer.ThissamesystemwasoriginallyutilizedbytheChineselaborerswhohadprecededtheJapanese.Arelatedinstitutionwasthe“l(fā)aborclub,”whichprovidedjobinformationandnegotiatedemploymentcontractsandotherlegalmatters,suchastherentalofland,forIsseiwhochosetobelongandpaidanannualfeetothecooperativeformembership.Whenthelocalsugarbeetindustrycollapsedin1902,theIsseibegantoleaselandfromthevalley’sstrawberryfarmers.TheJapaneseprovidedthelaborandthecropwasdividedbetweenlaborersandlandowners.TheIsseithusmovedquicklyfromwage-laboremploymenttosharecroppingagreements.AlimitedamountofeconomicprogresswasmadeassomeIsseiwereabletorentorbuyfarmlanddirectly,whileothersjoine