sat2生物單詞大整理

Mutagen（誘變齊ll）：Anyagentthatinducesgeneticmutation.Examples：certainchemical

substances,ultraviolet,light,radioactivity.

Mutation（突變）：ApermanentinheritablealterationintheDNAsequenceorcontentofacell.

Mycelium（菌絲體）：Thefilamentousmassthatmakesupamold.Composedofhyphae.

narrowspectrum（窄譜）：Denotesdrugsthatareselectiveandlimitedintheireffects.For

example,theyinhibiteithergram-negativeorgram-positivebacteria,butnotboth.

negativestain（負(fù)染色）：Astainingtechniquethatrendersthebackgroundopaqueorcolored

andleavestheobjectunstainedsothatitisoutlinedasacolorlessarea

nitrogenfixation（固氮）：AprocessoccurringincertainbacteriainwhichatmosphericNagas

isconvertedtoaform（NHAusablebyplants.

Nucleocapsid（核衣殼）：Inviruses,theclosephysicalcombinationofthenucleicacidwith

itsprotectivecovering.

Nucleoid（擬核）：Thebasophilicnuclearregionornuclearbodythatcontainsthebacterial

chromosome.

Nutrient（營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)）：Anychemicalsubstancethatmustbeprovidedtoacellfornormal

metabolismandgrowth.Macronutrientsarerequiredinlargeamounts,andmicronutrientsin

smallamounts.

Obligate（專性的）：Withoutalternative；restrictedtoaparticularcharacteristic.Example：

Anobligateparasitesurvivesandgrowsonlyinahost；anobligateaerobemusthaveoxygento

grow；anobligateanaerobeisdestroyedbyoxygen.

Parasite（寄生）：Anorganismthatlivesonorwithinanotherorganism（thehost）,from

whichitobtainsnutrientsandenjoysprotection.Theparasiteproducessomedegreeofharminthe

hostindirectlybydonationofpreformedimmunesubstances（antibodies）producedinthebody

ofanotherIndividual.

Pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）：Heattreatmentofperishablefluidssuchasmilk,fruitjuices,

orwinetodestroyheat-sensitivevegetativecells,followedbyrapidchillingtoinhibitgrowthof

survivorsandgerminationofspores.Itpreventsinfectionandspoilage.

Pathogen（病原體）：Anyagent,usuallyavirus,bacterium,fungus,protozoan,or

helminth,thatcausesdisease.

Saprophytes（腐生型）Organismsthatobtaintheirnutrientsfromdecayingplantsandanimals.

Saprophytesareimportantinrecyclingorganicmaterial.

Pathogenidty（致病性）：Thecapacityofmicrobestocausedisease.

Pathology（病原學(xué)）：Thestructuralandphysiologicaleffectsofdiseaseonthebody.

passivetransport（被動(dòng)擴(kuò)散）Diffusionacrossaplasmamembraneinwhichthecellexpendsno

energy.

Penicillins（青霉素）：Alargegroupofnaturallyoccurringandsyntheticantibioticsproduced

bypenicilliummoldandactiveagainstthecellwallofbacteria.

Peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）：Anetworkofpolysaccharidechainscross-linkedbyshortpeptides

thatformstherigidpartofbacterialcellwalls.Gram-negativebacteriahaveasmalleramountof

thisrigidstructurethandogram-positivebacteria.

Plasmids（質(zhì)粒）Self-replicating,circularDNAmoleculesfoundinbacterialcells；oftenused

asvectorsinrecombinantDNAtechnology.Smallcirclesofdouble-strandedDNAfoundinsome

bacteria.Plasmidscancarryfromfourto20genes.Plasmidsareacommonlyusedvectorin

recombinantDNAstudies.

periplasmicspace（周質(zhì)空間）：Theregionbetweenthecellwallandcellmembraneofthecell

envelopesofgram-negativebacteria.

Phage（噬菌體）：Abacteriophage；avirusthatspecificallyparasitizesbacteria.

Phenotype（表型）：Theobservablecharacteristicsofanorganismproducedbytheinteraction

betweenitsgeneticpotential（genotype）andtheenvironment.

Photoautolroph（光能自養(yǎng)菌）：Anorganismthatutilizeslightfa-ilsenergyandcarbondioxide

chieflyforits'carbonneeds.

Pilus（性絲）Projectionfromsurfaceofabacterialcell（F+）thatcandonategeneticmaterial

toanother（F-）。

prokaryotecell（原核細(xì)胞）：Asmall,simplecelllackingatruenucleus,anuclearenvelope,

andmembrane-enclosedorganelles

prophage（前噬菌體）：Alysogenizedbacteriophage；aphagethatislatentlyincorporatedinto

thehostchromosomeinsteadofundergoing,viralreplicationandlysis,prophylacticAnydevice,

method,orsubstanceusedtopreventdisease.

Protoplast（原生質(zhì)體）：Abacterialcellwhosecellwalliscompletelykickingandthatis

vulnerabletoosmoticlysis.

Pseudohypha（假菌絲）：Achainofeasilyseparated,sphericaltosausage-shapedyeastcells

partitionedbyconstrictionsratherthanbysepta.

Psychrophile（嗜冷菌）：Amicroorganismthatthrivesatlowtemperature（0°-20℃）,with

atemperatureoptimumof0°-15℃.

respiratorychain（呼吸鏈）：Incellularrespiration，aseriesofelectron-carryingmoleculesthat

transfersenergy-richelectronsandprotonstomolecularoxygen.Intransit,energyisextracted

andconservedintheformofATP.

reversetranscriptase（逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶）：Theenzymepossessedbyretrovirusesthatcarriesoutthe

reversionofRNAtoDNA—aformofreversetranscription.

SCP（單細(xì)月包蛋白）：Abbreviationforsingle-cellprotein,aeuphemisticexpressionfor

microbialproteinintendedforhumanandanimalconsumption.......

selectivemedia（選擇培養(yǎng)基）：Nutrientmediadesignedtofavorthegrowthofcertain

microbesandtoinhibit.

Serotyping（血清型）：Thesubdivisionofaspeciesorsubspeciesintoanimmunologictype,

baseduponantigeniccharacteristics.

sexualreproduction（有性繁殖）Asystemofreproductioninwhichtwohaploidsexcellsfuseto

produceadiploidzygote.

Spheroplast（球形體）：Agram-negativecellwhosepeptidoglycan,whendigestedby

lysozyme,

remainsintactbutisosmoticallyvulnerable

spike（刺突）：Areceptoronthesurfaceofcertainenvelopedvirusesthatfacilitatesspecific

attachmenttothehostcell.

Spirillum（螺菌）：Atypeofbacterialcellwitharigidspiralshapeandexternalflagella.

Spirochete（螺旋體）：Acoiled,spiral-shapedbacteriumthathasendoflagellaandflexesas

itmoves.

Sporangium（抱囊）：Afungalcellinwhichasexualsporesareformedbymultiplecellcleavage.

Sterilization（XlW）：Anyprocessthatcompletelyremovesordestroysallviablemicroorganisms,

includingviruses,fromanobjectorhabitat.Materialsotreatedissterile.

Strain（菌株）：Inmicrobiology,asetofdescendantsclonedfromacommonancestorthat

retaintheoriginalcharacteristics.Anydeviationfromtheoriginalisadifferentstrain.

subcellularvaccine（亞單位疫苗）：Avaccineagainstisolatedmicrobialantigensratherthan

againsttheentireorganism.

superoxideion（超氧離子）：Atoxicradicalformoxygenmetabolism

suppressorTcell（抑制T細(xì)胞）：AclassofTcellsthatinhibitstheactionsofBcellsandother

Tcells.

temperatephage（溫和噬菌體）：Abacteriophagethatentersintoalessvirulentstateby

becomingincorporatedintothehostgenomeasaprophageinsteadofinthevegetativeorlytic

formthateventuallydestroysthecell.

thermaldeathpoint（致死溫度）：Thelowesttemperaturethatachievessterilizationinagiven

quantityofbrothcultureupona1O-minuteexposure.Examples：55℃forEscherichiacoil.60℃

for

Mycobaaeriumtuberculosis,and120℃forspores.

thermaldeathtime（熱致死時(shí)間）：Theleasttimerequiredtokillallcellsofacultureata

specifiedtemperature.

Thermophile（嗜熱菌）：Amicroorganismthatthrivesatatemperatureof50℃orhigher.

Tlymphocyte（Tcell）：Awhitebloodcellthatisprocessedinthethymusglandandis

involvedincell-mediatedimmunity.

Toxoid（類毒素）：Atoxinthathasbeenrenderednontoxicbutisstillcapableofelicitingthe

formationofprotectiveantitoxinantibodies；usedinvaccines.

Transduction（轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)）：Thetransferofgeneticmaterialfromonebacteriumtoanotherbymeans

ofabacteriophagevector.

Transformation（轉(zhuǎn)化）：Inmicrobialgenetics,thetransferofgeneticmaterialcontainedin

"naked,'DNAfragmentsfromadonorcelltoacompetentrecipientcell.

Transposon（轉(zhuǎn)座）：ADNAsegmentwithaninsertionsequenceateachend,enablingitto

migratetoanotherplasmid,tothebacterialchromosome,ortoabacteriophage.

Vaccine（免疫法）：Originallyusedinreferencetoinoculationwiththecowpoxorvaccinia

virustoprotectagainstsmallpox.Ingeneral,thetermnowpertainstoinjectionofwhole

microbes（killedorattenuated）,toxoids,orpartsofmicrobesasapreventionorcurefor

disease.

Virold（類病毒）：Aninfectiousagentthat,unlikeavirion,lacksacapsidandconsistsof

aclosedcircularRNAmolecule.Althoughknownviroidsareallplantpathogens,itis

conceivablethatanimalversionsexist.

Zygospore(接合胞子)：Athick-walledsexualsporeproducedbythezygomycetefungi.It

developsfromtheunionoftwohyphae,eachbearingnucleiofoppositematingtypes.

A

abiotic

Nonlivingmaterialsintheenvironment—suchaselements,sunlight,andsoil—thatinfluenceand

areinfluencedbyliving(biotic)entitiesontheplanet.

acetylcholine

Aneurotransmitterreleasedbyneuronstoexciteanactionpotentialortriggeramuscletocontract,

acids

Hydrogenion(H+)donors.Acidsareveryimportantinthechemicalreactionsoflifebecausethey

arehighlyreactive.AcidshavepHvaluesbelow7.Theyaretheoppositeofbases,

actin

Proteinfilamentsthat,alongwithmyosin,allowmusclestocontract.

activesite

Thepartofanenzymethatinteractswith,orbindsto,asubstrate.

activetransport

Themovementofmoleculesacrossacellmembranefromaregionoflowerconcentrationtoa

regionofhigherconcentration.Becauseactivetransportinvolvesmovingthemoleculeagainstthe

naturalflowoftheconcentrationgradient,theprocessrequiresenergy,

adaptiveradiation

Theevolutionaryprocessbywhichancestralformsofanorganismarediversifiedthrough

adaptationtonewenvironments.

adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)

Theenergystoragemoleculeforthecell.ATPconsistsofanadenosinemoleculebondedtothree

phosphategroups.Eachphosphatebondcontainsenergy;bybreakingthesebonds,thecellcanget

theenergyitneedsforchemicalreactions.CellsbuildATPduringcellrespiration,usingtheraw

materialofglucose.

adrenalglands

Twoglands,theadrenalcortexandadrenalmedulla,locatedonthekidney.

aerobicrespiration

Aformofcellrespirationrequiringoxygen(asopposedtoanaerobicrespiration,whichdoesnot

needoxygen).Aerobicrespirationismuchmoreefficientthananaerobicrespiration;itproduces

36ATPforeverymoleculeofglucose.Aerobicrespirationproceedsinthreestages:glycolysis,the

Krebscycle,andtheelectrontransportchain.

allele

Aspecificformorpossibleversionofagenehavingmultipleversions.Allelesmaybedominant

orrecessive.

allelicfrequency

Thefrequencywithwhichaparticularalleleforacertaincharacteristicappearsamongallpossible

allelesforthatcharacteristicinapopulation.

alternationofgenerations

Thefluctuationbetweenthediploid(sporophyte)andhaploid(gametophyte)lifestagesthatoccur

inplants.

aminoacid

Themonomerofaprotein.Acentralcarbonattachedtoanaminogroup(-NH2),acarboxylgroup

(-COOH),andahydrogenatom(-H).Thefourthgroupisvariableanddefinestheaminoacid's

chemicalidentity,

anaerobicrespiration

Aformofcellrespirationthatdoesnotuseoxygen(asopposedtoaerobiccellrespiration).

Anaerobicrespirationislessefficientthantheaerobicvarietyandproducesjust2ATPper

moleculeofglucose.Anaerobicrespirationhastwostages:glycolysisandfermentation,

analogoustrait

Atraitthatismorphologicallyandfunctionallysimilartothatofadifferentspeciesbutthatarose

fromadistinct,ancestralcondition.

anaphase

Thestageofmitosisinwhichsisterchromosomesareseparatedandpulledtooppositeendsofthe

cellbymicrotubules;thefourthstageofthefirstmeioticdivision(meiosisI),duringwhich

maternalandpaternalhomologouspairsareseparatedonmicrotubules;thefourthstageofthe

secondmeioticdivision(meiosisII),duringwhicheithermaternalorpaternalsisterchromatidsare

separatedonmicrotubules.

angiosperm

Avascularfloweringplantinwhichseedsareenclosedinsideprotectiveovaries,suchasfruitor

flowers.Angiospermscanbemonocotsordicots.

anther

Pollen-producingstructureatthetopofthestamen,themalereproductiveorganofflowers,

anticodon

ThesequenceofthreenucleotidesontRNAthatpairswithacodonofmRNAattheAsiteofa

ribosomeduringtranslation.

antigen

Aproteincoatonthesurfaceofredbloodcells;aredbloodcellmayhaveaproteincoatoftypeA,

B,orAB.Ifthecellhasnoantigens,itiscalledtypeO.Thepresenceofaforeignantigenina

bodywillcausebloodtoclot.

aorta

Thelargestarteryinthebody;carriesoxygenatedbloodfromtheleftventricleoftheheart,

aphoticzone

Literally,zonewithoutlight.Theaphoticzoneispartofthemarinepelagiczoneandbegins600

feetbelowthesurfaceoftheocean.Onlychemosyntheticorganisms,scavengers,andpredators

areabletosurviveinthishabitat.

artery

Vesselthatcarriesbloodawayfromtheheartandhasthick,elastic,muscularwallsthatcandilate

orcontracttocontrolbloodpressurewithinthevessels.Bloodinarteriesisoxygenated,withthe

exceptionofthebloodinthepulmonaryartery,

autonomicnervoussystem

Theinvoluntaryhalfoftheperipheralnervoussystem.Theautonomicnervoussystemisintwo

antagonisticparts:thesympatheticandparasympatheticnervoussystems.Theirinteractions

controlsmoothandcardiacmuscle,glands,andorgansandprocessessuchasheartbeat,the

movementsofthedigestivetract,andthecontractionofthebladder,

autosome

Anychromosomethatisnotasexchromosome.Humanshave44autosomes,in22homologous

pairs.Thetwosexchromosomesarethetwenty-thirdpairofchromosomes,

autotroph

Anorganismthatcanproducetheorganicmoleculesandenergynecessaryforlifethroughthe

processesofphotosynthesisorchemosynthesis.Autotrophsdonotrelyonotherorganismsfor

food.Inafoodweb,autotrophsareproducers,

auxin

Oneinaclassofplanthormonesthatstimulates(amongotherthings)cellelongation,secondary

tissuegrowth,andfruitdevelopment.

B

base

AnionorcompoundthatremovesH+ionsfromsolution.Oftenbasesaresubstancesthatrelease

hydroxideions(OH-).BaseshavepHvaluesabove7.Theyaretheoppositeofacids,

bile

Anemulsifieroffatssecretedbytheliverandstoredinthegallbladderforreleaseinthesmall

intestine.

binaryfission

Asexualreproductionfoundinprokaryotesinwhichacelldividesintotwoequaldaughtercellsby

anonmitoticprocess,

biomass

Theamountoflivingmatterinagivenecosystem.Becauseonly10percentofenergyis

transferredbetweentrophiclevels,thebiomassoflowertrophiclevelsisgreaterthanthebiomass

ofsubsequenttrophiclevels:biomassofproducers>biomassofprimaryconsumers>biomassof

secondaryconsumers>biomassoftertiaryconsumers,

biome

Aparticulargeographicareawithacommonclimateandcharacteristicplantandanimallife.

Therearesixmajorterrestrialbiomesandtwoaquaticbiomes.Thesixterrestrialbiomesare

tropicalrainforest,savanna,desert,temperatedeciduousforest,taiga,andtundra.Thetwoaquatic

biomesaremarineandfreshwater.Eachbiomeischaracterizedbyspecificclimaxcommunities,

blood

Theliquidthatcarriesnutrientsandoxygentothecellsandcarriescarbondioxideandnitrogenous

wastesaway.Theliquidfluidofbloodiscalledplasma.Redbloodcellscontainhemoglobin,an

iron-containingproteinthatbindsoxygen.Whitebloodcellsfightdisease.Plateletsclottoprevent

extremebloodlossresultingfrominjury,

bone

Rigidstructurescomposedoflivingcellsrootedinamatrixofcalcium,phosphatesalts,and

collagenfibers.Bonesaretheprimarycomponentofmostvertebrateskeletons,

brain

Thecenterofthecentralnervoussystem.Thebraincoordinatestheprocessesofthebody.Itis

composedofvariousdistinctregions,allofwhichhavedifferentfunctions,includingthe

cerebrum,cerebellum,medullaoblongata,andhypothalamus.

bryophyte

Alowerterrestrialplant(oftenamossorliverwort)thatlacksavascularsystemandisdependent

onenvironmentalmoistureforreproductiveandnutritivefunctions.

budding

Asexualreproductiveprocessinwhichasmallportionofthecellmembraneandcytoplasm

receiveanucleusandpinchofffromtheparentcell.

buffer

SolutionsthatresistchangeinpHevenwhenacidsandbasesareadded.

bulb

Roughlysphericalundergroundbudcontainingadditionalbudsthatcandevelopasexuallyinto

newplants.

C

Calvincycle

Light-independentphaseofphotosynthesis,wherecarbondioxideisfixedtoathree-carbon

compoundusedtoformglucose.ATPandNADHareconsumedinthiscycle.Alsocalledthe

Calvin-Bensoncycleorthedarkreactions.

capillary

Tinybloodvesselsabletobranchthroughthebodyanddeliveroxygenandnutrientstoeverycell,

carbon

Thecentralelementoflife.Carbonhastheabilitytoformbondswithuptofourotherelementsor

moleculesatthesametime.

carryingcapacity

Themaximumnumberofindividualsinapopulationthatcanbesustainedinagivenenvironment.

Aspopulationsbecomeincreasinglyconcentrated,competitionforfoodandspace,predation,and

diseasealldeterminecarryingcapacity.

cartilage

Afirmbutflexiblesubstance,foundinregionsofvertebrateskeletons,suchastheribs,thatneed

tobend.

cell

Thesmallestunitoflife,consistingofasolutionoforganicmoleculesenclosedbyaplasma

membrane.

cellcycle

Aprocessinwhichcellsreproduce.FirstthecellreplicatesitsDNAandthendividesintotwo

daughtercells.Thetwomainphasesofthecellcycleareinterphaseandmitosis.

cellmembrane

Thephospholipidbilayerthatsurroundsallcells,regulatingthepassageofmoleculesinandoutof

thecell.

cellularrespiration

TheprocessinwhichthecellburnsglucosetocreateATPwiththeaidofoxygen.Cellshavetwo

differentmethodsofturningfoodintousablefuel:aerobicrespirationandanaerobicrespiration,

celltheory

Thedoctrinethateverylivingorganismiscomposedofcellsandthatallcellscomeonlyfrom

otherpreexistingcells.

cellwall

Arigidstructurethatsurroundstheoutermembraneofsomecellsandhelpsmaintaintheirshape.

Inplantsthecellwallcontainscellulose;infungiitcontainschitin;inprokaryotesittypically

containspeptidoglycan.

cellulose

Acomplexcarbohydratethatconstitutesthecellwallsofplantsandprotistmolds.

centralnervoussystem(CNS)

Thebrainandthespinalcord.TheCNSactsasthecentralcommandcenterofthebody.Mostly

madeupofinterneurons.

centriole

Astructureinthecellthatplaysanimportantroleincellreplication.Duringprophase,the

centriolesmigratetothepolesofthecellandformthemitoticspindle,whichallowsthe

chromosomestobeorganizedandsplitwhenthecelldivides.

cerebellum

Partofthebrain.Makessurethatmovementsarecoordinatedandbalanced.

cerebrum

Partofthebrain.Controlsallvoluntarymovement,sensoryperception,speech,memory,and

creativethought.

chemicalcycles

Thecyclesinwhichinorganicelementsmovethroughthebioticandabioticaspectsofan

ecosystem.Thetwomostimportantchemicalcyclesarethecarbonandnitrogencycles,

chemosynthesis

Synthesizingorganiccompoundsbyenergyderivedfromchemicalreactionsratherthanfromthe

energyofthesun.Chemosyntheticorganismsareautotrophs.

chitin

Aroughpolysaccharidethatconstitutesthecellwalloffungiandexoskeletonofarthropods,

chlorophyll

Apigmentlocatedwithinachloroplastthatabsorbslightinplantcells,helpingtoconvertlight

energyintobiologicalenergythroughtheprocessofphotosynthesis.

chloroplast

Adouble-membrane-boundorganellethatcontainschlorophyllandisfoundinplantcells.

Chloroplastsareresponsibleformediatingphotosynthesis.

chromatin

Thestringywebofgeneticmaterialandhistoneproteinsfoundinthenucleusofeukaryoticcells.

Duringcelldivision,eachstrandofDNAcoilstoformachromosome.

chromosome

AphysicalstructurecomposedofasinglelongstrandofDNA(andassociatedproteins),

containingalongitslengthmanygenes.Thehumangenomeconsistsof46chromosomes

containedwithinthenucleusofeachcell.

cilia

Short,hairlikeprojectionsfoundoneukaryoticcellsthatcanhelpthecellmoveorcansweepfood

particlestowardthemouth.

circadianrhythms

Behaviorcyclesthatdependontimeofday.

circulatorysystem

SystemoforgansandbloodthatbringsnutrientsandoxygentocellsandcaiTiesawaywastes.In

highervertebrates,thesystemhasapulmonaryandsystemiccircuit.Thepulmonarycircuitcarries

bloodtothelungstobeoxygenated,whilethesystemiccircuitcarriesoxygenatedbloodtothe

body.Vertebrateshaveaclosedcirculatorysystem,whilearthropodshaveanopensystem,

citricacidcycle

SeeKrebscycle,

climaxcommunity

Acombinationofplantandanimalformsthatdominatematureecologicalcommunities.Climax

communitiesareuniqueandshapedbyvariousfactors,includingtemperature,rainfall,andsoil

acidity.

codominance

Aphenomenoninwhichtwoallelesofthesamegenearefullyexpressedinthephenotypewhen

botharepresentinaheterozygote.Bloodtypeisanexampleofcodominance,

codon

Athree-nucleotidesequenceinaDNAormRNAmolecule.Eachcodonspecifiesasingleamino

acid.

coenzyme

Acompoundthatregulatesactivitybybindingtoanenzymetotellitwhentocatalyzeareaction,

cold-blooded

Animalsthatareunabletoretainheatproducedbymetabolicactivities.Alsoknownas

ectothermic.Themetabolismofcold-bloodedanimalsisgreatlyinfluencedbyclimateand

temperature,

community

Themanypopulationsthatinteractinagivengeographicallocaleconstituteecological

communities.Communitiesexhibitparticularinteractionssuchascompetition,symbiosis,

predation,andfoodrelationships.Theyalsoundergoecologicalsuccession,

competition

Thestruggleforsurvivalbetweenorganismsorpopulationsthatusesimilarresourcesandoccupy

similarniches.Interspecificcompetitionreferstocompetitionbetweenpopulationsthatmaydrive

apopulationoutofacommunityorpushittoevolveadifferentnichetoreducecompetition.

Intraspecificcompetitionreferstocompetitionbetweenindividualsofthesamespecies,

consumer

Consumersareheterotrophicorganismswithinthefoodwebofacommunity.Inthetrophiclevels

ofthefoodchain,primaryconsumersconsumeproducers,secondaryconsumersconsumeprimary

consumers,andtertiaryconsumersconsumesecondaiyconsumers,

contractilevacuole

Anorganelleoftenfoundinprotozoathatpumpsexcesswateroutofthecelltokeepthecellfrom

burstinginahypotonicenvironment(likefreshwater).

corpusluteum

Afterreleasingitsovum(ovulation),thefolliclebecomesthecorpusluteum,whichproduces

progesteroneforthecontinuedbuildupoftheuterinewall.

crossing-over

TheexchangeofgeneticinformationbetweenhomologouschromosomesduringmeiosisI.

Crossing-overcandisruptthenormallinkagebetweengenesonthesamechromosome,

cytokinesis

Thefinalpartofmitosis,inwhichacellwithduplicatedcontentssplitsintotwoindependentcells,

cytoplasm

Theentirecontentofthecelloutsidethenucleus,includingthemembrane-boundorganellesand

thecytosol,

cytoskeleton

Asystemofproteinfilamentsfoundthroughoutthecytoplasmofeukaryoticcells,whichprovides

structuralsupportforthecell.Thecytoskeletonalsohelpswiththemovementoforganelleswithin

thecell.Itiscomposedofmicrofilamentsandmicrotubules.

cytosol

Themaincomponentofthecytoplasm.Itisagrayish,gel-likeliquidcontainingthenucleus,

organelles,andcytoskeleton.

D

Darwin,Charles

Englishnaturalist(1809-1882)whoproposedthemodemtheoryofevolutionthroughnatural

selection.DarwintraveledaboardtheHMSBeagletotheGalapagosIslands,wherehis

revolutionaryobservationstookshape,

decomposer

Organismsthatconsumewasteproductsanddeadorganicmaterialandconstitutepartofthefood

web,whichalsoincludesproducersandconsumers.Alsocalledsaprophytes.Decomposers

liberateinorganicelementssuchasnitrogenandcarbonandallowthoseelementstomoveback

intotheirrespectivechemicalcycles.Examplesofdecomposersarebacteriaandfungi,

dehydrationsynthesis

Acommonbiochemicalreactioninwhichanewcompoundisformedbythejoiningoftwo

compoundstoreleasewater.Occursinthesynthesisofpolysaccharidesandpolypeptides.The

reverseofhydrolysis.

deoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)

Atypeofnucleicacidpolymerbuiltfromsugar-phosphatebackbonesandnitrogenousbases.

DNA'ssugar,deoxyribose,hasonefeweroxygenatomthanribose,foundinRNA.The

nitrogenousbasesadenine,cytosine,guanine,andthymineareusedinDNA.

dicot

Afloweringplant(angiosperm)thatpossessestwocotyledonsduringembryonicdevelopment.

Usuallyhastaproots,flowerpartsinmultiplesoffoursandfives,andbranchingveinsinleaves,

diffusion

Thetransportornaturaldriftofmoleculestravelingfromanareaofhigherconcentrationtoan

areaoflowerconcentration.Diffusiondoesnotrequireoutsideenergyfromthecell,

digestivesystem

Thesystemoforgansthatconvertsfoodtousablenutrientsthroughmechanicalandchemical

breakdown.Importantcomponentsofthesystemarethealimentarycanal,glands,esophagus,

stomach,smallintestine,largeintestine,andrectum.

diploidnumber

Thetotalnumberofchromosomespresentinasomaticcell.Thediploidnumberistwicethe

haploidnumber.Inhumans,thediploidnumberis46.

disaccharide

Asugarcompoundconsistingoftwocarbohydratemonomers,

dominant

Referstoanallelethatcontrolsthephenotypeevenwhenadifferentalleleisalsopresent,asina

heterozygote.Canalsorefertothetraitorphenotypeproducedbyadominantallele.Alsoknown

asMendel'slawofdominance,basedonGregorMendel'sobservationsthatwhentwopurebred

individualswithdifferentformsofthesametraitaremated,onlyoneofthetwoformsappearsin

thefirstgenerationofoffspring.Mendelcalledtheapparentformdominantandthesuppressed

formrecessive.

E

ear

Sensoryorgancapableofdetectingsound.

ecologicalsuccession

Theprogressionofplantlifeandattendantanimallifeinagivengeographiclocation,from

pioneerplanttoclimaxcommunity.

ecology

Thestudyoftheinteractionsandrelationshipsofpopulationswitheachotherand