四級(jí)寫(xiě)作基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與高級(jí)技巧課件

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試

寫(xiě)作知識(shí)與技巧

2021/8/171（一）四級(jí)作文的考試要求1.考生應(yīng)在30分鐘內(nèi)，根據(jù)題目要求及寫(xiě)作提綱或規(guī)定情節(jié)，圖表等寫(xiě)出120字以上，語(yǔ)言比較規(guī)范的短文。2.要求“內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱的全部要點(diǎn)，表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫。句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確?！?021/8/172（二）

四級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

作文滿分為15分，閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)（8分）相似，即定為該分（8分）；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分，則可以加一分，即為9分，或減一分，即為7分，但不得加或減半分。具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：2分—條理不清，思路混亂，語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分—基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差，有較多嚴(yán)重的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。2021/8/1738分—基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫，語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分—切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。14分—切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好。基本上無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)，文字運(yùn)用較好。2021/8/174注：①白卷、作文與題目毫不相干，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想，則給零分。

②字?jǐn)?shù)不夠應(yīng)酌情扣分。如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句均不得計(jì)入所寫(xiě)字?jǐn)?shù)。

③只寫(xiě)一段者，0-4分；兩段者，0-9分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）。2021/8/175（三）四級(jí)作文通病分析通過(guò)對(duì)歷年英語(yǔ)短文寫(xiě)作考生答卷的分析，考生寫(xiě)作時(shí)已具有較大的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性。絕大多數(shù)考生都有一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)，也已經(jīng)基本上掌握了表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)和想法的詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。但從整體得分來(lái)看，多數(shù)考生短文寫(xiě)作成績(jī)卻不盡人意。分?jǐn)?shù)主要集中在5-9分。2021/8/176考生普遍存在著普遍的問(wèn)題是思維單調(diào)，例證堆切，簡(jiǎn)單羅例數(shù)據(jù)，片面描繪畫(huà)面，缺乏主題提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在著教學(xué)過(guò)程中忽略了對(duì)學(xué)生書(shū)面表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)，學(xué)生缺乏適量的作文訓(xùn)練；另一方面，還有些考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)短文寫(xiě)作的考試要求不十分明確，靠背幾篇范文，壓幾道題，抱著碰運(yùn)氣的態(tài)度，就倉(cāng)促上陣。

2021/8/177（四）四級(jí)作文常見(jiàn)的十大癥結(jié)1.大小寫(xiě)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤;2.卷面不潔，字跡潦草，用鉛筆寫(xiě)作；3.語(yǔ)法和結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，造成文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散，脫節(jié)；4.代詞，連接詞或邏輯順序詞錯(cuò)用，而造成文章的邏輯混亂；5.用中文思維加英文翻譯所造成的語(yǔ)句生硬，錯(cuò)誤；2021/8/178

5.文不對(duì)題，部分跑題或主題不突出所造成的文章不切題現(xiàn)象。6.詞匯量匱乏，文章中難見(jiàn)高分詞匯；7.語(yǔ)法不通，復(fù)合句使用錯(cuò)誤多且表達(dá)不清；8.句型單一、句子無(wú)變化，表達(dá)方式單調(diào);9.不會(huì)正確使用常用套語(yǔ)，文章缺少層次感；10.作文普遍缺乏文采，打動(dòng)人的杰作奇缺。

2021/8/179（五）考試作文類型及命題1.短文寫(xiě)作大致分為五種類型：A.記敘文(Narration)B.描寫(xiě)文（Description）C.說(shuō)明文（Exposition）D.論說(shuō)文（Argumentation）E.應(yīng)用文（PracticalWriting）2021/8/17102.命題形式（主要有三種形式）A.

命題類作文：包括命題提綱式，命題提綱式附首段起始句，命題式附各段主題句等分支。B.

規(guī)定情景類：包括情景式給定標(biāo)題的論說(shuō)文和情景式給定標(biāo)題的記敘文等。C.圖表，圖畫(huà)類作文：包括無(wú)題提綱式圖表類作文，無(wú)題提綱式漫畫(huà)或圖片類作文；命題提綱式圖表類作文和命題提綱式漫畫(huà)或圖片類作文。2021/8/1711

英語(yǔ)好句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求

句子構(gòu)建是寫(xiě)作的關(guān)鍵。字詞組合看似簡(jiǎn)單其實(shí)奧妙無(wú)窮。不同文化、不同風(fēng)格的作者肯定會(huì)寫(xiě)出不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。句子有簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句之分。僅僅簡(jiǎn)單句可分為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓+賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、主（系）動(dòng)表結(jié)構(gòu)等等。而復(fù)合句有不同的組合關(guān)系如條件關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。條件句又細(xì)分真實(shí)條件和非真實(shí)條件（虛擬）。2021/8/1712根據(jù)句子語(yǔ)態(tài)，句子有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之分。根據(jù)排列順序，句子可分為正常語(yǔ)序句和倒裝句。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，好的文章包含復(fù)合句、非真實(shí)條件句、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、倒裝句更多，因?yàn)樗鼈兪鞘芙逃潭雀叩偷闹饕饬恐笜?biāo)。它們的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則嚴(yán)格而復(fù)雜，受教育少的人是無(wú)法正確駕馭這種句子的構(gòu)建。同時(shí)它們也是正式語(yǔ)體和書(shū)面語(yǔ)體的集中表現(xiàn)。

2021/8/1713外語(yǔ)習(xí)得者要消滅寫(xiě)句子時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤通常是不可能的，但是朝少犯錯(cuò)誤、不犯嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤的方向而努力奮斗，這應(yīng)該是受到鼓勵(lì)和勞有所報(bào)的過(guò)程。正確無(wú)誤的句子的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：2021/8/1714正確無(wú)誤的句子標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.

保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整。2.

首字母要大寫(xiě)。3.

結(jié)尾要有句號(hào)或問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)或省略號(hào)。4.

句子應(yīng)表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。5.

句子前后要符合邏輯推理。6.

主語(yǔ)為代詞時(shí)要指代明晰。

7.句子時(shí)態(tài)要正確，主要指前后一致或符合上下文場(chǎng)景。2021/8/1715Forexample:1.

FromShanghai,heatlastbecameahighofficialinBeijing.

Note:Thissentenceiscorrectingrammarbutnoteffectiveorlogicalinmeaning,becausehisbirthplaceorformerworksitedoesnotensurehispromotioninBeijing.Sothissentencelacksunity.

2021/8/17162.

Mr.Bushsaidtohisbrotherthathehaddoneagoodjob.

Note:Thereaderisnotsurewhom“he”shouldbereferredto.Sothissentencelackscoherence.2021/8/17171.

InthemonthofMaypeopleofdifferentprofessionsfromallcirclesineachcityholdvotingmeetingtoelecttheirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentativeswillgotoBeijing,theChinesecapital,inthemonthofOctobertoattendanotionalcongressofmodelworkersfromallcornersofChina.

2021/8/1718Note:Therearetoomanyrepetitionsandunnecessarywordsinthesentence,suchas“inthemonthofMay”,“inthemonthofOctober”,“differentprofessionsfromallcircles”,“votingmeetingtoelect”,“theirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentatives”,“Beijing,theChinesecapital”,“national…fromallcornersofChina”.Sothisisawordysentence.2021/8/17191.

Whatiscommontoallheroesisthattheydonotfeardeath,dangerandhardships.

Note:TheyemphasizethelastmeaningorthingwheneverthereareseveraladditionalwordsandphrasesintheEnglishculture.WestressthefirstwordorphrasewhilethereisparallelisminChineseculture.NowthatwearewritinginEnglish,wehavetofollowtheirsuit.

2021/8/17201.

XiaoLiwasborninasmallvillage.Thevillagewasnotprintedonanymap.Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool.Heneverleftthevillage.Laterhegraduatedfromthatschoolandenteredajuniormiddleschoolinatown.Onweekdayshehadtoliveatschool.Withoutparentsthere,helearnedtolookafterhimself—buyingfoodandwashingclothes.

Note:Thisisachildishcomposition,justasadiaryfromapupil.Asanadult,weareadviseduponmoresophisticatedwritingatleastnotthatmonotonic.Sotobevariousinstyleistobeencouragedifagoodessaytendstoturnup.2021/8/1721表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.5）Thereasonforthisisthat...6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat...2021/8/1722例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.2021/8/1723表示好處的常用句型1）

Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）

Itdoesusalotofgood.3）

Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）

Itisbeneficialtous.5）

Itisofgreatbenefittous.2021/8/1724例如：

Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.2021/8/1725表示壞處的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2）

Itdoesusmuchharm.3）

Itisharmfultous.

2021/8/1726例如：

However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.2021/8/1727

表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.2021/8/1728例如：Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.2021/8/1729表示措施的常用句型

1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth.4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.2021/8/1730例如：Thehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.2021/8/1731表示變化的常用句型

1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworld’scommunications.3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.2021/8/1732例如：Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins.2021/8/1733表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀的常用句型

1）Wecannotignorethefactthat...2）Noonecandenythefactthat...3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat...4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.5）However，that’snotthecase.2021/8/1734例如：

Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment.2021/8/1735表示比較的常用句型

1）ComparedwithA，B...2)A

and

B

has

several

points

in

common.

3)It

is

true

that

A

...

,

but

the

chief

faultB

(obvious

defects

)are

...

4)A

and

B

differ

in

several

ways.

5)The

advantages

of

A

are

much

greater

than

those

of

B.

6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.2021/8/1736例如：Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly，theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly，theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeople’shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.2021/8/1737表示例舉的常用句型

1)

A

good

case

in

point

is

...

2)

As

an

illustration,

we

may

take

...

3)

Such

examples

might

be

given

easily.

4)

...is

often

cited

as

an

example.

2021/8/1738表示數(shù)量的常用句型

1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from...to...2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，000.3）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.

2021/8/1739例如：Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.再如：Fromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin20002021/8/1740表示看法的常用句型

1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.4）Somepeoplebelievethat...Othersarguethat...2021/8/1741例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However，othersareeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.再如：Do“l(fā)uckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.2021/8/1742表示結(jié)論的常用句型

1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat...2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows.3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat...

2021/8/1743例如：Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthatexaminationisnecessary，however，itsmethodshouldbeimproved.2021/8/1744部分常用套語(yǔ)

1）It’swellknowntousthat...2）Asisknowntous，...3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat...5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.2021/8/1745例如：

Asiswellknowntous，itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampus.Thereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays，thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly，andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower.Ascollegestudents，wemustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampus.Onlyinthiswaycanweadaptourselvestothesocietyquicklyafterwegraduate.2021/8/1746再如：

Doesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutanddifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.2021/8/1747實(shí)用的構(gòu)思方法1.組織素材：要想盡快，高效地收集，羅列素材，可分兩個(gè)步驟走：第一步，圍繞文章的主題展開(kāi)風(fēng)暴式思考（Brainstorming),盡可能多地調(diào)集腦海中已有觀點(diǎn)和詞匯，可無(wú)序排列，但必須剔除不熟悉和不會(huì)拼寫(xiě)的部分；第二步，按素材的重要性，邏輯歸屬等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)素材加以篩選，歸類和排列，整理，以備后用。2021/8/1748Title:DiningOutinaFastFoodRestaurant要求：1.Presentsituationforfastfood.2.Possiblereasonsforitspopularity.3.ProspectsoffastfoodinChina.文章構(gòu)思根據(jù)主題句將內(nèi)容分為幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)，再給出若干細(xì)節(jié)具體說(shuō)明，如圖所示：2021/8/1749ReasonsforthepopularityofFastFoodRestaurantAvarietyoffastfoodSatisfypeople’sneedsReasonsrelaxTastefoodWashingdishesTraditionalChinesefoodPizzaReasonablepriceListentomusicFrenchfrieshamburgerDomoreimportantthingnutritiousBenefitpeoplealotSavetimeandtroublecookingconvenientdeliciousshoppingCleaninguptables2021/8/1750DiningOutinaFastRestaurant

Nowadays,fastfoodispopularinChina.Fastfoodrestaurantshavemushroomedeverywhereandmanyworkingcouplesandschoolchildrennowenjoyhavingtheirbreakfastandlunchthere.

2021/8/1751FastfoodrestaurantsarerapidlygainingpopularityinChinaforquiteafewreasons.Firstly,thereareavarietyoffastfoodavailable.Ifyouarebusyortiredofcooking,youmayhaveAmericanhamburgers,Frenchfries,anItalianpizzaornumeroustraditionalChinesefoodcookedquicklybymoderntechniquesforachange.Thefoodoftenlookssoniceandsmells2021/8/1752Sogoodthatyoucannothelptryingityourself.Secondly,fastfoodsatisfiespeople’sneeds.Itisconvenient,nutritiousanddelicious;thepriceisalsoreasonablesothateverybodycanaffordit.Finally,withfastfood,youcansavetimeandaworldtrouble,suchasshopping,cooking,cleaninguptablesandwashinggreasydishes.Consequently,itbenefitspeoplealot.Youmaytasteallkindsoffood,listentosoftmusic,relax,andhavetimetodomoreimportantthings.2021/8/1753Fastfoodhasalreadychangedourwaysofliving.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,fastfoodwillgiveusbetterserviceandpossiblywillbecomeindispensabletoourmodernlife.2021/8/1754文章總體構(gòu)建1.合理布局篇章結(jié)構(gòu)引言Introduction交代背景Background)點(diǎn)明主題Thesis概括性介紹文章的發(fā)展，內(nèi)容和作者的觀點(diǎn)正文Body主題句TopicS.拓展句SupportingS.總結(jié)句ConclusionS.詳細(xì)具體地展開(kāi)（敘述，論述，說(shuō)明）文章的話題和作者的態(tài)度結(jié)論Conclusion小結(jié)Summary概括大意，重復(fù)要點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論，提出建議2021/8/17552.寫(xiě)好引言，主體部分和結(jié)尾段落3.遵循科學(xué)的寫(xiě)作步驟A.審題B.組織素材C.撰寫(xiě)提綱D.行文E.修改與修訂

2021/8/1756段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)段落可以概括地定義為圍繞一個(gè)主題而展開(kāi)的一組相關(guān)的句子。這組句子是密切關(guān)聯(lián)的信息組合，也是文字表達(dá)的一個(gè)基本單位。段落的中心思想通常有主題句概括，而主題句中提出的問(wèn)題和論點(diǎn)要在段落中通過(guò)擴(kuò)展句進(jìn)行討論與回答。段落常常有三部分構(gòu)成：1.主題句（topicsentence)2.擴(kuò)展句（supportingsentences)3.結(jié)尾句（concludingsentence)2021/8/1757段落種類1.開(kāi)頭段：概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，點(diǎn)明寫(xiě)作目的。吸引讀者的興趣與好奇心。2.中間段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行解釋和證明。3.結(jié)尾段：是簡(jiǎn)要地呼應(yīng)前面段落的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，點(diǎn)明主題，使文章的意思更明確，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。2021/8/1758

generalintroductoryremarksIntroductionnarrowcontrollingideaBody

Topicsentence________________________________________supportingdetails(examples,reasonsorarguments)___________________________________concludingremarksconclusion

restatementofcontrollingideafinalstatement2021/8/1759Title:TaxiOutline:1.Personalexperience;2.Advantagesoverbuses;3.Summaryandmycomments.2021/8/1760Taxi

Iwellrememberthedayswhenmymothersentmetokindergartenbybuseverymorning.Wehadtowaitforhoursuntilwefinallygotonboardabus.Beingsqueezedoutofbreathlikesatininanovercrowdedbus,wefeltluckywhenwesawwomenwithchildrenwaitinghelplesslyatbusstopsinheavyrainorbittercold.Nowwehavetaxiasanalternative,andpeoplelikeitscomfort,convenienceandreasonableprice.2021/8/1761Taxiisgainingpopularityforseveralreasons.First,travelinginanairconditionedtaxicabiscomfortable.Whereveryougo,thedrivertakescareofeverything;whatyoudoisjustsittingincozyseats,enjoyingyourselfinallkindsofweatheratanytime.Besides,itcansaveyoutimeandaworldoftroubleofdriving.Second,taxiisconvenient,especiallyinanemergencyoronspecialoccasions.2021/8/1762Forexample,ifyouaresuddenlyverysickdeepatnightwithnobodytoturnforhelpinanunfamiliarplace,taxiisalwaysavailabletohelpyoutoahospital.Finally,taxifareisaffordable.Evenyouhaveacar,youhavetopaythebillsofgas,insuranceandcarmaintenance.Whatismore,themanyadvantagesofataxiarerecognizedbymorepeople.2021/8/1763Withtherapidimprovementoflivingstandards,taxihasbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportationinChinabecauseofitsreasonableprice,itsavailabilityandthecomfortitoffers.Infact,manypeopledependontaxitogotoworkandalmosteveryonehastheexperienceoftakingataxionspecialoccasions.Iamhappyfornothavingbusesastheonlychoiceanymore.2021/8/1764句子的安排英語(yǔ)短文寫(xiě)作既然是一種語(yǔ)言創(chuàng)作，就不可能像數(shù)學(xué)有嚴(yán)格的公式可套用，但卻可以找出一定的思路來(lái)遵循。第一段：引言句—擴(kuò)展句—限制主題句第二段：主題句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—段落小結(jié)；第三段：連接詞+全文概括總結(jié)句—擴(kuò)展句。當(dāng)然這只是構(gòu)成短文的基本思路，其中各段擴(kuò)展句的數(shù)量在不同的文章可適當(dāng)增減，以達(dá)到內(nèi)容清晰，主題突出的目的。2021/8/1765段落的擴(kuò)展(1)主題句Ifindacademiclifeendlesslyfascinating.(2)擴(kuò)展句Ifindtheclassstimulating,mostoftheprofessorsinteresting,thereadingandstudyingsatisfying,andthestudentdelightful.(3)擴(kuò)展句Iconsiderabigassignmentalivelychallenge.(4)擴(kuò)展句ButIliketheleisureactivitiesbestofall.Everystudentmayhavehisorherchoiceofactivity:athletics,music,theater,lectures,discussionsandstudentpolitics.(5)結(jié)尾句IbelievethevarietyunequaledanywhereelseandImaygotoschoolforalongtime.2021/8/1766主題句寫(xiě)法示例1.Scienceandtechnologyconstitutetheprimaryproductiveforce.2.Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.3.WithoutInternetitisdifficulttoimagemodernlife.4.Nowadayscollegegraduateshavemanyjoboptions.5.Asuccessfulinterviewdependsonthreefactors:jobrequirements,thequalificationandmannersoftheapplicant.2021/8/1767

首尾段的寫(xiě)作方式

首段開(kāi)篇的方式常見(jiàn)的有：

1）諺語(yǔ)法

由于諺語(yǔ)一般已經(jīng)被大家所接受，用諺語(yǔ)提出自己的觀點(diǎn)也容易被讀者所接受。

Asthesayinggoes,"Moneymakesthemarego",buttherearemanythingswecan'tbuywithmoney,suchastimeandtruelove.…

2021/8/1768

2）定義法

定義法是通過(guò)對(duì)文章中的關(guān)鍵詞做一些簡(jiǎn)單或正面或反面的解釋，限定其范圍，這樣比較有利于引出主題。

"Practicemakesperfect"isanoldsaying.Ittellsusthatitdoesnotmatterifweareclumsyatdoingsomething.Aslongaswekeepontryingandpracticing,wewilldoagoodjobintheend.2021/8/1769

3）提問(wèn)法

通過(guò)提問(wèn)一個(gè)或一連串的問(wèn)題，可以激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而引出主題。

a.Doyouhavemanyfriends?Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?

b.Whatisagoodstudent?Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentanswerstothisquestion.2021/8/17704）概括法

概括法指先總結(jié)文章內(nèi)容所涉及的現(xiàn)狀，然后引出主題。

Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternethascomeintomoreandmorehomesandisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourworkanddailylife.Ithasbecomeamusttous,butatthesametime,Internethasalsobroughtwithitalotofproblems.2021/8/1771

5）故事法

故事法指用簡(jiǎn)單有趣的故事激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。

6）引語(yǔ)法

"Justaseatingwithoutlikingharmsthehealth,learningwithoutinterestharmsthememoryandcan'tberetained."FromVinci'swordswecanseehowimportantitistomotivatethestudentsinlanguagelearning.2021/8/1772

7）調(diào)查法

為了得到讀者的認(rèn)可，文章的開(kāi)始可以引出調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)等，借以提出主題。8）假設(shè)法

假設(shè)法是指通過(guò)假設(shè)提出一種選擇，交代文章要涉及的問(wèn)題，從而提出文章的主題。

Supposeyouwereofferedtwojobs,oneishighly-paidbutratherdemanding,theotherislessdemanding,butpoorly-paid,whichwouldyouprefer?…

9）綜合法

具體寫(xiě)作時(shí)，同學(xué)們沒(méi)有必要拘泥于一種方式，可以將上述方法總和起來(lái)。2021/8/1773常用與開(kāi)頭的短語(yǔ)、句式

(1)Withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（computers,/privatecars/,ourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged）inChina，thequalityof

（2）Withthe（rapid）growthof（oureconomy/population)，manyproblemssuchas（watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeggingtosurface2021/8/1774（3）Withthedevelopmentof（scienceandtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…（4）Currentlythereisawidespread/seriousconcernover(illegalpublication/drugabuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).（5）Nowadays,aheateddebated/discussionabout…isunderwayinChina.somepeoplebelievethat…,whereasothersarguethat…2021/8/1775（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/personalcomputers).Tobeginwith,…Next,…Last,…Thereare,ontheotherhand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,…Second,…Finally,…（7）Therearemanyadvantagesanddis-advantagesin(owningacar).（8）Therearevarious/atleastthreeways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething2021/8/1776（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverageshouldbebannedfromcollegecampusesfortoereasons.Thefirstreasonisthat…Thesecondreasonisthat…/Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…(10）Thepossiblesolutionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactors…（11）Thetwomajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapideconomicgrowth/thewidespreadoffakeproducts)are…2021/8/1777用于開(kāi)“起”文章，常置于主題句前后的：

Atpresent;currently;first(ly);Firstofall;generallyspeaking;Ingeneral;lately;now;Recently;tobeginwith;Foronething…foranother;Ontheonehand…ontheotherhand2021/8/1778WhenaskedaboutWhenitcomestoFacedwith…,Somepeopleclaim/think/argue/believethat…,but/whileothers…(differently)

Nowadaysthereismuch/generaldiscussionasto….

Withthedevelopment/improvement/growthof…,

2021/8/1779Now,itiscommonly/widely/increasinglybelieved/thought/held/acknowledgethat…,

Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll,…

Haveyoueverthought/wondered…?

Suppose…

Asthesayinggoes,…

2021/8/1780結(jié)尾寫(xiě)好結(jié)尾就是要使文章作到善始善終，使主題更加突出，使文章前后呼應(yīng)，結(jié)尾要遵循簡(jiǎn)潔的原則，點(diǎn)到為止，不得拖拉，應(yīng)避免節(jié)外生枝。在結(jié)尾部分不可出現(xiàn)與全文不一致的新話題。常用的結(jié)尾方式有:2021/8/17811.概括總結(jié)全文,提出解決方法(summary&solution)Tosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploymentcreatedbytherestructuringofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthemselveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.2021/8/17822.回答前面問(wèn)題（answertothequestion)Personally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindependence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhateverchallengesthatlifemaypresent.2021/8/17833.提出建議（recommendation&suggestion)Inbrief,byrepeatingthissimplestep-by-stepprocess,youcanputasideyourfearsandwriteaclear,coherent,andconvincingessay.Allyouneediseagerness,perseveranceandcourageandapencilandpaper.2021/8/17844.給出預(yù)見(jiàn)(prediction)Ifpeoplestoppedtothinkbeforeacquiringpets,therewouldbefewerofcrueltytoanimals.Manytimes,itisthepeoplewhoadoptpetswithoutconsideringtheexpenseandresponsibilityinvolvedwhomistreatandneglecttheiranimals.Petsarelivingcreatures.Theydonotdeservetobeacquiredascarelesslyasonewouldacquireastuffedtoy.2021/8/17855.發(fā)人深省的問(wèn)題（thought-provokingquestion)What,then,willhappeninthetwenty-firstcenturywhenmostofthepopulationwillbeoversixtyyearsold?Retirementpolicescouldchangedramatically.2021/8/17866.發(fā)出號(hào)召（callforaction)Therefore,tomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive,wemustmakethebestuseofeverydropofwaterandworkhandinhandtoprotectwaterresources.2021/8/1787常用于結(jié)尾的短語(yǔ)、句式

（1）Itishopedthatweshouldplacemuchemphasison/paymoreattentionto…（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）is…（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduction）2021/8/1788（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortsto…（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartin…（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solvethesesocialproblems）2021/8/1789結(jié)尾段常用的詞語(yǔ)Therefore;Inshort;Finally;Insummary;Inaword;Onthewhole;Inall;Toconclude;Inbrief;Allthissuggeststhat…Inconclusion;Itcanbeconcludedthat…2021/8/1790

根據(jù)不同的段落要求，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)

常用的過(guò)渡詞或短語(yǔ)（轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)的使用）2021/8/17912.表示“承”接，一般用于段落中間，可舉例，可用同義詞說(shuō)明，可進(jìn)一步解釋，補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容。Furthermore;forexample;forinstance;Inaddition;inotherwords;likewise;Inparticular;inthesameway;meanwhile;moreover;namely;similarly;What’smore2021/8/1792Thosewhohold….

Itistruethat…

Tobesure..

First/Firstly…

Themain/leading/underlying/root/primary/chief/essential….

2021/8/17933.表示“轉(zhuǎn)”折，常用于段中：Incontrast;inspiteof;nevertheless;Onthecontrary;unlike;unfortunately;Whereas;although2021/8/1794Itsoundslikeagood(attractive)idea(suggestion),buttheyfailtounderstand(see,notice

Thereisprobablyanelementoftruthinthearguments(ideas),buttheyignoreamoreimportant(basic)fact…

2021/8/1795Closerexamination(analysis),however,suggests(shows)thatthisargument(claim,idea)maynotbeborneof(supported)bythefollowingevidence(facts,examples,statistics).

Close(careful)examination(analysis)ofthesearguments(ideas,suggestions),however,wouldreveal(suggest,prove)howflimsy(不足信的，不嚴(yán)密)(fallacious（靠不住的）,groundless（沒(méi)有根據(jù)的）)theyare.

2021/8/1796Howeverlogical(sound,forcible(有說(shuō)服力))theseargumentsmaybe,theydon'tmakesense(onlyskimthesurfaceoftheproblem)when…isviewedtheotherway(takenintoconsideration).

Asopposedto(Contraryto)thewidely(commonly,generally)heldidea(belief,view),newstudies(facts)challenge(failtojustify)theopinion(view).

2021/8/1797Good/Superior/Wonderfulas….,ithasitsowndisadvantages/itbringsitsownproblems.

Theymayberightabout…,buttheyseemtoneglect/failtomention/takeintoaccount…

Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportant/basicfactisignored/overlooked/neglected.

2021/8/1798Itistruethat/Admittedly,butitisunlikely/doesn'tfollow/doesn'tmeanthat…

Thereisanelementoftruthinthesearguments/statements,buttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasic/essential/importantfact/factor…

Inmanycases,however,…

Asfaras..isconcerned,…

2021/8/17994.表示“合”，一般用于段落小結(jié)或引出結(jié)尾段：Aboveall;accordingly;asaresult;Consequently;inaword;thus;Insummary;tosumup;inconclusion;So;therefore;hence2021/8/17100陳述或論證觀點(diǎn)、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步驟…（method，means，measures，step…）、因素（factor）、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)（advantage，disadvantage）時(shí)常用的詞語(yǔ)、句式：

2021/8/17101（1）引述段落提出問(wèn)題時(shí)常用的句式、詞語(yǔ)：…的原因有許多.Therearemanyreasonswhy……的原因如下；Thereasonswhy…areasfollows我的看法是…Myopinionisthat2021/8/17102（2）展開(kāi)段落論證時(shí)常用的句式、詞語(yǔ)：

①、第一層次（首先）First，F(xiàn)irstly，Inthefirstplace，F(xiàn)irstofall，Tobeginwith，F(xiàn)oronething.

我的第一理由是…Myfirstreasonisthat…

主要因素是…Themainfactoristhat…2021/8/17103②第二層次（其次）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，F(xiàn)oranother，另一種方法是…Anothermeansof…istodo…第二種解決方法是…thesecondsolutionisthat…③第三層次（第三點(diǎn)）Third，thirdly，besides，inaddition，furthermore，whatismoreimportant

2021/8/17104（3）總結(jié)性段落常用句式、詞語(yǔ)：最后一點(diǎn)last，lastly，finally，inthelastplace，lastofall，inshort，inbrief簡(jiǎn)言之inaword