力學(xué)英文名詞對(duì)照

力學(xué)mechanics牛頓力學(xué)Newtonianmechanics經(jīng)典力學(xué)classicalmechanics靜力學(xué)statics運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)kinematics動(dòng)力學(xué)dynamics子波wavelet次級(jí)子波secondarywavelet駐波standingwave聲［音］sound聲強(qiáng)intensityofsound聲強(qiáng)計(jì)phonometer聲調(diào)intonation音色musicalquality音調(diào)pitch聲級(jí)soundlevel聲壓［強(qiáng)］soundpressure聲源soundsource聲阻抗acousticimpedance聲抗acousticreactance聲阻acousticresistance聲導(dǎo)納acousticadmittance聲導(dǎo)acousticconductance聲納acousticsusceptance聲共振acousticresonance聲波soundwave超聲波supersonicwave聲速soundvelocity次聲波infrasonicwave亞聲速subsonicspeed又稱“亞音速”。超聲速supersonicspeed又稱“超音速”。聲吶sonar共鳴resonance回波echo回聲echo拍beat拍頻beatfrequency群速groupvelocity相速phasevelocity能流energyflux能流密度energyfluxdensity材料力學(xué)mechanicsofmaterials,strengthofmaterials應(yīng)力stress法向應(yīng)力normalstress剪［切］應(yīng)力shearstress單軸應(yīng)力uniaxialstress雙軸應(yīng)力biaxialstress拉［伸］應(yīng)力tensilestress壓［縮］應(yīng)力compressivestress周向應(yīng)力circumferentialstress縱向應(yīng)力longitudinalstress軸向應(yīng)力axialstress彎［曲］應(yīng)力bendingstress,flexuralstress扭［轉(zhuǎn)］應(yīng)力torsionalstress局部應(yīng)力localizedstress殘余應(yīng)力residualstress熱應(yīng)力thermalstress最大法向應(yīng)力maximumnormalstress最小法向應(yīng)力minimumnormalstress最大剪應(yīng)力maximumshearstress主應(yīng)力principalstress主剪應(yīng)力principalshearstress工作應(yīng)力workingstress許用應(yīng)力allowablestress應(yīng)力集中stressconcentration應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)stressconcentrationfactor應(yīng)力狀態(tài)stateofstress應(yīng)力分析stressanalysis結(jié)構(gòu)［強(qiáng)度］分析structuredanalysis應(yīng)變strain剪［切］應(yīng)變shearstrain法向應(yīng)變normalstrain拉［伸］應(yīng)變tensilestrain壓［縮］應(yīng)變compressivestrain體積應(yīng)變volumetricstrain殘余應(yīng)變r(jià)esidualstrain熱應(yīng)變thermalstrain最大法向應(yīng)變maximumnormalstrain主應(yīng)變principalstrain主剪應(yīng)變principalshearstrain名義應(yīng)變nominalstrain應(yīng)變狀態(tài)stateofstrain載荷load又稱“荷載”。集中載荷concentratedload分布載荷distributedload死載［荷］deadload活載［荷］liveload

動(dòng)載［荷］dynamicload突加載荷suddenlyappliedload移動(dòng)載荷movingload加載loading單調(diào)加載monotonicloading重復(fù)加載repeatedloading循環(huán)加載cyclicloading偏心加載eccentricloading贅余反力redundantreaction承壓應(yīng)力bearingstress軸承應(yīng)力bearingstress模量modulus彈性模量modulusofelasticity楊氏模量Youngmodulus體積模量bulkmodulus泊松比Poissonratio胡克定律Hookelaw廣義胡克定律generalizedHookelaw柔度compliance拉伸試驗(yàn)tensiletest應(yīng)力應(yīng)變圖stress-straindiagram比例極限proportionallimit彈性極限elasticlimit屈服極限yieldlimit強(qiáng)度極限ultimatestrength持久極限endurancelimit屈服強(qiáng)度yieldstrength韌性toughness韌度toughness延性ductility脆性brittleness延伸率specificelongation沖擊韌性impacttoughness硬度hardness布氏硬度Brinellhardness維氏硬度Vickershardness洛氏硬度Rockwellhardness顯微硬度micro-penetrationhardness頸縮necking破裂rupture破壞fracture,failure失效failure蠕變creep安全系數(shù)safetyfactor安全裕度safetymargin平面應(yīng)力planestress平面應(yīng)變planestrain莫爾圓Mohrcircle形心centroidofarea靜矩staticmoment主軸principalaxis中性軸neutralaxis中性面neutralsurface橫截面cross-section極慣性矩polarmomentofinertia截面模量sectionmodulus彈性截面模量elasticsectionmodulus塑性截面模量plasticsectionmodulus應(yīng)變能strainenergy彈性應(yīng)變能elasticstrainenergy勢(shì)能potentialenergy余能complementaryenergy體積改變能energyofvolumechange畸變能energyofdistortion畸變能理論distortionenergytheory虛位移virtualdisplacement虛力virtualforce虛功virtualwork虛功原理virtualworkprinciple卡氏第一定理Castiglianofirsttheorem卡氏第二定理Castiglianosecondtheorem強(qiáng)度理論theoryofstrength最大法向應(yīng)力理論maximumnormalstresstheory最大法向應(yīng)變理論maximumnormalstraintheory最大剪應(yīng)力理論maximumshearstresstheory八面體剪應(yīng)力理論octohedralshearstresstheory八面體剪應(yīng)變octohedralshearstrain八面體剪應(yīng)力octohedralshearstress桿bar薄壁桿thin-walledbar變截面桿barofvariablecross-section梁beam簡(jiǎn)支simplysupported簡(jiǎn)支梁simplysupportedbeam固支clamped,built-in固支梁built-inbeam,clamped-endbeam又稱“嵌入梁”。外伸梁overhangingbeam

懸臂梁cantilever［beam］曲梁curvedbeam靜定梁staticallydeterminatebeam超靜定梁staticallyindeterminatebeam連續(xù)梁continuousbeam薄壁梁thin-walledbeam變截面梁beamofvariablecross-section??等強(qiáng)度梁beamofconstantstrength夾層梁sandwichbeam??工字梁I-shapebeam鐵摩辛柯梁Timoshenkobeam梁腹web梁柱beam-column柱column長(zhǎng)細(xì)比slendernessratio有效柱長(zhǎng)effectivecolumnlength索cord［圓］筒cylinder薄壁筒thin-walledcylinder厚壁筒thick-walledcylinder管tube鉸［鏈］hinge塑性鉸plastichinge膜力membraneforce環(huán)ring桁架truss剛架frame又稱“框架”。［轉(zhuǎn)］軸shaft彈簧spring彈簧常量springconstant接頭joint靜定結(jié)構(gòu)staticallydeterminatestructure超靜定結(jié)構(gòu)staticallyindeterminatestructure拉伸tension壓縮compression軸［向］力axialforce軸力圖axialforcediagram偏心拉伸eccentrictension偏心壓縮eccentriccompression彎曲bending純彎曲purebending斜彎曲obliquebending平面彎曲planebending非對(duì)稱彎曲unsymmetricbending非彈性彎曲inelasticbending平截面假定planecross-sectionassumption撓度deflection彎矩bendingmoment彎矩圖bendingmomentdiagram剪力shearforce剪力圖shearforcediagram應(yīng)力跡線stresstrajactory撓曲flexure抗彎剛度f(wàn)lexuralrigidity彈性曲線elasticcurve剪切shear剪切中心shearcenter扭轉(zhuǎn)torsion扭矩torsionalmoment扭矩圖torquediagram抗扭剛度torsionalrigidity薄膜比擬membraneanalogy扭曲twist翹曲warping屈曲buckling前屈曲pre-buckling后屈曲post-buckling歐拉臨界載荷Eulercriticalload撞擊impact撞擊因子impactfactor撞擊應(yīng)力impactstress力法forcemethod位移法displacementmethod剛度法stiffnessmethod柔度法flexibilitymethod傀載［荷］法dummy-loadmethod又稱“單位載荷法”。逐次積分法successiveintegrationmethod疊加法superpositionmethod疊加原理superpositionprinciple圣維南原理Saint-Venantprinciple分析力學(xué)analyticmechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrangemultiplier拉格朗日［量］Lagrangian拉格朗日括號(hào)Lagrangebracket循環(huán)坐標(biāo)cycliccoordinate循環(huán)積分cyclicintegral哈密頓［量］Hamiltonian哈密頓函數(shù)Hamiltonianfunction正則方程canonicalequation正則攝動(dòng)canonicalperturbation正則變換canonicaltransformation正則變量canonicalvariable哈密頓原理Hamiltonprinciple作用量積分actionintegral哈密頓-雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobiequation作用-角度變量action-anglevariables阿佩爾方程Appelequation勞斯方程Routhequation拉格朗日函數(shù)Lagrangianfunction諾特定理Noethertheorem泊松括號(hào)Poissonbracket邊界積分法boundaryintegralmethod并矢dyad運(yùn)動(dòng)穩(wěn)定性stabilityofmotion軌道穩(wěn)定性orbitalstability李雅普諾夫函數(shù)Lyapunovfunction漸近穩(wěn)定性asymptoticstability結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性structuralstability久期不穩(wěn)定性secularinstability弗洛凱定理Floquettheorem傾覆力矩capsizingmoment自由振動(dòng)freevibration固有振動(dòng)naturalvibration暫態(tài)transientstate曾用名“瞬態(tài)”。環(huán)境振動(dòng)ambientvibration反共振anti-resonance衰減attenuation庫(kù)侖阻尼Coulombdamping同相分量in-phasecomponent非同相分量out-of-phasecomponent超調(diào)量overshoot又稱“過沖”。參量［激勵(lì)］振動(dòng)parametricvibration模糊振動(dòng)fuz