工程碩士研究生英語綜合教程（上下冊）PPT完整全套教學(xué)課件

BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrasesTextAUniversitiesandTheirFunctionsUnitOne上冊ThisisaspeechfirstaddressedtotheAmericanAssociationoftheCollegiateSchoolsofBusinessin1927.ThetextselectedhereisadaptedfromTheAimsofEducationandOtherEssays,NewYork:FreePress,1967.BackgroundInformation

AlfredNorthWhitehead(1861—1947):Englishmathematicianandphilosopher.Heisbestknownasthedefiningfigureofthephilosophicalschoolknownas

processphilosophy,

whichtodayhasfoundapplicationtoawidevarietyofdisciplines.Sentence:Buttheprimaryreasonfortheirexistenceisnottobefoundeitherinthemereknowledgeconveyedtothestudentsorinthemereopportunitiesforresearchaffordedtothemembersofthefaculty.(Para.1)Analysis:此句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為theprimaryreason…isnot…either…or…。其中，conveyedtothestudents做themereknowledge的后置定語；affordedtothemembersofthefaculty做themereopportunitiesforresearch的后置定語。

LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Thetragedyoftheworldisthatthosewhoareimaginativehavebutslightexperience,andthosewhoareexperiencedhavefeebleimagination.(Para.4)Analysis:此句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:Thetragedyoftheworldisthat…。that所引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中包括兩個并列短句，分別以thosewhoareimaginative和thosewhoareexperienced做主語。其中，but意為only。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Itrequiresanimaginativegraspoftheinterlockinginterestsofgreatorganisation,andofthereactionsofthewholecomplextoanychangeinoneofitselements.(Para.7)Analysis:此句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:Itrequiresanimaginativegrasp…。animaginativegrasp后用and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分別為oftheinterlockinginterestsofgreatorganisation和ofthereactionsofthewholecomplextoanychangeinoneofitselements。其中，its代指greatorganisation。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Thewayinwhichauniversityshouldfunctioninthepreparationforanintellectualcareer,suchasmodernbusinessoroneoftheolderprofessions,isbypromotingtheimaginativeconsiderationofthevariousgeneralprinciplesunderlyingthatcareer.(Para.11)Analysis:此句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:Theway…isby…。inwhich引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾主語theway；underlyingthatcareer為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，作thevariousgeneralprinciples的后置定語。其中，thatcareer代指anintellectualcareer。LongorDifficultSentences1.justificationn.正當理由Thereisno

justification

foranyfurthertaxincreases.

沒有什么理由來進一步加稅了。

2.

zestn.極大的快樂；熱情；興趣The

victory

hasgivenhimarenewedzestforfor

the

game.

勝利重新喚起他對這項運動的熱情。Newwords&phrases

3.illuminatev.照亮；闡明；啟發(fā)Youneedtoilluminate

thesubjectwithsomefreshinsightsorexamples.你需要用一些新的見解或例子來闡明這個主題。4.elicitv.引出；探出Hewassurethattherequestwould

elicit

apositiveresponse.

他覺得這一請求一定能夠引起積極反響。Newwords&phrases

5.flinchv.不想或不做某種不愉快的事He

is

a

leader

who

doesn't

flinch

fromanydifficulties.他是一個不屈不撓的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。6.conceivev.構(gòu)思；想象Wecannotevenconceiveofwhatlifewouldbelikewithoutcomputers.我們甚至無法想象沒有電腦將會是怎樣的日子。Newwords&phrases

7.pedestrianadj.平淡的；缺乏想象或靈感的Hiscircumstancesandexperiencesofhiscareerlifewereanythingbutpedestrian.

他的職業(yè)經(jīng)歷是很不平常的。8.precedev.在…之前；先于Agricultural

development

usually

precedes

economic

development.

農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展通常需要在整個經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中處于領(lǐng)先地位。Newwords&phrases

9.construev.解釋；理解Youmay

construethisstatementinanumberofdifferentways.這份聲明可以有好幾種解釋。10.hamperv.束縛；妨礙Thosewhohamper

rescueeffortswillbefinedbythepolice.警察會對那些妨礙救援的人處以罰款。Newwords&phrases

11.investwith

賦予…某種性質(zhì) Mr.Smithinvestedhislawyerwithcompletepowertoactforhimwhenhewasabroad.

出國期間，史密斯先生讓律師全權(quán)代表他。12.intermsof

在…方面；以…來表達Thesebeachresortsstillremainunbeatablein

terms

of

price.

這些海邊度假勝地，在價格方面仍具有絕對的優(yōu)勢。Newwords&phrases

BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesTextBADifferentFutureforHigherEducation?ProperNames

ChesterEvansFinn,Jr.:aformerprofessorofeducation,aneducationalpolicyanalyst,andaformerUnitedStatesAssistant

SecretaryofEducation.HeisaFellowoftheInternationalAcademyofEducation,anAdjunctFellowatthe

HudsonInstitute,andaseniorfellowat

StanfordUniversity’s

HooverInstitution

wherehechairstheKoretTaskForceonK-12Education.Sentence:…manycollegesarenowprovidingthesortofeducationthatshouldhavebeenprovidedinhighschool,andthewillingnesstoacceptill-preparedstudentsunderminestheirdedicationinelementaryandsecondaryschool.(Para.7)Analysis:此句中and連接兩個完整的句子。前半句中that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾thesortofeducation。定語從句中shouldhavebeen構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，意指“應(yīng)該被提供但并沒有被提供的教育”。后半句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為thewillingness…underminestheirdedication。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Costandpriceescalationareeffectingenrollmentpatterns,shiftingstudentsfromprivatecollegetoheavilysubsidizedpublicinstitutions,tocommunitycolleges,andtonontraditionalschoolsthatmanagetochargewhateverthefederalgrantsandloansprovide.(Para.8)Analysis:此句的主句為Costandpriceescalationareeffectingenrollmentpatterns，逗號后為現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語?，F(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為shift…from…to…，其中有3個并列的to結(jié)構(gòu)：toheavilysubsidizedpublicinstitutions,tocommunitycolleges以及tonontraditionalschools。本句最后的that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾nontraditionalschools。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Butthemassproviders,tornbetweentheiraspirationstowardtraditionalstatusandtheirobligationtorespondtoshiftingmarkets,desperatelyneedtoclarifytheirmission.(Para.17)Analysis:此句的主句為Butthemassproviders…desperatelyneedtoclarifytheirmission。句子中的tornbetween…and…結(jié)構(gòu)為過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語，說明themassproviders的狀態(tài)。LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:Thistrendconcurswiththecommon-sensenotionthattheprimarybeneficiariesofhighereducationarethestudentsandthattheyshouldpayforit.(Para.23)Analysis:此句的主句為Thistrendconcurswiththecommon-sensenotion，隨后的that…andthat…為兩個并列的同位語從句，以解釋、說明thecommon-sensenotion的具體內(nèi)容。其中they代指thestudents。LongorDifficultSentences

ProperNamesProperNamesCPI=consumerpriceindexA

consumerpriceindex

(CPI)measureschangesinthepricelevelofa

marketbasket

of

consumergoodsandservicespurchasedbyhouseholds.Itisastatisticalestimateconstructedusingthepricesofasampleofrepresentativeitemswhosepricesarecollectedperiodically.TheannualpercentagechangeinaCPIisusedasameasureofinflation.ACPIcanalsobeusedtoindex(i.e.,adjustfortheeffectofinflation)therealvalueofwages,salaries,pensions,forregulatingpricesandfordeflatingmonetarymagnitudestoshowchangesinrealvalues.

ProperNamesProperNamescharterschoolA

charterschool

isaschoolwhichreceivespublicfundingbutoperatesindependently,oftenwithaacurriculumandeducationalphilosophydifferentfromtheotherschoolsinthesystem.Charterschoolsareanexampleof

alternativeeducation.專題補充講解翻譯概述一、翻譯的標準

翻譯標準，即指導(dǎo)翻譯實踐、評價譯文質(zhì)量的尺度。翻譯標準的確立，對于建立科學(xué)的翻譯理論體系具有重要意義。 1.嚴復(fù)的三字標準：“信、達、雅”，即Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandElegance。2.現(xiàn)代翻譯標準：“忠實、通順”?！爸覍崱奔粗覍嵱谠模g者必須準確且完整地把原文的思想及內(nèi)容表達出來，不可擅自增刪或變意，要尊重作者在敘述、說明和描寫中所反映的思想、觀點、立場及個人感情；“通順”即指譯文的語言必須合乎規(guī)范、通俗易懂，力求譯文樸實、通暢、清新、生動。翻譯概述二、科普英語翻譯的特點

科普文章文體的特點是：清晰、準確、精練、嚴密，同時兼具通俗性和趣味性。

在翻譯科普類文章的時候，需要首先了解科普文章的特點。以下所列結(jié)構(gòu)均在科普文章中出現(xiàn)較多。 1.被動語句 2.非限定動詞 3.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu) 4.后置定語 5.長句、復(fù)雜句翻譯概述 1.被動語句

科普文章側(cè)重敘事推理，強調(diào)客觀準確。在敘述時常避免使用第一、二人稱，以避免主觀臆斷的印象。因此較多使用被動語態(tài)。在翻譯時，需要注意被動句的翻譯以及主、被動句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。例：

原句：Attentionmustbepaidtotheworkingtemperatureofthemachine.

譯文：應(yīng)當注意機器的工作溫度。

翻譯概述 2.非限定動詞

科普文章要求行文簡練、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，所以通常使用分詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句；分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)代替狀語從句或并列分句；不定式短語代替各種從句；介詞+動名詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句。所以在翻譯時，需要注意句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換。例：

原句：Radiatingfromtheearth,heatcausesaircurrentstorise.

譯文：熱量由地球輻射出來時，使得氣流上升。翻譯概述 3.名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)

大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（Nominalization）是科技英語的特點之一，用以強調(diào)客觀性、確切性。所以翻譯時，需要注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)譯。例：

原句：Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.

譯文：地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜的變化。翻譯概述 4.后置定語

為了表達更加明確，科普類文章經(jīng)常大量使用后置定語。在翻譯時，需注意語序的改變和詞性的轉(zhuǎn)譯。例： 1)原句：Acallforpaperisnowbeingissued.（介詞短語做定語）

譯文：征集論文的通知現(xiàn)正陸續(xù)發(fā)出。 2)原句：Inradiation,thermalenergyistransformedintoradiantenergy,similarinnaturetolight.（形容詞短語做定語）

譯文：熱能在輻射時，轉(zhuǎn)換成性質(zhì)與光相似的輻射能。3)原句：Theforceupwardequalstheforcedownwardsothattheballoonstaysatthelevel.（副詞做定語）

譯文：向上的力與向下的力相等，所以氣球就保持在這一高度。 4)原句：Theheatproducedisequaltotheelectricalenergywasted.（分詞做定語）

譯文：產(chǎn)生的熱量等于浪費了的電能。

翻譯概述 5.長句、復(fù)雜句

使用長句可以加強表述的嚴謹性和邏輯性。在翻譯長句時，應(yīng)分析句子的基本成分，在分析邏輯語法關(guān)系、充分理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上打破原文的結(jié)構(gòu)框架，將原文意思以譯文語言的形式進行重構(gòu)，形成譯文。例：

原句：Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.

譯文：行為主義者認為,如果兒童的成長環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素,這些因素又有利于其適當反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展,那么,兒童的智力就會發(fā)展到較高的水平。翻譯概述BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrasesTextAFourKindsofReadingUnitTwoDonaldHall:

anAmericanwriterofproseandpoetry,borninNewHaven,Connecticut,in1928(HestudiedatHarvard,Stanford,andOxforduniversities,andhastaughtatbothStanfordUniversityandtheUniversityofMichigan.HehastwicewonNationalBookAwardsin1968and1992.“FourKindsofReading”wasfirstpublishedintheNewYorkTimesin1969.)BackgroundInformation

MobyDick

anovelwrittenbyHermanMelville(1819),Americannovelist,amajorliteraryfigure(Hisexplorationofpsychologicalandmetaphysicalthemesforeshadowed20thcenturyliteraryconcerns.Hisworksremainedinobscurityuntilthe1920s,whenhisgeniuswasfinallyrecognized.)ChaucerChaucer:GeoffreyChaucer（13431400）,oneofthegreatestEnglishpoets,whosemasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,wasoneofthemostimportantinfluencesonthedevelopmentofEnglishliterature(HislifeisknownprimarilythroughrecordspertainingtohiscareerasacourtierandcivilservantundertheEnglishkingsEdwardⅢandRichardⅡ.)

JohnnyCarson:anAmericantelevisionentertainerandhost,borninCorning,Iowa,andeducatedattheUniversityofNebraskaTheValleyoftheDolls:apopularnovelbyJacquelineSusannVirginiaWoolf:(1882-1941）Britishnovelist,essayist,andcritic,whohelpedcreatethemodernnovel(Herwritingoftenexplorestheconceptsoftime,memory,andpeopleinnerconsciousness,andisremarkableforitshumanityanddepthofperception.)TwelfthNight:comedybyWilliamShakespeare,whichwasprobablywrittenaround1600（AsanexampleofaplaywrittenduringShakespeare'ssecondperiod,whichincludeshisEnglishhistoryplaysandsocalledjoyouscomedies,TwelfthNightpresentsahappybalanceofplot,characterizationanddiction.ThemainplotisderivedfromanItaliannovellaanddealswiththehaplessloveofViola,disguisedasapage,forhermaster,theDukeOrsino.OnbehalfofOrsino,shebearshismessagesoflovetotheLadyOlivia,whoatoncefallsinlovewithher.WhenViolastwinbrotherSebastianappears,Oliviamistakeshimforthepageandmarrieshim.Thetangledsituationisclearedupwhenbrotherandsistermeetandrecognizeeachother;theDukerewardsViolasdevotionbyhisofferofmarriage,andallendshappily.）LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:TheadventofTVhasincreasedthefalsevaluesascribedtoreading,sinceTVprovidesavulgaralternative.(Para.1)Analysis:TheappearanceofTVhasmadepeopleviewreadingfromfalseaspect,becauseTVprovidesauncouthreplacement.

Sentence:Itisworthaskinghowtheactofreadingbecamesomethingtovalueinitself,asopposedforinstancetotheactofconversationortheactoftakingawalk.(Para.2)Analysis:Itisworththinkinghowtheactofreadingbecomevaluableinitself,comparedtotheactofconversationortheactofwalkingwhichareopposetoreading.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Butmostofthereadingwhichispraisedforitselfisneitherliterarynorintellectual.Itisnarcotic.(Para.6)Analysis:Mostofthereadingthatispraisedforitselfisnarcotic,itisnotliteraryorintellectualLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrases

pietyn.(對上帝的）虔誠；虔敬Wewantnogoody-goodypiety;wehavetoomuchofit.我們不需要偽善的虔誠；偽善已經(jīng)夠多了。adventn.重要人物、事件的）來臨；到來Sincetheadventofthesetools,theirusehasevolved.自從這些工具出現(xiàn)以來，使用它們的方法也有所變化。ascribev.認為某事物是由某人／某事物所造成或?qū)懗桑粴w功于、歸咎于某人或某事物Someascribehealingpowerstothemuddyshoresandmineral-richsalts.一些人把這些歸因于泥濘的海岸和高礦物質(zhì)含量vulgaradj.粗俗的；庸俗的He’sgottopandertothevulgarandstupidaudiences.他不得不去迎合那些庸俗愚昧的觀眾。literacyn.讀寫能力Literacyisanessentialfoundationfordevelopmentandprosperity.識字是發(fā)展和繁榮必不可少的基礎(chǔ)。relicn.遺物；遺跡；遺風(fēng)；遺俗Anyrelicofthedeadisprecious,iftheywerevaluedliving.死人的任何遺物都是珍貴的，如果他們生前就被人重視的話。badgen.徽章Theboypinsabadgeonhisjacket.這個男孩子把一枚徽章別在外套上。gentilityn.文雅風(fēng)度；彬彬有禮；高貴的社會地位或身份Manypeoplethinkfineclothesareamarkofgentility.很多人認為精致的服飾是文雅的標志。metaphorn.隱喻Thismetaphorisveryappropriate.這個比喻很貼切。clutterv.胡亂地填滿、塞滿或覆蓋住某事物Iexcludedtableformattingtoavoidclutter.我排除了表格式以避免混亂。clichen.陳腐的詞語或主意；陳詞濫調(diào)Soundslikeacliche,butitreallyworks.聽上去是陳詞濫調(diào)，但是卻很有效。squeezev.擠；榨Somearewellplacedtobenefitfromaprospectivesqueezeonspace.一些開發(fā)商已經(jīng)準備好從預(yù)期的擁擠空間中受益。adjacenta.與某物臨近的；毗連的Thehouseadjacenttooursisunderrepairs.與我家相鄰的房子正在修繕offensivea.煩擾人的；冒犯的；得罪人的Offensiveisthebestdefense.進攻是最好的防御。decoden.譯碼；解碼Let'swritesomethingthatusesbasicfrequencyanalysistodecodeanencodedmessage.讓我們編寫一些程序以使用基本頻率分析將編碼信息解碼。sensuala.感官享受的Toanysensualfeastwiththeealone.你的個人的任何感官的宴會。continuumn.連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體Andlifeisthecontinuumofbirthanddeath,whichgoesonandon.生命就是連續(xù)不斷的出生與死亡，持續(xù)不斷，直到永恒。lyrica.(指詩)抒情的Thislyricsingswell.這首抒情詩唱起好聽。narcotica.催眠的；麻醉的Acertainamountofdreamingisgood,likeanarcoticindiscreetdoses.一定程度的夢想，正如適量的鎮(zhèn)靜劑，是好的。regurgitationn.將(別人的意見等)當做自己的表達Theconclusioncanpushpointsdiscussedinthepaperfurtherorintroducenewideas;itshouldnotmerelyserveasaquickregurgitationofeverythingyoualreadysaid.結(jié)論可以進一步推進文章所討論的要點或者提出新的觀點；它不應(yīng)該僅僅只是作為你已說過的內(nèi)容的重復(fù)。addictn.離不開麻醉藥或酒類等的人；有癮的人I’llbeteveryoneinthisroomknowsanaddict!我敢打賭在座的每個人都認識一個癮君子！lethargyn.無生氣；死氣沉沉；呆滯；冷漠Heremainsfitandhealthyandshowsnosignoflethargy.他仍然身體健康，并沒有顯示出昏睡的跡象。spurnv.傲慢地或輕蔑地拒絕；唾棄Iasked,hurtthatthisguy,ofallpeople,wouldspurnme.我問，有些傷心。這個人，所有的人，仿佛看不起拒絕了我。analogyn.類推Theanalogyisratherfarfetched.這個比方有點驢唇不對馬嘴。melodraman.情節(jié)劇TheScalesfinditdifficulttoliveintheturmoilandmelodramathatyouthriveon.天秤很難生活在騷動不安的情節(jié)劇中，而你對這些卻樂此不疲。superimposev.將某物置于另一物上(尤指后者仍可見、可聞等）Iwasgoingtosuperimposeormatteinamonsterovertheactor.我打算在演員身上添加，或者說疊加上怪獸的形象。tangiblea.可觸知的；真實的Theexperienceisalmosttangible.這種體驗幾乎是有形的。lavisha.慷慨的，大方的Forthefirst,hethrewalavishchurchweddingandreceptiondinner.他為大女兒辦了一個奢華的教堂婚禮和招待酒會。dwindlev.逐漸變少或變??；減少；縮小Astheriversdwindle,theconflictscouldspread.河流在減少，沖突卻在擴大。rufflev.使起伏不平SheacknowledgedthatherremarksmightrufflesomefeathersatGoogleheadquartersinMountainView,California.她承認，她的言論可能會激怒美國加州山景城谷歌總部的一些人。comeupwithsth.找到或提出(答案、辦法等)Buthowdoyoucomeupwiththearchitectureforthisevolutionaryprototype?但是你將如何為這個進化的原型提出系統(tǒng)的架構(gòu)呢？concernoneselfwithsth.

忙于(某事),關(guān)心(某事)Theaccentwasnotontheknowledgeoftheselfbutontheconcernwithoneself.重點不再是了解自己，而是關(guān)懷自己。takesth.intoaccount把……考慮在內(nèi)Theplanningshouldtakeintoaccounttheburdenofdiseaseinthecountry.進行規(guī)劃時應(yīng)該將這個國家目前承受的疾病負擔一并考慮在內(nèi)。chancesare(that)

很可能……Chancesarethatifyouknowaboutherproblemswithhairsproutingoutinembarrassingplaces,thensodoesshe.如果你想讓她們知道她們有在身體尷尬部位露出毛發(fā)的問題機會多的是。accountforsth.

解釋某事的原因Howdoyouaccountforthis.你對這件事怎么解釋?BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesTextBPopulation，PlentyandPoverty

PaulR．Ehrlich：

professoratStanfordUniversity（AlongwithhiswifeAnneH．Ehrlich，hestudiespopulationproblems，andthisresearchteamarguesforaglobalapproachinanessayfirstpublishedinNationalGeographicmagazine．）BackgroundinformationHomosapiens：

Latinfor“knowingman”grainbelt：

theprairie-regionstatesacrossthenorthernMidwestoftheUnitedStates，aregionthatproducesmuchoftheworld’sgrainandsoybeans（ThisareaincludesmostofOhio，Indiana，Illinois，Missouri，allofIowa，andpartsofWisconsin，Minnesota，NebraskaandKansas．）

Sentence:Itimmediatelyexposesthemyththattheimpactofthepopulationexplosionstemsprimarilyfrompoorpeopleinpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction．

Analysis:Itsoonexposestherealitythatthepopulationexplosionresultsmainlyfrompoorpeopleinpoorcountrieswholackofawarenessoflimitingreproduction.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Now，inanevolutionaryblinkoftheeye—meredecades—thishasbeenreversed，andlimitingreproductionhasbecomeessentialforcivilization’ssurvival．Analysis:Now,thesituationhasbeenreversed,andlimitingreproductionhasbecomeessentialinsteadofmaximizingreproductionforcivilization’ssurvival,andthischangejusthappenedmeredecadesaftertheevolutionaryhistory,justlikeblinkofeye.LongorDifficultSentences專題補充講解詞義的引申

引申指不拘泥于詞的字面或字典意義，而按具體上下文對詞義作必要的調(diào)整。引申分為具體化引申、抽象化引申、搭配引申等。例如：例1Wehaveprogressedalongwayfromtheearlydaysofelectricalengineering.譯文:從早期的電器工程開始以來，我們歷經(jīng)了長期發(fā)展歷程。解析:此例中的alongway本來是“長長的道路”，但是可以引申為抽象的“歷程”。例2Weinsistthatinternationaltradeshouldnotbeaone-waystreet.譯文:我們堅持主張國際貿(mào)易不應(yīng)有來無往。解析:此例中的one-waystreet本意為“單行道”，在有關(guān)國際貿(mào)易的上下文中，可將其引申為“有來無往”這一含義。此為抽象化引申。專題補充講解例3Theavalancheunleashedbythefilmprovidedthebestopportunityinalongtimefortheracialhealingtobegin.譯文:由于這部影片造成了巨大的影響，它提供了最好的契機來開始化解種族矛盾，經(jīng)過相當長的時間使創(chuàng)傷得以愈合。解析:此例中的avalanche的本意為“雪崩”，在該句中可引申為“壓倒一切”的意思。此為抽象化引申。例4Formanyfamilies,especiallyinTokyo,two-incomesareanecessary.譯文:對許多家庭來說，夫妻倆都去上班賺錢是迫不得已的事，在東京尤其如此。解析:此例中的two-incomes本意為“兩份收入”，根據(jù)該句的上下文中可具體化為“有收入的人”了。例5Perhapstheonlytroublewithcopperisthatitisnothardenoughforsomeuses.譯文:就某些用途來說，銅的唯一缺點也許是硬度不夠。解析:此例中的trouble本來是“麻煩”的意思，但是與“銅”聯(lián)系在一起，就可以引申為“缺點”來翻譯了。此為具體化引申。專題補充講解例6TheEEC’sCommonAgriculturalpolicyisadinosaurwhichisadding￡13.50aweektothefoodbilloftheaverageBritishfamily.譯文:歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體的農(nóng)業(yè)共同政策早已不合時宜了，它要使英國家庭平均每周在食品開銷上多支出13.50英鎊。解析:dinosaur的本義為“恐龍”，一般在現(xiàn)代英語里被引申為“過時無用的龐然大物”，在此句的上下文中可引申為“不合時宜之物”。該句為具體化引申。例7Afterluncheontheymarchintothecathedralandundergoanotherlecture.譯文:午餐后他們列隊進入大教堂，還得恭聽一課。解析:此例中的undergo本無“恭聽”的含義，但與lecture搭配，在此可引申為“恭聽專題補充講解BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrasesTextAIWereAFreshmanAgainUnitThreeBackgroundInformation

ThomasArkleClark(1862-1932)

:instructor

andProfessorofEnglish(1893-99),anddeanofundergraduate(1901-09)andmen(1909-31)atthe

UniversityofIllinois.ClarkwasheadoftheUniversityofIllinoisDepartmentofRhetoricin1895whenhehelpedorganizeAlphaTauOmega's(ATO)GammaZetachapterandwasitsfirstinitiate.Sevenyearslater,hewasnameddeanofmen,thefirstinAmericatohavethattitle."Unofficially,hewonthetitleofKeeperoftheUniversity'sConsciencethroughhisinsistenceonhighethicalandmoralstandards,"recordstheATOStory.HedidlikewiseforATOasWorthyGrandChief,HighCouncilmember,EducationalAdvisor,andBrother.BrotherClarkwasnationallyknownintheearlypartofthecenturyforhiseffortsdevelopingthemodernGreeksystem.Heservedthenationalfraternityas"WorthyGrandChief"forseveralterms.Tothisday,thehighesthonoragraduatingseniorcanachieveistheThomasArkleClarkAward.TheThomasArkleClarkAwardannuallyrecognizesAlphaTauOmega'smostoutstandingseniorcandidatesforundergraduatedegrees.Itwasestablishedasanincentiveforyoungbrotherstoseekexcellenceinscholarship,leadership,service,andthepersonalqualitiesofcharacter,integrity,andresponsibility.Clark’spublicationsincludeFactsforFreshmen(1911,1914,1916,1927),TheFraternityandtheCollege(1915),SundayEightO'Clock(1916),andmanymagazinearticlesonfraternitiesandcollegelife.HenryWardBeecher

(1813–1887)wasanAmerican

Congregationalist

clergyman,socialreformer,andspeaker,knownforhissupportofthe

abolitionofslavery,hisemphasisonGod'slove,andhis1875adulterytrial.HisoratoricalskillandsocialconcernmadehimoneofthemostinfluentialProtestantspokesmenofhistime.HissisterwasHarrietBeecher(Stowe),authorof

UncleTom’sCabin.

Sentence:Itgivesoneavirtuousfeelinginimaginationtododgeallerrors,butitisextremelydoubtfulifmanyofus,evenifwehadasecondchance,wouldavoidmanyofthepitfallsintowhichwestumbled,orfollowastraighterpaththanthatbywhichwehavesofarcome.（Para.1）Analysis:

Peoplefeelgoodwhenimaginingthattheycouldavoidallmistakesiftheylivedtheiryouthagain,butitisquiteuncertainthatmanyofthemcoulddosoortakeamoresmoothlifepathiftheyhadasecondchance.LongorDifficultSentencesSentence:ItisnotentirelyforthepleasurethatIshouldhavederivedorshouldbeabletoderivefromthisfactthatIfeelasIdo,thoughthatwouldmeanmuch.（Para.8）Analysis:Inthissentence,therearetwo“that”clauses.Thefirststartingwith“thatIshouldhavederived”andendingwith“asIdo”isanattributiveclausemodifyingthenoun“pleasure’;thesecond,“thatIfeelasIdo,”isanappositiveclausemodifyingthenoun“fact.”

ThiswholesentencemeansthatIwishtoplaywellsomeathleticgamesnotjusttogetfunthatIshouldhavegottenorshouldbeabletogetfromsuchsportsgames.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Ithinktherearefewthingsthathelpmoretokeepmenyoungandstrong,andreadyforthedailybattlesthangoodphysicalhealth…（Para.9）Analysis:Ibelivegoodphysicalhealthhelpsthemosttokeepmenyoungandstrong,andreadyforthedailybattles…LongorDifficultSentences1.sageadj.賢明的;明智的;審慎的

Iwasgratefulfortheoldman's

sage

advice.我很感激那位老人賢明的忠告。2.

indulgev.讓自己盡情享受某事物Onlyrarelywillshe

indulge

inaglassofwine.她只是偶爾才喝杯紅酒，讓自己享受一下。3.hallucinationn.幻覺Hightemperaturescancause

hallucination.高燒可使人產(chǎn)生幻覺。Newwords&phrases

4.virtuousadj.品德高尚的Shewassucha

virtuous

womanthateverybodyrespectedher.她是個有道德的女性，人人都尊敬她。5.dodgev.避開;躲避;搪塞Hedesperately

dodgedaspeedingcartryingtorunhimdown.他拼命地閃身躲開一輛試圖撞倒他的疾馳的汽車。6.pitfalln.未料到的危險或困難；易犯的錯誤The

pitfallsofworkingabroadarenumerous.到國外工作存在許多陷阱。7.stumblev.跌倒；絆倒He

stumbledandalmostfell.他差點被絆倒。8.fatalistn.宿命論者IthinkIamprettymuchofa

fatalist.我想我算是一個非常相信宿命的人。

9.agitatev.使憂慮；攪亂；使激動Don't

agitate

yourselfoverit.別為這件事焦慮。10.earmark

n.

標記

Correctspeechisan

earmark

oftheeducatedman.正確的談吐是受教育者的特征。11.slovenliness

n.不整潔；邋遢;懶散

Amongthehabitswhichchildrenshouldshunare

slovenliness,rudeness,laziness,lying,stealingandslandering.孩子們應(yīng)該放棄這些習(xí)慣：邋遢、粗魯、懶散、撒謊、偷竊和造謠中傷。

12.bookwormn.書呆子；讀書迷Myclassmateisareal

bookworm.Hereadsallthetime.我的一個同學(xué)真是個書呆子。他老是在看書。13.valedictoriann.致告別辭者；告別演說者

Sheisauniversity

valedictorian.她是大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮的告別演講者。14.avocationn.副業(yè);業(yè)余愛好Hewasaprinterbytradeandnaturalistby

avocation.他從事印刷業(yè)，同時是個博物學(xué)愛好者。

15.asitis(was)

事實上Ihopethingswouldgetbetter,butasitistheyaregettingworse.我希望情況會好轉(zhuǎn)，但實際上是越來越糟。16.putin

花費（一段時間）做某事They've

put

in

timeandefforttokeepthestrikegoing.他們花費了很多時間和精力以使罷工持續(xù)下去。17.getsth.overwith

完成或結(jié)束必須做的討厭事Let's

get

it

over

with

assoonaspossible,ratherthandragitout.我們盡快把它完成吧，不要再拖了。18.inpointoffact

事實上Theyhope,

in

point

of

fact,tokilltwobirdswithonestone.他們實際上是想一舉兩得。19.rushthrough匆忙完成Don't

rush

through

yourwork.不要匆匆忙忙地干工作。20.behardup

缺錢

Theymust

be

hard

up.他們一定是手頭拮據(jù)了。BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesTextBALiberalEducation

ThomasHenryHuxley(1825–1895)：Englishbiologistandpalaeontologist,borninLondon.Hestudiedmedicinebutdidnotcompletehisdegree.Heservedonthefour-yearcruiseofHMS

Rattlesnake

(1846–1850)andundertookdetailedstudiesofmarinelife,forwhichhewaselectedaFellowoftheRoyalSociety.In1854hewasappointedlecturerofnaturalhistoryattheRoyalSchoolofMines(nowImperialCollege)inLondon.HuxleyexplicitlyrejectedthepossibilityofevolutionuntilhereadCharlesDarwin’s

OriginofSpecies

(1859),uponwhichhebecame“Darwin'sbulldog”,propoundingthetheoryinpubliconmanycriticallyimportantoccasionsandthusprotectingDarwinfromthepublicappearanceswhichhefoundonerousandtiring.Huxleywasinhisownrightafirst-ratescientist,andhealsosupportedpopulareducation.Hisessays

Man'sPlaceinNature

(1863)containhisphilosophy.Hecoinedtheterm“agnostic”,following

Hume

inhistheologicalquestioning.Hiswritingsincluded“ThePhysicalBasisofLife”(1868),and“OntheHypothesisthatAnimalsareAutomata”(1874),amonographonHume(1879)andtheRomaneslecture

EthicsandEvolution

(1893).BackgroundInformation

Americanjournalist

H.L.Mencken

describedThomasHenryHuxleyas“thegreatestEnglishmanoftheNineteenthCentury”andawriterof“nearlyperfectEnglishprose.”RememberedtodayasaninfluentialadvocateforCharlesDarwin'sevolutionarytheories,Huxleywasahighlyregardedscientistandphilosopherwithatalentforexplaining