【英語】高三英語閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)題20套(帶答案)

【英語】高三英語閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)題20套(帶答案)一、高中英語閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類1．犇犇閱讀理解

Asingledose(劑量)ofanexperimentalvaccine(疫苗)canprotectmiceagainsttheZika(寨卡)virus,raisingrenewedhopeofavaccineforhumans,sayscientists.TheUSteamsaytheresults,publishedinNature,are"striking"andshouldencourageresearchefforts.

Testsinhumanscouldbegininmonths.Butevenifthesegowell,alicensedvaccineforwidespreadusetoprotectthoseatmostrisk-suchaspregnantwomen-wouldstillbeyearsaway,expertsadvise.ZikahasbeenspreadingacrossCentralandSouthAmericaand,mostrecently,Africa.Morethan60countriesandterritoriesnowhavecontinuingtransmission(傳播)ofthedisease,whichiscarriedbymosquitoes.Theviruscausesseriousbirthdamagesduringpregnancyandhasbeendeclaredaglobalpublichealthemergency.

Now,developingavaccineforpregnantwomentoprotecttheirunbornbabiesisaninternationalresearchpriority(優(yōu)先事項).USscientistsfromtheWalterReedArmyInstituteofResearch,theBethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenterandHarvardMedicalSchooltestedtwotypesofZikavaccineinmice–onebasedonbitsofgenetic(基因的)codefromthevirusandanotherthatisaninactive(andthereforeharmless)copyofZika.Bothworkedwell,protectingeverymousethatwasimmunisedagainstthevirus.Incomparison,allofthemicenotgiventhevaccinecaughtZikaaftertheywereexposedtoit.

Researcherssaytheywillpushaheadwithdevelopingtheneededvirusvaccine.Therearemanyexistingvaccinesforotherdiseasethatusethistypeoftechnology,whiletherearerelativelyfewDNA-basedvaccines.Ofcourse,futuretestswillneedtocheckthevaccineissafeandeffectiveinhumans,aswellashowlongtheimmunitymightlast.（1）Ifthetestsinhumansgosmoothly,

.A.

avaccineforuseinthelaboratorywillbestillbeyearsaway.B.

pregnantwomeninAfricawillbethefirsttobenefitfromthevaccine.C.

alicensedvaccinewillstillnotbeaccessibleinashortterm.D.

TheZikaviruswillcauselessseriousbirthdefectsduringpregnancyinmonths.（2）WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.

manycountriesareactivelyinvolvedintheresearchoftheZikavaccine.B.

USscientistshavetestedmorethantwotypesofZikavaccineinmice.C.

NoneofthemicegiventhevaccinecaughtZika.D.

Itisstillunknownwhetherthevaccineissafeandeffective.（3）Whichcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.

Zikavaccine'worksverywell'inmiceB.

ZikavaccinestillhasalongwaytogoC.

InternationalresearchesintoZikahavepaidoffD.

MoreattentionhasbeenpaidtoZikavaccine【答案】（1）C（2）B（3）A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)一種實驗性疫苗可以保護小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵襲。（1）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"Butevenifthesegowell,alicensedvaccineforwidespreadusetoprotectthoseatmostrisk-suchaspregnantwomen-wouldstillbeyearsaway"可知，但是，即使這些進展順利，一種廣泛用于保護高危人群的授權(quán)疫苗仍需數(shù)年時間，也就是說如果人體試驗進展順利的話，短期內(nèi)仍無法獲得授權(quán)疫苗，故選C。（2）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"USscientistsfromtheWalterReedArmyInstituteofResearch,theBethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenterandHarvardMedicalSchooltestedtwotypesofZikavaccineinmice"可知，美國科學(xué)家在白鼠身上只測試了兩種而不是兩種以上的寨卡病毒，故選B。（3）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第一段中的"Asingledose(劑量)ofanexperimentalvaccine(疫苗)canprotectmiceagainsttheZika(寨卡)virus,"可知，一種實驗性疫苗可以保護小鼠免受寨卡病毒侵襲，由此可知，本文主要介紹的是寨卡病毒疫苗對小白鼠非常有效，故選A。【點評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準確掌握細節(jié)信息，同時根據(jù)上下文進行推理，歸納，從而選出正確答案。2．犇犇閱讀理解

IfplastichadbeeninventedwhenthePilgrimssailedfromPlymouth,England,toNorthAmerica-andtheirMayflowerhadbeenstockedwithbottledwaterandplastic-wrappedsnacks,theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.Atlanticwavesandsunlightwouldhavewornallthatplasticintotinybits.Andthosebitsmightstillbefloatingaroundtheworld'soceanstoday,waitingtobeeatenbysomefishoroyster,andfinallyperhapsbyoneofus.

Becauseplasticwasn'tinventeduntilthelate19thcentury,anditsproductiononlyreallytookoffaround1950,wehaveamere9.2billiontonsofthestufftodealwith.Ofthat,morethan6.9billiontonshavebecomewaste.Andofthatwaste,asurprising6.3billiontonsnevermadeittoarecyclingbin-thefigurethatshockedthescientistswhopublishedthenumbersin2017.

Nooneknowshowmuchunrecycledplasticwasteendsupintheocean,theearth'slastsink.In2015,JennaJambeckaUniversityofGeorgiaengineeringprofessor,caughteveryone'sattentionwitharoughestimatebetween5.3millionand14milliontonsofplasticwasteeachyearjustcomefromcoastalregions.

Meanwhile,oceanplasticisestimatedtokillmillionsofmarine(海洋的）animalseveryyear.Nearly700species,includingendangeredones,areknowntohavebeenaffectedbyit.Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.Marinespeciesofallsizes,fromzooplanktontowhales,noweatmicroplas-tics,thebitssmallerthanone-fifthofaninchacross.

"Thisisn'taproblemwherewedon'tknowwhatthesolutionis,"saysTedSiegler,aVermontresourceeconomistwhohasspentmorethan25yearsworkingwithdevelopingnationsongarbage."Weknowhowtopickupgarbage.Anyonecandoit.Weknowhowtodealwithit.Weknowhowtorecycle."It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.（1）WhydoestheauthormentionthePilgrimsinparagraph1?A.

Toproveplasticwasdifficulttoinvent.B.

Tointroducewhatmarineanimalslikeeating.C.

TotellthePilgrimscontributedalottothemarineprotection.D.

Toshowplasticwastehasalastingeffectontheocean.（2）What'sthemaintroublemarineanimalsfaceaccordingtothetext?A.

Lackingprotection.

B.

Beingstuckbyplastics.C.

Beingcaughtbyhumans.

D.

Treatingplasticsasfood.（3）WhatdoesTedSieglerwanttotellusinthelastparagraph?A.

Somepeopledon'tknowthesolutionofplasticswaste.B.

Plasticswillturntheoceanintoasoupofplastic.C.

It'stimetotakemeasurestodealwithplasticwaste.D.

Peopleshouldavoidusingplasticstoprotecttheocean.（4）Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.

Abiologytextbook.

B.

Atravelbrochure.C.

Anenvironmentalreport.

D.

Alifestylemagazine.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）C（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了塑料垃圾給海洋以及海洋生物帶來的危害。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.

”他們的塑料廢物很可能在四百年后仍會存在，可知作者提到thePilgrims是為了說明塑料廢物對海洋有持久的影響，故選D。（2）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.”一些明顯受到傷害，被塑料制成的廢棄物品卡住了?？赡苡懈嗟娜耸艿綗o形的傷害。可知選B。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.”他說最好在海洋變成塑料湯之前建立一個必要的機構(gòu)和制度的問題，可推知選C。（4）考查推理判斷。縱觀全文可知，本題介紹了塑料垃圾給海洋以及海洋生物帶來的危害。是一篇環(huán)境保護類閱讀，因此選C?！军c評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類閱讀，考生需要準確捕捉細節(jié)信息，同時根據(jù)上下文進行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。3．閱讀理解

Expertsnotethatanunhealthylifestylecanputyouatgreatriskofheartdiseaseandstroke.Sodoctorsurgeustoeathealthyfoods,getexercise,stopsmokingandlimitouralcoholintake.Butthereissomethingelseyoucando.Anditisfreeandeasy.Smile!

Dr.Chockalingam,aheartdiseasespecialistinColumbia,adviseshispatientstosmile.Hesaysasmilemaybeonewaytohelpyourheart."Whenwesmile,thebrainwiringchanges.Thechemicalsthatarereleasedaremorepositive."Hesayssmilingisthefirststepinfightingphysicalandemotionalstressanditssometimesharmfuleffectsonhumanhealth.ThisisnotjustNewAgeadvice.Severalstudiessupporthisopinion.

Whenyoufeelstressedorunderpressure,yourbodyreleasesmanynaturalhormones(荷爾蒙)includingadrenalineandcortisol.Adrenalineincreasesyourheartrateandbloodpressure.Cortisolisthebody'smainstresshormone.Itincreasessugarinthebloodstream.Ifyouaretrulyindanger,thesehormonescanhelpyou.Theyarepartofwhatwecallourfight-or-flightresponse.

However,whenwearestressedforalongperiod,thesestresshormonesareever-presentinourbodies.Andthat,medicalresearcherswarn,mayleadtohealthproblems.

Researcherssaytheconnectionbetweenstressandheartdiseaseisstillunclear.However,theyclaimthatwhenpeoplearestressedforlongperiodsoftime,theymayhaveanunhealthylifestyle,whichcanleadtohealthproblems.

Dr.Chockalingamsaysasmilemaybeonewaytohelp.Hetellshispatientstosmile20timesanhour.Tosome,thatmightseemlikealotofsmiling.Orsomemightevenfeelfoolish...smilingforseeminglynoreason.Butasmiledoesnotinvolvedrugs.Itisnotinvasivelikeasurgicaloperation.Itisfreeandithasnobadsideeffects.

"Oncepeoplesmile,theyarerelaxing.Thisrelaxationdirectlylowersbloodpressure,improvessugarlevelsintheblood.Ifwearesmiling,wearebreakingthatlinkbetweenstressandhealth."Anditjustmayprovidealittleextraprotectiontoeveryone'shearthealth.（1）WhichofthefollowingagreeswithDr.Chockalingam'sopinion?A.Smilehasthesameeffectsaslaughter.B.Smilecanbeusedtotaketheplaceofmedicine.C.Smileisbetterthananyhealthylifestyletohealth.D.Smilecanmakeourbodyproducebeneficialchemicals.（2）Whatcanweknowaboutthementionedstresshormones?A.Theycanlowerourbloodpressure.B.Theywillsurelyleadtoheartdiseases.C.Theycanbenefituswhenweareindanger.D.Theywillmakeusliveanunhealthylifestyle.（3）WhydoesDr.Chockalingamthinksmilingishelpfultoourhealth?A.Itcanmakeusrelax.B.Itincreasessugarlevels.C.Ithaslittlebadsideeffects.D.Itcanhappenfornoreason.（4）Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AThoroughAnalysisoftheCausesofHeartDiseasesB.OneThingYouCanDoRightNowtoHelpYourHeartC.OneThingThatIsCloselyConnectedwithStressHormonesD.TheClearConnectionBetweenUnhealthyLifestylesandHeartDiseases【答案】（1）D（2）C（3）A（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，哥倫比亞的心臟病專家Chockalingam博士建議多保持微笑，他認為微笑可能是幫助心臟的一種方式。同時說明了微笑有利于健康的原因和人們感到壓力時的身體反應(yīng)等情況。（1）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Whenwesmile,thebrainwiringchanges.Thechemicalsthatarereleasedaremorepositive.”當我們微笑時，大腦的線路會發(fā)生變化。釋放出的化學(xué)物質(zhì)更積極。可知，Chockalingam博士認為微笑能使我們的身體產(chǎn)生有益的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。故選D。（2）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Ifyouaretrulyindanger,thesehormonescanhelpyou.”如果你真的有危險，這些荷爾蒙會幫助你?？芍斘覀兲幱谖ｋU中時，壓力荷爾蒙可以幫助我們。故選C。（3）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ifwearesmiling,wearebreakingthatlinkbetweenstressandhealth.Anditjustmayprovidealittleextraprotectiontoeveryone'shearthealth.”如果我們微笑，我們就打破了壓力和健康之間的聯(lián)系。而且它可能會為每個人的心臟健康提供一點額外的保護。可知，Chockalingam博士認為微笑可以使我們放松，從而有利于我們的健康。故選A。（4）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第二段中的“Dr.Chockalingam,aheartdiseasespecialistinColumbia,adviseshispatientstosmile.Hesaysasmilemaybeonewaytohelpyourheart.”哥倫比亞的心臟病專家Chockalingam博士建議他的病人保持微笑。他說，微笑可能是幫助心臟的一種方式。以及結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容主要介紹了微笑能夠讓我們放松進而有利于我們的健康，所以要健康那就要多微笑，所以選B?！军c評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準確掌握細節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進行概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。4．閱讀理解

Anewstudysuggestsalinkbetweenexposuretogreeneryandreduceddesiresforalcoholcigaretteandjunkfood.

Thestudyisthefirsttoinvestigatethepossiblerelationshipsbetweenexposuretonatureanddesiresandnegativeemotions.ResearchersattheUniversityofPlymouth'sSchoolofPsychologysurveyed149respondents(應(yīng)答者)aged21o65abouttheproportion(比例)ofgreenspaceintheirneighborhood,thepresenceofgreenviewsfromtheirhome,theiraccesstoagardenandhowoftentheyusepublicgreenspace.Thestudyalsoaskedquestionsaboutexperienceswithdepressionandanxiety,aswellasdesiresforthingslikecaffeine,alcoholandnicotine.Participantsratedtheintensity(強度),imagery,andintrusiveness(侵擾性)oftheirdesiresonan11-pointscale.

Researchersfoundthepresenceofvisiblegreenspacecontributedtodecreaseddesiresforjunkfood.Theeffectwasparticularlynoticeablewhenmorethan25percentofarespondent'sviewwasgreenery.

Previousscholarship(學(xué)術(shù)研究)hasdealtmostlywithexerciseinnature:A2015studyoutoftheUniversityofMichiganfound90-minutegroupnaturewalkswereeffectiveatcombattingdepressionandrelievingothermooddisorders.Butforpeoplewhostrugglewithaccessibilityordon'thavetimefora90-minutewalk,thisnewstudysuggestsjustlookingoutawindowatatreecanhelpfightoffabadhabit.

"Ithasbeenknownforsometimethatbeingoutdoorsinnatureislinkedtoaperson'swell-being,"leadauthorLeanneMartinsaidinastatement."Butfortheretobeasimilarassociationwithdesiresfromsimplybeingabletoseegreenspaceaddsanewdimensiontothepreviousresearch."

A2018studyfromDenmark'sAarhusUniversityforexample,foundthat.Havingaccesstogreenspacethroughoutchildhooddecreasedaperson'sriskofdevelopingmentalhealthproblemsasanadult.（1）Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theresultsofthenewstudy.B.Thepurposeofthenewstudy.C.Thesignificanceofthenewstudy.D.Thecontentofthenewstudy.（2）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"combatting"inparagraph4probablymean?A.Reducing.B.Developing.C.Understanding.D.Encouraging（3）Accordingtothepassage,thenewstudy_____.A.mainlyreferredtoexerciseinnatureB.hasenrichedthepreviousresearchtosomedegreeC.wascarriedoutbytheUniversityofMichiganD.foundexposuretogreeneryhelpedcurementalproblems（4）nwhichsectionofanewspapermaythispassageappear?A.EntertainmentB.BusinessWorldC.Tech&ScienceD.Environment【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）B（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了一項新的研究成果---多看綠色植物和吃垃圾食品這兩者看似風(fēng)馬牛不相及，可研究結(jié)構(gòu)卻表明它們之間存在著一種奇妙的關(guān)系：多看綠色植物能幫助人們克制吃垃圾食品的欲望。（1）考查段落大意。根據(jù)第二段中的

“Researchers…surveyed149respondentsaged21o65abouttheproportionofgreenspaceintheirneighborhood…”研究人員調(diào)查了年齡在21~65歲之間的149名參與者小區(qū)內(nèi)的綠植比例……；以及“Thestudyalsoaskedquestionsaboutexperienceswithdepressionandanxiety…”研究中還問了與抑郁及焦慮有關(guān)的問題……等可知，第二段主要介紹了新研究的調(diào)查內(nèi)容，故選D。（2）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)常識可知，在大自然中散步對人體有各種各樣的好處，再結(jié)合句中出現(xiàn)的“relievingothermooddisorders(緩解其他情緒紊亂)”不難推斷出，combattingdepression應(yīng)表示“減輕抑郁”。故選A。（3）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“…addsanewdimension(方面)tothepreviousresearch”為以前的研究增加了新的方面，可知，新的研究在某種程度上豐富了之前的研究成果。故選B。（4）考查推理判斷?？v觀全文可知，本文介紹了一項科學(xué)研究的研究成果，所以該文章最有可能出現(xiàn)在“技術(shù)與科學(xué)”版塊。故選C。【點評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解，詞義猜測，推理判斷和段落大意四個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解

Wordsandthewayweusethemofferararewindowonsocialandculturaltrends.KoryStamperandPeterSokolowskiknowthatbetterthanmost.

TheMerriam-Webster(韋氏詞典)lexicographers(詞典編纂者)arepartofateamthateditsthedictionary.Inarecentinterview,SokolowskiandStampertalkedabouttheirjobandwhatthewayweusewordssaysaboutuscollectively.

Sotoknowmoreaboutthem,observersofthelanguage,maybeweshouldstartwithsomebackground.

Whatisalexicographer?

Sokolowski:Alexicographerisapersonwhowritesoreditsadictionary.Thejobofadictionaryeditoristoprepareandpresentresearchaboutlanguage.Oneofourformereditors-in-chiefsaid,"Tellthetruthaboutwords,"andthatsumsitupforme.

Whatdoyouguysdoallday?

Stamper:Thetwomaindutiesofalexicographerarereadinganddefining.Wereadeverything:books,journals,blogs,phonebooks,take-outmenus,andsoon.Whatwe'relookingforarewordsthatcatchoureye.Werecordthecontextofthesewordsandinformationaboutthesources.Thoserecordsareaddedtoadatabase,andtheyaretherawmaterialweuseinwritingdefinitions.

Whenwearewritingorrevisingadictionary,mostofourtimeisspentdefining.Wedefineawordaccordingtohowitisusedintherecordedcontext,decidingwhethertheusagehasbeencoveredbyourdictionary.Oncethisisdone,youlookatthenewwordsandnewsensesanddraftadefinition.

Draftingdefinitionsrequiressometraining,someexperienceandalotofconcentration.It'svery,veryquietontheeditorialfloor.

Howcloselydothemostlooked-upwordsonyouronlinedictionaryseemtoberelatedtothenewsortrends?

Stamper:Whenourdictionarywentonlinebackin1996,wecouldseeforthefirsttimewhichwerethemostlooked-upwordsinEnglish:Affect,effectandubiquitouswerethetopwords.Itwasfascinatingtous-dictionaryeditorsspendsomuchtimewritingdefinitionsbutnevercouldhaveknownifanyoneeverreadthem.Wecouldfollowwhatpeoplewerethinkingaboutaccordingtowhatwordstheywerelookingup.Thankstoouronlinedictionary,wehaddata.（1）Whatdolexicographersdo?A.

Theycollectasmanywordsastheycanandeditthemintoadictionary.B.

Theyinterviewasmanypeopleastheycantocollectnewwords.C.

Theydoresearchaboutlanguageandeditthetruthaboutwords.D.

Theymakedeepstudiesofsocialandculturaltrends.（2）What'sthefunctionoflexicographers'recordsduringtheirreading?A.

Therecordsshowhowlargethedictionaryis.B.

Therecordscontainwhatkindofthingstheyread.C.

Therecordsarethemainthingstoaddtothedatabase.D.

Therecordsoffertherawmaterialtotheeditors.（3）Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderofalexicographerdefiningaword?a.Writeadraftofthedefinition.b.Concludetheusageoftheword.c.Payattentiontothenewwordsandnewsenses.d.Decidewhethertheusagehasbeencovered.A.

adbc

B.

dbac

C.

bdca

D.

cbda（4）Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A.

Observersofthelanguage.

B.

Processofmakingadictionary.C.

Developmentoflanguage.

D.

Experienceofeditingnewwords.【答案】（1）C（2）D（3）C（4）A【解析】【分析】本文主要講述的是語言的觀察者——詞典編纂者。（1）細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Whatisalexicographer?中Sokolowski:Alexicographerisapersonwhowritesoreditsadictionary.Thejobofadictionaryeditoristoprepareandpresentresearchaboutlanguage.Oneofourformereditors-in-chiefsaid,"Tellthetruthaboutwords,"andthatsumsitupforme.(詞典編纂者是編寫或編輯詞典的人。詞典編輯的工作是準備和提出關(guān)于語言的研究。我們的一位前主編說:"說出關(guān)于文字的真相，"這就是我的總結(jié)。)可知，詞曲編纂者研究語言，編輯關(guān)于文字的真相。故選C。（2）推理判斷題。根據(jù)Whatdoyouguysdoallday?中Whatwe'relookingforarewordsthatcatchoureye.Werecordthecontextofthesewordsandinformationaboutthesources.Thoserecordsareaddedtoadatabase,andtheyaretherawmaterialweuseinwritingdefinitions.（我們要找的是能引起我們注意的詞。我們記錄這些單詞的上下文和關(guān)于來源的信息。這些記錄被添加到數(shù)據(jù)庫中，它們是我們編寫定義時使用的原材料。）可知，詞典編纂者在閱讀過程中記錄的作用是這些記錄為編輯提供了原始資料。故選D。（3）細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段中Wedefineawordaccordingtohowitisusedintherecordedcontext,decidingwhethertheusagehasbeencoveredbyourdictionary.Oncethisisdone,youlookatthenewwordsandnewsensesanddraftadefinition.（我們根據(jù)一個單詞在記載的上下文中如何使用來定義它，決定這個用法是否已經(jīng)被我們的字典所涵蓋。一旦這樣做了，你會看到新的單詞和新的含義，然后起草一個定義。）可知，首先是總結(jié)出這個詞的用法，第二步是決定是否涵蓋了使用情況，第三步是收集新單詞和新含義，然后寫含義，故選C。（4）主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二、三段TheMerriam-Webster(韋氏詞典)lexicographers(詞典編纂者)arepartofateamthateditsthedictionary.Inarecentinterview,SokolowskiandStampertalkedabouttheirjobandwhatthewayweusewordssaysaboutuscollectively.（韋氏詞典編纂者是編輯該詞典的一個團隊的成員。在最近的一次采訪中，索科洛夫斯基和斯坦普談到了他們的工作，以及我們使用詞語的方式反映了我們的集體特征。）和Sotoknowmoreaboutthem,observersofthelanguage,maybeweshouldstartwithsomebackground.（所以為了更多地了解這些語言的觀察者，也許我們應(yīng)該從一些背景知識開始。）可知，本文講述的是語言的觀察者——詞典編纂者。故選A。【點評】考查閱讀理解。本文涉及細節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題和主旨大意題三種?？碱}型。細節(jié)理解題可以從原文直接找或歸納答案。推理判斷題結(jié)合上下文綜合推理。主旨大意題找關(guān)鍵詞，找出主題句。6．閱讀短文，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。

Plantsareboring.Theyjustsittherephotosynthesizing(光合作用)whileanimalshaveallthefun.Right?Notsomuch.Anewstudyhasfoundthatthereisalonghistoryofinteractionsbetweenantsandplants.Theantandplantco-evolution(協(xié)同進化)startedwithantsfeedingonplantsandplantsevolvingant-friendlyfeatures.

Plantsmakeanumberofdifferentstructuresthatarespecificforantuse.Someplantshaveevolvedfeaturesthatpersuadeantsintodefendingthemfromattackfromotherinsectsandevenmаmmаl?.Тhе?е?nсludеhollowthornsthatаnt?willlive?n??dе,orехtranесtаr(瓊漿)оnlеаvе?orstemsfortheantstoeat.Someantswilljustcheatandtakethenectarandrun,butsomewillstickaroundandattackanythingthattriestohurttheplant.Otherplantsgetantstohelpthemmovetheirseedsaround,byprovidingthemwithrichfoodpacketsattachedtotheseeds.Theantwillpickuptheseedandcarryitaway,eatthefoodpacket,andleavetheseed—ofteninanutrient-richareawhereit'llgrowbetter,andsinceit'sfartherawayfromitsparent,theywon'thavetocompeteforresources.

Butscientistsweren'tsurehowtheevolutionaryrelationshipbetweenantsandplantsgotstarted.Ifevolutionisanarmsracebetweenspeciesdevelopingwaystomakeuseoftheirneighbors,thenscientistswantedtoknowwhetherplantsorantsfiredthefirstshot.Itwasachicken-and-eggquestion,whetherthingsstartedwithantsdevelopingbehaviorstotakeadvantageofplants,orplantsevolvingstructurestotakeadvantageofants.

Thehistoryofantsandplantsevolvingtogethergoesbacktothetimeofthedinosaurs,andit'snoteasytotellfromfossilswhofiredthefirstshot.However,itisaquestionoflittlesignificance.Scientistssaytheirstudymatersbecauseitprovidesalookathowthesewidespreadandcomplexinteractionsevolved.（1）Someplantsattachfoodpacketstotheirseedsinorderto________.A.

rewardtheantsB.

makeafoolofantsC.

providenutritionfortheseedsD.

gettheseedsmovedaround（2）WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytellus?A.

Howplantsandantsinteract.B.

Whatantsdotoprotectplants.C.

Howplantsandantssurviveattacks.D.

Whyplantsandantsneedco-evolution.（3）Whichistrueabouttheevolutionaryrelationshipbetweenantsandplants?A.

Antsdependedmoreuponplants.B.

Itcausedaraceforbetterevolution.C.

Howitgotstartedwasuncertain.D.

Itwasoflittlevalueforfuturestudies.（4）What'stheauthor'spurposeofwritingthepassage?A.

Tointroduceascienceresearchmethod.B.

Toinformreadersofalatestresearchfinding.C.

Toarousereaders'interestinscienceresearch.D.

Tocriticizepeople'straditionalviewsaboutplants.【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）C（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，螞蟻和植物之間的互動有著悠久的歷史。螞蟻和植物的共同進化始于螞蟻以植物為食，植物進化出對螞蟻友好的特征。（1）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Otherplantsgetantstohelpthemmovetheirseedsaround,byprovidingthemwithrichfoodpacketsattachedtotheseeds.”其他植物讓螞蟻幫助它們移動種子，方法是在種子上附加豐富的食物包。故選D。（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“Plantsmakeanumberofdifferentstructuresthatarespecificforantuse.”植物有許多不同的結(jié)構(gòu)，這些結(jié)構(gòu)是專門為螞蟻使用的；“Someantswilljustcheatandtakethenectarandrun,butsomewillstickaroundandattackanythingthattriestohurttheplant.Otherplantsgetantstohelpthemmovetheirseedsaround,byprovidingthemwithrichfoodpacketsattachedtotheseeds.”可知，有些螞蟻會偷取花蜜逃跑，但有些會留下來攻擊任何試圖傷害植物的東西。其他植物讓螞蟻幫助它們移動種子，方法是在種子上附加豐富的食物包。由此可知，第二段主要講了植物和螞蟻如何互動，故選A。（3）考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Butscientistsweren'tsurehowtheevolutionaryrelationshipbetweenantsandplantsgotstarted.”但是科學(xué)家們并不確定螞蟻和植物之間的進化關(guān)系是如何開始的。由此可知C選項描述正確，故選C。（4）考查推理判斷。第一段中的“Anewstudyhasfoundthatthereisalonghistoryofinteractionsbetweenantsandplants.”一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，螞蟻和植物之間的互動有著悠久的歷史。是全文的主題句，由此推斷出，作者寫這篇文章的目的是告知讀者最新的研究結(jié)果，故選B。【點評】本題考點涉及細節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準確捕捉細節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。7．閱讀短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。

Throughoutourdailylives,wehaveknownplentyofpeopleandwillknowmore.Buthowcanwetellifsomeoneistrustworthy?InapaperpublishedrecentlyintheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,researchergaveustheanswer.

Theresearchersasked401adultsfromtheUnitedStatestofilloutaquestionnairemeasuringtheirguilt-proneness(內(nèi)疚傾向)indifferentsituationsaswellasseveralotherqualities,andthenplayashortonlinegame.Inthisgame,Player1isgiven$1,whichtheycanchoosetogivetoPlayer2.AnymoneygiventoPlayer2isthenautomaticallyincreasedto$2.50.Player2canthendecidewhethertokeepallofthemoneyorbehaveinatrustworthywaybyreturningaportionofthemoneytoPlayer1.Theresearchersfoundmoreguilt-pronepeopleweremorelikelytosharethemoneywithPlayer1.Actually,infollow-upstudies,guilt-pronenesspredictedtrustworthinessbetterthanotherpersonalityqualitiestheresearchersmeasured.

Whymightguiltleadtotrustworthybehavior?Theresearchersfoundpeoplewhowereguilt-pronealsoreportedfeelinganobligationtoactinethical(合乎道德的)andresponsiblewayswhileinteracting(互動)withtheirpartnersinthegame.Peoplewhoareguilt-pronetendtoavoidengaginginbehaviorthatmightharmordisappointothers.Iftheydosomethingbad,guiltencouragesthemtotrytomakethingsrightagain.

Then,howcanweusethisresearchtoascertainwhethersomeoneistrustworthy?"Onewaytodothismightbeobservehowtheyrespondtoexperienceregret,"leadauthorEmmaLevine,assistantprofessorattheUniversityofChicagoLevine,explains.Anotherwayistoaskthemtodescribeadifficultdilemmatheyfacedinthepast,suggestsco-authorTayaCohen,associateprofessoratCarnegieMellonUniversity.Thisisparticularlyeffective,Cohenandhercolleagueshavefound,becauseitallowsustoseeifthey'reconcernedabouttheeffectstheiractionshaveonothers.（1）Whatmaymakeothersfeelthatwearereliableaccordingtothetext?A.

Ourgoodqualitiestohelpthemout.B.

Ourtendencytoexperienceguilt.C.

Ourkindattitudetowardsthem.D.

Ourteamspiritinthegame.（2）Whatmayconnectguiltwithtrustworthybehavior?A.

Asenseofresponsibility.B.

Afeelingofdisappointment.C.

Thewayoneinteractswithothers.D.

Theabilitytotellrightfromwrong.（3）Whatdoestheunderlinedword"ascertain"inthelastparagraphmean?A.

Ask

B.

Express

C.

Describe

D.

Determine（4）Howisthetextorganizedanddeveloped?A.

Byprovidingbackground.B.

Bymakingalotofcomparisons.C.

Byansweringtheraisedquestions.D.

Byanalyzingeffectsofguilt-proneness.【答案】（1）B（2）A（3）D（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，生活中，我們會遇到各種各樣的人，那如何確定一個人是不是值得信任