全球住宿行業(yè)凈零排放報告（英）

GlobalaccommodationsectorT

he

roadto

net

zeroemissionsOctober2021GlobalaccommodationsectorThe

road

to

netzero

emissions_Executive

summaryClimate

change

is

one

of

the

most

pressing

challenges

of

ourtime.

As

an

important

contributor

to

greenhouse

gas

(GHG)emissions,

the

accommodationsector

has

a

vital

role

to

playin

the

e?ort

to

decarbonise.

Accommodations

account

for264Mt

CO?-eq

direct

and

controllable

emissions

(so-calledscope

1&2),

re?ecting

roughly

10%

of

emissions

throughoutthe

tourism

sector.

The

accommodation

sector

needs

to

curbemissions

by

17MtCO?-eq

per

year

–

an

annual

reduction

rateof

6

to

7%

of

current

levels

–

to

achieve

net

zero

emissionsby

2050.

This

is

the

equivalent

of

eliminating

all

residentialemissions

in

roughly

2.3

million

households

per

year.

Anexponential

increase

in

e?ort

is

therefore

needed

to

masterthistransformationinamarketthatiscontinuouslygrowing.3AchallengewithadoubledividendBarrierstoimplementation264

MtThe

good

news

is

that

there

is

a

wide

range

of

measures

that

signi?cantly

reduce

GHGemissions

and

can

in

principle

be

implemented

pro?tably.

They

provide

accommoda-tions

with

a

double

dividend:

they

cut

both

GHG

emissions

and

operating

costs.

Thatisnot

to

say

these

emission

reductions

are

easy

to

achieve.

Signi?cant

upfront

investmentsare

still

needed

at

a

time

when

accommodations

around

the

world

are

only

slowlystarting

to

recover

from

the

catastrophic

impact

of

the

global

COVID-19

pandemic.

Butit

does

provide

an

opportunity

to

heed

the

call

for

urgent

action.

It

also

provides

anopportunity

for

closer

cooperation

between

all

stakeholders

in

the

accommodationsector–publicandprivate–tocometogethertomasterthischallenge.48Mt

CO

-eqMany

accommodations

care

deeply

about

sustainability.

However,

there

are

somebarriers

to

implementation

of

decarbonisation

measures.

The

most

important

are:

aninsu?cient

sense

of

urgency,

knowledge

gaps

or

de?cient

data,

and

a

lack

of

?nancialresources

or

access

to

capital.

This

report

identi?es

three

accommodation

mindsets

withrespect

to

implementation

and

importance

of

sustainability.

The

Spectators,

re?ectingapproximately

32%

of

the

market,

do

not

actively

pursue

sustainability

goals

and

haveto

date

only

implemented

standard

industry

initiatives

or

taken

action

solely

for

cost-saving

purposes.

Creating

urgency

for

this

segment,

for

example

by

highlighting

the2CO

-eqremainingabatementpotentialreflectingan18%

emissionreduction2Globalgreenhousegasemissionsfromaccomodations_

Key

barriers

to

overcome

cost

of

inaction,

would

be

an

important

driver

going

forward.

The

Partakers

–

the

bulkof

the

market

with

approximately

61%

of

room

coverage

–

want

to

take

action

as

longThis

report

presents

a

transition

pathway

with

speci?c

opportunities

for

accommoda-tions

to

directly

reduce

their

carbon

emissions.

It

is

based

on

novel

and

unparalleledprimary

research,

mapping

the

GHG

emissions

of

the

global

accommodation

sectoraccounting

for

di?erent

types

of

accommodations

operating

in

di?erent

geographiesand

climate

zones.

It

provides

a

detailed,

bottom-up

underpinning

of

what

the

sectorhasachievedtodateand–moreimportantly–whatcanstillbeachievedwithdi?erentmeasures.

This

report

focuses

on

abating

direct

and

controllable

GHG

emissions.It

identi?es

concrete

measures

to

abate

carbon

emission

by

implementing

the

bestavailable

technologies,

estimates

the

associated

investment

and

implementation

costs,and

surveys

existing

barriers

to

taking

action.

Finally,

the

report

shows

how

a

widerset

of

stakeholders

can

support

accommodations

in

their

decarbonisation

e?orts

andacceleratethegreentransition.as

it

does

not

negatively

impact

the

attraction

of

their

accommodation.

They

will

goe1along

with

the

transition

as

long

as

it

does

not

hurt

their

long-term

interests.

They

can

bespeci?cally

supported

with

increased

knowledge

and

?nancial

support

to

increase

the10%viability

of

the

business

case.

And,

last

but

not

least,

the

Frontrunners,

to

which

approxi-mately

7%

of

the

market

supply

can

be

attributed.

They

have

sustainability

at

the

core

ofDecarbon-isationtheir

proposition

and

pro-actively

try

to

achieve

all

kinds

ofimprovements.

Though

littleleft

to

still

abate,

they

could

be

supported

with

relevant

and

compelling

knowledge

and?nancialresourceswithrespecttotheremaining,mostchallenginginitiatives.32Accomodations'shareoftourismsectors'emissionsConcertedactionneededTheroad

to

adopt

carbon-saving

measures

cannot

be

travelled

by

accommodations

ontheir

own.

Even

with

a

large

share

of

abatement

measures

being

pro?table

in

principle,the

cost

of

realising

the

full

abatement

potential

of

current

technologies

is

estimatedto

be

€243b

or

€4,750

per

room.

Greening

the

energy

production

for

the

remainingemissions

comes

at

an

estimated

cost

of

€525b

for

the

global

accommodation

sector.Given

the

catastrophic

impact

of

COVID-19

and

the

prevalence

of

many

small

and

medi-um-sizedaccommodations,itisclearthatitwilltake

?nancialandnon-?nancialsupportto

master

this

transition.

These

support

actions

range

from

creating

general

awarenessto

helping

channel

demand

to

sustainable

properties

to

providing

easy

access

to

capitaland?nancialsupportschemes._

Four-elementapproach

to

net

zeroemissionsFourelementapproachtoarriveatnetzeroemissions€243

billioninvestmentisrequiredtoimplementThe

transition

pathway

to

net

zero

emissions

consists

of

four

elements:

[1]

improve

thee?ciency

of

natural

resource

usage

by

accommodations,

[2]

promote

more

sustainablebehaviour

by

guests

and

accommodation

sta?,

[3]

stimulate

the

transition

to

renewableenergyusage,and[4]o?setanyremainingGHGemissions.alldecarbonisationinitiatives-

equivalentofc.€

4,750?

Awiderangeofcarbon-savingmeasuresisavailableforaccommodationstoreduceusageofnaturalresourcesandwastedisposal.Anaccommodationcanreduceits(original)GHGemissionsbyupto32%withthesemeasures.Mostofthemeasureshaveapositivebusinesscase.per

roomInfrastructureefficiencyimprovementGovernmentsareessentialincreatingtherightregulatoryframeworkandincentivesforthe

accommodation

sector.

However,

other

stakeholders

also

have

a

role

to

play.

Travel

isagrowingmarketandunlockingadditionaldemandbyrespondingtotravellers’prefer-ences

for

more

sustainable

choices

can

be

an

important

driver

for

the

transition

as

it

willmakegreeninvestmentsamortisebetterandfaster.Forexample,onlinetravelplatformscan

help

in

creating

a

cycle

of

supply

and

demand

of

sustainable

travel

choices

mutuallyreinforcing

each

other.

It

will

take

the

cooperation

of

all

stakeholders

to

master

thistransition.?

Accommodationsarealready,tovaryingdegrees,engagedinsustainabilityinitiatives.Currentadoptionlevelsofcarbon-savingmeasuresdivergefromanywherebetween30%-70%,withevenafewoutliersstilloutsidethisbroadband.About39MtCO

-eqhavebeenabatedannuallyasaresult._

Sustainabilitymindsets2?

Accommodationscanstillachieveafurther15%-20%reductionoftotalcurrentemissions,whichre?ectsapproximately48MtCO

-eqperyear.Thelion’sshareof2Behaviouralchangesresidualabatementpotentialisassociatedwiththeimplementationof

justthreeinitiatives:energy-e?cientheating,ventilation,andairconditioning(HVAC)

systems;energy-e?cientappliancesacrosstheaccommodation;andinstallationofdoubleglazing.Despitetheskewinpotential,accommodationsshouldaimforgreateradoptionofallinitiativesinthequestfornetzeroemissions.Smallstepsarebetterthaninaction.FrontrunnersSpectators7%Although

2050

may

seem

a

long

way

o?,

urgent

action

to

decarbonise

the

accommo-dation

sector

is

required.

This

report

provides

a

roadmap

to

takethe

?rst

steps

along

thewayahead.32%Greenificationofenergyproduction?

Evenafterimplementingallcurrentlyavailableabatementtechnologies,signi?cantGHGemissionsremain.Theywillhavetobeaddressedthroughbehaviouralchanges,thegreeni?cationofenergyproduction,and,ifelectri?cationisnotanoption,carbono?sets.61%PartakersCarbonoffsetting45_Indexpage

8_

Theroad

tonet

zeroemissionsintheglobal

accommodation

sectorpage

12_

Methodology

of

thestudypage

15_

Thepotential

of

implementingthemost

e?cient

technologiespage

24_

Theabatement

potential

of

accommodations

inpracticepage

36_

Fulltransition

pathway

toachieve

net

zeroambitionpage

40_

Support

fromstakeholders

toaccelerate

decarbonisationpage

47Theway

ahead_The

road

to

net

zero

emissionsin

the

global

accommodation

sectorClimate

change

is

one

of

the

most

pressing

challenges

ofour

time.

Limiting

surging

global

temperatures

to

1.5

to

2oCrequires

a

signi?cant

acceleration

in

the

mitigation

of

green-house

gas

(GHG)

emissions.

The

accommodation

sectoris

no

exception.

Global

accommodations

emit

the

equiva-lent

of

264

megatons

of

carbon

dioxide

(CO?-eq)

per

year–

and

the

sector

is

expected

to

grow

(again)

in

the

future.Decarbonisation

by

2050

requires

the

accommodationsector

to

increase

its

e?orts

at

a

time

when

many

are

stillrecovering

from

the

impact

of

the

COVID-19

pandemic.

Allstakeholders

–

private

and

public

sector

–

need

to

closelycooperatetomakethistransitionasuccess._

Global

greenhouse

gas

emissions

from

accommodations

[Figure1]Decarbonisation

is

a

political

and

societal

priority

–expectedsectoralgrowthof

3-4%(c.17MtCO?-eq

annu-ally).

This

is

the

equivalent

of

eliminating

all

residentialemissions

from

roughly

2.3

million

households

per

year[Source6].one

that

is

increasingly

urgent.

With

the

2015

ParisAgreement,

governments

around

the

world

agreed

toundertake

“ambitious

e?orts”

to

reduce

their

countries’emissions

and

to

increase

their

ambition

and

endeavourover

time

[Source

1].

Despite

this

exertion,

progress

hasbeen

limited

so

far.

The

most

recent

report

by

the

Inter-governmental

Panel

on

Climate

Change

(IPCC),

pub-lished

in

August

2021,

therefore

stresses

the

urgency

totake

action:

“Stabilizing

the

climate

will

require

strong,rapid,

and

sustained

reductions

in

greenhouse

gas

emis-sions,andreachingnetzeroCO?-eqemissions”[Source2].Scope

1DirectemissionFromon-sitenaturalresourceconsumption(e.g.boiler)The

transition

to

zero

emissions

can

be

seen

as

a

four-elementapproach,asdepictedin?gure2.Stageonecon-sists

of

accommodations

improving

the

e?ciency

of

theirnatural

resource

usage

(i.e.

energy

and

water)

and

wastedisposal.

As

this

report

will

show,

there

are

a

large

numberof

initiatives

to

improve

energy

conservation,

water

stew-ardship

and

single-waste

prevention.

In

stage

two,

accom-modations

can

actively

try

to

nudge

guests

and

person-nel

towards

more

sustainable

behaviour.

A

large

share

ofenergy

consumption

is

unavoidable

for

the

operation

ofan

accommodation,

yet

smarter

and

more

e?cient

usagecan

already

result

in

signi?cant

improvements.

Stagethree

sees

accommodations

achieve

carbon

neutralitybysubstitutingfossilfuelsforrenewableenergy.Thiscanbe

achieved

through

local

renewable

energy

production(e.g.

wind

turbine

or

solar

panels),

or

by

sourcing

greenenergy

from

the

national

grid.

Finally,

and

as

a

last

resort,any

remaining

GHG

emissions

can

and

need

to

be

o?set.However,

as

o?setting

capacity

is

limited,

this

can

onlybe

a

measure

for

physical

or

chemical

processes

that

areScope

2The

accommodation

sector

is

no

exception

to

the

needto

take

urgent

action.

Accommodations

are

a

substantialcontributor

to

global

GHG

emissions.

Direct

and

control-lable

emissions

(so-called

scope

1&2)

account

for

264MtCO?-eq

p.a.,

representing

roughly

10%

of

the

tourismsector’s

total

emissions

[Source

3].

The

travel

and

tour-ism

sector,

including

accommodations,

is

a

continuouslyand

strongly

growing

market

[Source

4].

Domestic

andinternational

travel

are

anticipated

to

bounce

back

post-COVID-19

andcontinuetheirhistoricalgrowthtrajectory.Between

2011

and

2019,

accommodations

have

beengrowing

at

an

annual

rate

of

c.

4%

[Source

5].

This

under-lines

the

need

to

take

e?ective

action:

achieving

net

zeroemissions

by

2050

requires

the

accomodation

sector

toreduce

emissions

by

3%

per

year

compared

to

currentemission

level

and

by6-7%

when

taking

into

accounttheIndirectemissions264

MtFrompurchasedCO

-eq2energyconsumption(e.g.lighting)12.5billiontreesScope

3NotdirectlycontrollableindirectemissionsFromvaluechaininputs(e.g.food)arenecessarytooffset264MtCO

-eq289_

Four-element

approach

to

net

zero

emissions

[Figure2]_

Key

focus

areasAccommodation

management'skey

focus

areas[Figure4]Guestexperience1InfrastructureefficiencyimprovementGreenificationofenergyproductionProfitability23BehaviouralchangesCarbonoffsettingSustainabilityAidedassociationswithsustainability%

ofaccommodationsProtectingtheenvironmentReducingwaste75%75%ReducingenergyuseReducintwateruse73%without

an

alternative

and

essential

to

the

operation

of

anaccommodation._

Expected

emission

developmentExpectedsector

emissiondevelopment

[Figure3]69%While

the

need

for

decarbonisation

is

becoming

increasinglyacute,notmanyaccommodationscurrentlyconsidersustain-ability

a

priority.

The

concern

is

that

sustainable

practicesmight

negatively

impact

guest

experience

or

business

pro?ta-bility.

That

is

not

to

say

that

accommodations

do

not

perceivesustainable

development

as

an

important

goal.

They

are,however

more

focused

on

sustainability

in

a

broader

senseanddonotsolelyfocusondecarbonisation,asseenin?gure4.Accommodationsinterviewedforthisstudyoftenreferredto

the

UN

Sustainable

Development

Goals

and

placedemphasisonthesocial/localcommunitygoalsofthatframe-work.

These

two

factors

–

a

broad

sense

of

promoting

sustain-ability

and

thefocus

on

guest

experience

and

businessprof-itability

–

might

explain

why,

up

to

now,

accommodationshavemostlyadoptedsustainabilityinitiativesthatarerelativelyeasytoimplementand?nanciallyattractive.Offeringlocalproduce/

servicesPreservingwildlifeandnaturalhabitatsSupportinglocalcommunityProtectinglocalcultures65%GHGemissions57%55%54%Ensuringlower/noemissionsOther54%6%Now2050o?ers

estimates

for

the

costs

associated

with

the

switchto

renewable

energy.

Finally,

the

report

provides

an

over-view

of

current

progress

in

the

transition

of

the

accom-modation

sector,

its

mainadoptionbarriersandthe

provi-sion

ofsupport

byexternal

stakeholders

to

accelerate

thee?orttodecarbonise.to

pre-pandemic

levels

and

the

sector’s

contribution

toGDP

declined

by

nearly

50%,

compared

to

an

overalldecline

of

global

GDP

of

3.7%

[Source

7].

It

is

estimatedthat

around

62

million

jobs

were

lost

in

the

tourism

sec-tor

globally

due

to

the

pandemic,

particularly

impactingsmall

and

medium-sized

enterprises

[Source

8].

Accom-modations

were

particularly

hard

hit.

Investing

in

decar-bonisation

therefore

poses

an

enormous

challenge.

Whileultimately

only

accommodations

can

bring

about

thenecessarychanges,otherstakeholdershavearoletoplayas

well

in

supporting

this

transition.

Although

2050

mayseem

like

a

long

way

o?,

immediate

action

to

decarbon-isetheaccommodationsectoriscrucial.Status

Quo:Tourismgrowthdrivingemissions,withoutanyactionFor

the

future,

this

will

not

be

enough.

This

report

presentsa

transition

pathway

for

accommodations

to

get

to

net

zeroemissions.

It

does

so

by

meticulously

mapping

the

GHGabatement

potential

of

existing

properties

through

adop-tion

of

the

most

e?cient

current

technologies.

It

also

pro-vides

a

calculation

of

the

associated

costs

of

implementingthese

measures.

However,

not

all

emissions

can

be

abated.Eventually

all

energy

consumption

will

therefore

have

tocome

from

renewable

energy

generation.

This

report

alsoAmbition:FullfocusondecarbonisationtodrivenetemissionstozeroIt

is

evident

that

the

transition

pathway

to

zero

emissionsis

not

an

easy

one

and,

more

importantly,

it

is

one

thathas

to

be

taken

collectively.

The

COVID-19pandemic

hasdisproportionately

impacted

the

tourism

sector.

Accord-ing

to

the

World

Traveland

TourismCouncil,

internationaltourist

arrivals

worldwide

dropped

by

74%

compared1011Background_Methodology

of

the

studyRelevant

segmentationthroughoutthereportThe

?ndings

in

this

report

are

based

on

a

wide

variety

ofContributionandaddedvalueof

thisstudynew

collected

primary

data,

compiled

in

the

second

halfof2021,andcurrentresearch.Incontrasttomostexisting

?

Completeroadmaptoarchivenetzeroliterature,

this

study

is

based

on

a

bottom-up

approachemissionsinaccomodationsectorwith

extensive

?eldwork

underscored

by

a

considerationof

the

global

accommodation

sector

–

both

in

terms

of

?

Extensivecoverageoftheglobalaccomodationcountries

and

accommodation

archetypes.

This

researchwas

initiated

by

selecting

the

most

relevant

actions

foraccommodations

to

reduce

emissions,

based

on

existing

?

GlobalnewprimarydatacollectionamongAccommodationswiththefunctionofprovidingashort-staylodgingfunctiontotravellersexist

in

all

kinds

of

sizes

and

typologies.

Within

this

research,

relevant

segmentationsare

a

simpli?cation

of

reality,

yet

should

provide

clear

di?erentiators.

Accommodationsegmentationsinthisreportarebasedon[1]country/continent,

[2]climatezoneand[3]archetype.

An

accommodation’s

archetypes

are

determined

bytheir

size

(small

vs.

large)andforlargeaccommodationsontheirservicelevel(limitedvs.full).supplyacrossalltypesandregionsstudies

and

discussions

with

various

industry

players.

Anelaborate

interview

programme

with

over

40

accommo-arepresentativesetofaccomodationsdation

providers

from

all

over

the

world

has

been

used

to

?

DetailedAbatementCost

CurvesaddressingThe

abatement

cost

curve

(ACC)

identi?es

the

key

initiatives

accommodations

can

imple-ment

to

reduce

greenhouse

gas

emissions.

As

an

accommodation’s

size

and

service

levelsigni?cantly

impact

the

GHG

abatement

potential,

three

archetypes

were

sketched:

small,limited

and

full-service

accommodations.

The

model

full-service

accommodation

has4,500m2?ooringspace,

100guestroomsandincludesfacilitiessuchasapool,gardenarea

and

catering.

On

the

other

hand,

small

and

limited-service

accommodations

areassumednottoo?erfacilitiesotherthanguestrooms.Smallandlimited-serviceaccommo-dations

are

di?erentiated

based

on

the

number

of

guest

rooms

–

4

and

100

respectively

–and

the

total

?ooring

space

of

115

m2

and

2,800

m2

respectively.

In

reality,

identifyingdetect

both

the

current

positioning

of

these

initiatives

andthekeydriversandbarrierswithrespecttotheiradoption.allpropertytypesandvariousclimatesAbatement

Cost

Curves

have

been

modelled

for

several

?

Extensivebottom-upapproachwithrespectrelevantsegmentations(i.e.continent,climateandaccom-modation

archetype)

as

an

in-depth

underpinning

of

thetocurrentemissionsandabatementpotentialsector’s

totalpotential.Inputs

forthese

curvesalso

relyon

?

Marketsupplycoveragebasedonmostexisting

research

[Source

9;

10;

11].

Current

and

plannedlevels

of

implementation

were

determined

based

on

athorough

accommodation

survey

among

B’spartners

in

23

countries.

This

partner

survey

has

a

totalresponse

rate

of

c.

6,500

properties,

covering

all

types

ofaccommodations,

di?erent

continents

and

climate

regionsacross

the

world.

Finally,

based

on

B’s

databaseof

global

accommodations,

the

?ndings

and

results

wereextrapolated

to

come

to

a

global

overview

of

the

accom-modationsector’sremainingabatementpotential.extensiveglobalaccomodationdatabaseoccurredwithin

the

partner

survey,as

partners

committedto

sustainability

are

likely

to

have

been

more

inclined

toparticipate.

Consequently,

remaining

abatement

poten-tial

is

likely

even

slightly

underestimated.

Secondly,

alimited

response

rate

in

certain

geographies

covered

bythe

survey

constrains

accuracy

of

underlining

data

points.Furthermore,

in

order

to

model

global

measures,

?ndingsof

certain

geographies

were

extrapolated.

Lastly,

as

this

isa

modelled

exercise,

simpli?cations

were

applied

in

meas-ures

such

as

climate

segmentation

and

extent

of

imple-mentationofsustainablepractices._

Accommodation

archetypes

[Figure6]Despite

the

expansive

bottom-up

approach

of

this

study,some

limitations

remain.

Firstly,

a

selection

bias

may

have_

Primary

researchOverview

of

novel

primaryresearchconducted

[Figure5]Surveyed:c.6,500SmallLimitedserviceFullservicesurveyedpartners,covering23countiesGuestrooms(#)Commonarea4100100Baccommodation

database1152,8005,0002sizemServiceslevelFacilitiesAbatement

Cost

Curve(ACC)Interviewed:EY-Parthenonaccommodation

survey40+conductedinterviewswithpartnersin10

geographies1213Backgroundarchetypes

is

more

complex.

Although

each

archetype

exhibits

di?erences

in

the

rangeofserviceandfacilitieso?ered,theseareoftennotasbinaryascurrentlyassumedintheACC.

Furthermore,

in-house

food

and

beverage

options

often

di?er

substantially

fromfulltosmallandlimited-serviceaccommodations;otherfacilitiessuchasgymsorswim-mingpoolscanalsobefoundatbothestablishmenttypes._The

potential

of

implementingthe

most

e?cient

technologiesThe

accommodation

sector

has

the

ability

to

realise

signi?cantreductions

in

GHG

emissions

by

implementing

carbon-sav-ing

measures

which

reduce

usage

of

natural

resources

andwaste

disposal.

In

doing

so,

an

individual

accommodationcould

lower

the

carbon

emissions

of

its

operations

by

up

to32%,

with

the

majority

of

measures

being

net

pro?table

overa15-yearinvestmenthorizon.Theclimatezoneinwhichanaccommodationislocatedalsoimpactsitsoverallcarbonfootprint

and

the

e?ectiveness

of

carbon-saving

initiatives.

Consequently,

three

climatezones

were

identi?ed

for

the

modelling:

continental,

temperate

and

tropical.

These

cli-mates

have

been

illustrated

in

?gure

7.

The

ACCwas

made

climate-speci?c,

by

adjustingkey

assumptions

such

as

average

monthly

rainfall

and

temperature

for

each

initiative.Thisisasimpli?cationofthebroadrangeofexistingcountryandevenlocation-speci?cclimates._

Climate

zones

[Figure7]Accommodations

are

typically

considered

to

be

_

Emission

reduction

potential

[Figure8]resource-intensive

buildings.

The

range