中西方節(jié)日文化差異比較中英文版

OECDsaysUnemploymentWillContinuetoRiseOECD：工業(yè)化國家失業(yè)率持續(xù)攀升Despitereportsthatmanyindustrializedeconomiesarebeginningtoemergefromtheirworsteconomiccrisisindecades,unemploymentisrisingandwilllikelyreachahistoricpeakofnearly10percentnextyear.ThefindingscomefromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentinParis.經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織星期三報(bào)告說，工業(yè)化國家的失業(yè)率仍在增加，而且有可能在明年達(dá)到近10%的歷史最高水平，盡管不斷有報(bào)道說，很多工業(yè)化國家正在走出幾十年來最嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。IndicationsthatunemploymentcontinuestoriseisgrimnewsforleadersheadingtotheG-20summitintheUnitedStatesnextweek.TheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentreportsunemploymentreacheditshighestlevelamongindustrializednationsof8.5percentinJuly.對(duì)于下個(gè)星期到美國出席20國集團(tuán)峰會(huì)的各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人來說，失業(yè)率繼續(xù)上升真是個(gè)壞消息?？偛吭O(shè)在巴黎的經(jīng)合組織說，工業(yè)化國家的失業(yè)率已經(jīng)在今年7月份達(dá)到&5%的最高水平。OECDunemploymentdivisionchiefStephanScarpettasaysthenumberofjoblessamongtheOECD's30membercountriesisexpectedtoclimbevenhighernextyear,tonearly10percent.Thattranslatesinto57millionpeopleoutofwork.經(jīng)合組織就業(yè)分析和政策部主任斯蒂芬.斯卡皮塔(StephanScarpetta)指出，經(jīng)合組織30個(gè)成員國中的失業(yè)人數(shù)預(yù)計(jì)在明年將進(jìn)一步攀升，達(dá)到接近10%的水平。也就是說，工業(yè)化國家總共會(huì)有5千7百萬人失去工作。"Unfortunately,despitethemostrecentindicatorsthatsuggestthe[economic]recoverymaybeinsightsomewhatearlierthanwewereexpectingonlyafewmonthsago,itwilltakefar[longer]fortherecoverytomaterializeintermsofsignificantimprovementinthelabormarket,"hesaid.“不幸的是，盡管最近絕大多數(shù)指標(biāo)都顯示，經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇可能已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，比我們幾個(gè)月前的預(yù)期有所提前，但是這次復(fù)蘇可能需要更長的時(shí)間才能轉(zhuǎn)化成勞工市場的顯著改善?！盩heUnitedStates,SpainandIrelandareamongthosecountrieswiththefastestrisingunemployment.Allthreewereaffectedbythecollapseofhighhousingprices.Thedamagespreadtoothersectorsoftheeconomy.美國、西班牙和愛爾蘭是OECD成員中失業(yè)率上升最快的國家。這三個(gè)國家都受到高昂的房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格暴跌的影響。而且房地產(chǎn)市場崩潰所造成的破壞擴(kuò)散到了經(jīng)濟(jì)的其他領(lǐng)域。Scarpettasaysyoungpeopleareamongthehardesthit.InSpain,forexample,morethanoneinthreeyoungworkersareunemployed.斯卡皮塔指出，年輕人受到的沖擊最大。比如在西班牙，三分之一以上的年輕人找不到工作。SoasworldleadersdiscussthefinancialandeconomiccrisisduringtheirmeetinginPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,Scarpettasaysitisimportanttheyalsoaddressthesocialdimensionsofthecrisis-likeunemployment.他說，當(dāng)世界領(lǐng)袖們?cè)谫e夕法尼亞州的匹茲堡開會(huì)討論金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的時(shí)候，至關(guān)重要的是，他們需要關(guān)注這次危機(jī)對(duì)社會(huì)的影響，尤其是失業(yè)問題。"Thegoodnewsisthatcountrieshavealreadyactedquitequicklyanddecisively,Iwouldsay,"hesaid."Partofthestimuluspackageshavebeenadditionalresourcesforlabormarketsandsocialpolicies."“好消息是：各國已經(jīng)迅速和果斷地采取了行動(dòng)。他們經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃的一部分就是在勞工市場和社會(huì)政策方面提供更多的資源?！盉uteffortsbygovernmentstoextendandprolongunemploymentbenefits,andtooffermorejobcounselingandtraininghavenotkeptupwiththerisingnumbersofjobless.Scarpettasaysthatmeanscountrieswillneedtotargettheirresourcesmoreselectivelyandtoensurethatthemostvulnerablemembersofthelaborforcebenefit.可問題是，各國政府雖然擴(kuò)大和延長了失業(yè)補(bǔ)貼的發(fā)放，并且提供了更多的就業(yè)咨詢和

培訓(xùn)，但是這些措施并沒有趕上失業(yè)人口的增加。斯卡皮塔表示，各國因此而需要更有選擇性地分配資源，以確保勞工隊(duì)伍中最為脆弱的群體能夠得到幫助。中西方節(jié)日文化差異比較Aholidayofanationrepresentsagloriouscultureandconcentratedcustomsofanation.傳統(tǒng)的民族節(jié)日形成是一個(gè)民族的歷史文化的長期積淀。節(jié)日的由來原因與人們的生活有密切的聯(lián)系,它體現(xiàn)了人民豐富的情感世界,寄托了人民對(duì)生活的熱愛。有這樣一句名言:“每個(gè)民族的每個(gè)節(jié)日,正是反映這個(gè)民族文化最真實(shí)的一面”?？梢?要了解一個(gè)民族的文化底蘊(yùn),必須從他們的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日入手,才能了解到他們的文化特色與民族特點(diǎn)。ThereisagreatdifferenceinculturebetweenChinaandWesterncountries,thetruthofwhichisself-evident,forexample,language,education,festival,andsoon.Noonecandenyit.Therefore,Ichoosethistopictostudy.“Aholidayofanationrepresentsagloriouscultureandconcentratedcustomsofanation.”Therearemanyfestivalintheworld,butalotofpeopledon’tknowanyfestivalsofthem,andinthesamecountry,differentfestivalshavedifferentmeaningsandeventhesamefestivalindifferentcountriesiscelebratedintheirownways.ThroughcontrastiveanalysisofChineseandWesternfestivals,itisinterestingtounderstandtheuniquecharmandtheculturalimplicationoftheirholidayculture.一、中西節(jié)日的起源與形成差異中國長期以來處于封建自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)和自然經(jīng)濟(jì)中,其傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日具有濃厚的農(nóng)業(yè)色彩,包含了農(nóng)耕文明的社會(huì)特征,主要是從歲時(shí)節(jié)令轉(zhuǎn)換而來的。我國古代長期以農(nóng)為本,在生產(chǎn)力和農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)不發(fā)達(dá)的情況下,十分重視氣候?qū)r(nóng)作物的影響。在春種、夏長、秋收、冬藏的過程中認(rèn)識(shí)了自然時(shí)序的復(fù)雜規(guī)律,總結(jié)出四時(shí)、二十四節(jié)氣,形成了以節(jié)日為主的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。勤勞的中國人民為了更好地生存,必須大力發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè),而農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展離不開天氣的關(guān)照。古人云“春雨貴如油”、“清明忙種麥,谷雨種大田”。在古代,春節(jié)、清明節(jié)等都是重要的農(nóng)事節(jié)日。西方文化由于長久受基督教的影響,其傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日起源帶有濃厚的宗教色彩,如情人節(jié)（紀(jì)念名叫瓦丁的基督教殉難者）、復(fù)活節(jié)（基督教紀(jì)念耶穌復(fù)活）、萬圣節(jié)（紀(jì)念教會(huì)所有圣人）、圣誕節(jié)（基督教紀(jì)念耶穌誕生），這些節(jié)日的起源大多與宗教有關(guān)系。當(dāng)然,西方節(jié)日中也有和農(nóng)業(yè)有關(guān)的節(jié)日,但他們以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的節(jié)日的歷史不如中國漫長。二、中西節(jié)日慶祝方式差異中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,基本是封建社會(huì)時(shí)期形成的,不可避免地留下封建社會(huì)的痕跡:等級(jí)制、家族式,節(jié)日無不以家族內(nèi)部活動(dòng)為中心。西方的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日就不同了,更多的是表現(xiàn)出人們的互動(dòng)性、集體性和狂歡性,以自我為中心,崇尚個(gè)性張揚(yáng)。這與中國節(jié)日的家族性恰好相反,體現(xiàn)了西方文化的群體性,反映了人們渴望互相交流、群體參與的愿望,體現(xiàn)了人人平等、自由表現(xiàn)自我的特點(diǎn)。這里試舉兩例說明。Firstofall,let’shaveananalysisofspringfestivalinChinaandChristmasdayinWesterncountries.InChina,peopleregardspringfestivalasaveryimportantholiday,becauseinthespring,therehasbeengloriousweatherwithhundredsofflowersstrugglingcolorfully.Everythingisrenewedanditsbeautyisbeyonddescription.ForseveralMillenniaChinesepeoplelikecelebratingthemostsignificantholiday—SpringFestival.Itsoriginalmeaningisfromagriculture.Inancienttime,peopleinstitutedthepaddygrowthcycleasthe“years”.Inthebookedtitled“shouwenhebu”,thereisasaying:“Theyear,theValleyisripe.”Afterthevictoryof1911RevolutioninChinesemoderntimes,theyearnamehasbeenfixedlygottendown.TheNanjingprovisionalgovernmentstipulatedtouselunarcalendarinthefolk.Andinthefactoryandschool,theJan1stofNewYear’sDayinlunarcalendariscalledSpringFestival.ThereisafableaboutSpringFestival.Inancienttime,therewasamannamedWanNian,whosawtheJielingatthattimewasverymessy,sohedecidedtofixJieling.Buthedidn’tfindthemethodtocomputetime.Oneday,hewastiredofchoppingwoodonthemountain,andthenwasseatedundertheshade.Themovingshadowoftreesinspiredhim,andhedesignedasundialdevice,whichcouldtestthetimeofdaybyshade過公歷新年,即元旦。相比之下他們過年的方式就浪漫多了,在12月31日晚,各地區(qū)的人民涌上街道,進(jìn)行盛大的狂歡,到了深夜接近零時(shí)時(shí),數(shù)十萬人會(huì)聚集于一起,誠心地祈禱，為新的一年的到來倒計(jì)時(shí)。當(dāng)大鐘敲響12下,頓時(shí),優(yōu)美的樂曲奏響,揭開了華麗舞會(huì)的序幕,人們通宵達(dá)旦地慶祝?？梢?春節(jié)與新年各有千秋:春節(jié),充滿濃厚的傳統(tǒng)氣息和獨(dú)有的魅力;新年,體現(xiàn)時(shí)代的氣息和潮流的感覺,更貼近現(xiàn)代生活。secondly,let’shaveananalysisofZhongYuanfestivalinChinaandHalloweendayinWesterncountries.Julyinthelunaryearisthemonthforghosts.Inthismonth,thesoulswillbereleasedfromtheHades,butpeoplewillbeorganizedtoholdactivitiestoentertainthemwiththeirhospitalityforthisrare"holidays."ParticularlyonJul.15th,ZhongYuanfestival,everyfamilywillprepareforrichofferingstosacrificethesegoodbrotherswhocomefromthenetherworld.ZhongYuanfestivalisalsotheYulanpotfestivalinBuddhism,whichoriginatesfromthefamiliarstory“MuLiansavinghermother”.MuLianisoneoftheBuddha’sdisciples.Becausehismotherwasgreedyinnature,afterthedeathshewasthrewintothesamarahungryghostroad,andwasunabletocomebackforever.Inordertorescuehismother,hemade“theYulanpotfestival”ontheLunarJul.15th,worshipingBuddhaandmonkswithfivefruits,inthehopeofreleasingtheancestorfromsufferingintheHades.Inthewest,thisfestivaliscalledHalloweenday.ItbeginsfromOct.31thtoNov.7th,andisthethirdimportantfestivalsnexttoChristmasdayandThanksgivingDay.SuchistheoriginofHalloweenday.TheDeRuytwholivedinGreatBritainandIrelandbelievedthatthereweremanygodsdominatingtheirlives.AndontheDeRuyt’sNewYear'sEve,theDeRuytpeopleletyouthsgatherinateam,wearingstrangemasks,holdingcarvedturnipcarrotlights,wanderingacrossthevillages.Itwasthoughttobeaharvestcelebrationinthefall.Accordingtothelegend,thedeadpeoplewillvisitontheeveofHalloween.Itissaidthatpeopleshouldlettheghostseetheirsatisfactoryharvestandpresentabundantsacrificetothem.Boththebonfiresandlightsarenotonlytoscareawaytheghosts,butalsotoilluminatethembacktotheplacewheretheycomefrom.Onthisday,peoplecandisguisethemselvesfreelyandmaketroubletotheirheart’scontent.Onmanypublicoccasionsandhomecompound,peoplelayoutdifferentkindsofdecorationinthewindowsanddoors,suchaspumpkinlights,ascarecrowandeventheskeleton.Everyfamilywillholdadressingball,andputonfruitandothercropsonthetable.Comparingwiththesetwoholidays,Ifindthatthetwofestivalsarealltosacrificeghosts.However,thereisadifferencebetweenthem.Thatis,ZhongYuanfestivallastsashortertime,whenfamiliesgatheringtocommemoratetheancestors;whileHalloweenlastslonger,peoplecantakepartinprocessionoutdoors,andenjoybeautifulandparticularday,inharmonywiththenatureinamaximumway.萬圣節(jié)與中元節(jié)。萬圣節(jié)作為西方的重要節(jié)日之一,頗受人民的重視。那一天,每戶門前都要掛上一盞南瓜燈,人人都穿上奇裝異服,據(jù)說有辟邪之用。其實(shí),作為先進(jìn)的發(fā)達(dá)國家,人們對(duì)于鬼怪已不再迷信,他們多半是為了尋開心而已。同時(shí),人們還舉行盛大的化裝舞會(huì)。他們可以任意去左鄰右舍討吃的,絕不會(huì)受到懲罰。在中國,傳說中元節(jié)是鬼門關(guān)打開的日子,這一天,地府里的小鬼會(huì)出來游蕩,迷信色彩濃厚的中國人,對(duì)鬼神是極為敬懼的。那一天,他們會(huì)當(dāng)街燒香祭祖,祈求鬼神不要降禍于他們。于是,中元節(jié)這個(gè)與時(shí)代格格不入的產(chǎn)物逐漸被淘汰了。三、中西方節(jié)日文化比較之飲食差異比較中西傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中的飲食特點(diǎn)也有顯著的差異。中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中的飲食是趨于感性的,講究色、香、味俱全。尤其是節(jié)日性美食,每個(gè)節(jié)日都有不同的食品以區(qū)別其他的節(jié)日。春節(jié)是個(gè)祥和的節(jié)日,也是親人團(tuán)聚的日子,離家在外的人,在過春節(jié)時(shí)都要回家歡聚。除夕晚上,全家老小都一起熬夜、守歲,歡聚酣飲,共享天倫之樂。北方地區(qū)在除夕有吃餃子的習(xí)俗,餃子的作法是先和面,“和”字就是“合”;餃子的餃和交諧音,“合”和“交”有相聚之意,所以用餃子象征團(tuán)聚合歡。此外,餃子因?yàn)樾嗡圃獙?過年時(shí)吃餃子,也帶有“招財(cái)進(jìn)寶”的吉祥含義。南方有過年吃年糕的習(xí)慣,甜甜的粘粘的年糕,象征新一年生活甜蜜蜜,步步高升。元宵節(jié)有吃元宵的習(xí)俗,端午節(jié)有吃粽子的習(xí)俗,中秋節(jié)有吃月餅的習(xí)俗。而西方的飲食則是趨于理性的,他比中國更重視營養(yǎng)的合理搭配。因此,有發(fā)達(dá)的食品工業(yè),如罐頭、快餐等，KFC,McDonald雖口味千篇一律,但節(jié)省時(shí)間，且營養(yǎng)良好。四、DifferentconnotationsreflectedinChineseandWesternfestivalsThegenerallytraditionalholidayconnotationThetraditionalholidayiscreatedbythewholenationalandit’saspecialsymbolofanationalculturederivingfromanationalcohesiveforce;itsenergeticinfluenceishuge.Allthefestivalsareestablishedbyusage,throughwhichpeople’slivesarebecomingmoreinterestingandcolorful.Eachholidayhasamovingstory;eachholidayhasitscommemorationceremonyandactivity;eachholidayhasitsdeephistoryandtheculturalimplication.Differentcountrieshavedifferentwaysofcelebratingthefestivals.Traditionalethnicfestivalisacomplexsocialandculturalphenomenon,bearingwithaformationofthehistoryandtheaccumulationofcharacteristicslikethepsychology,belief,thinking,aestheticandmanyotherprofoundculturalconnotationofthestructureofthevaluedirections.Itisthemostprominentexhibitionofnationalsurvivalcharacteristics.Itcloselyrelateswithpeople'sproductiveactivitiesanddifferenthistoricaltimes,anditalsoactsuponthedevelopmentofpeople'smaterialandculturallifethroughdifferentlevels.ThereligiousbeliefThereligiousbeliefisdifferent.Westernreligionsareextremelyobvious.GodintheChristianityisallthingsoftheworld.Hedoesn’tallowthepeopletoworshipotherGodsandidols.WhatpeoplehaveisGod’sgrantingratherthanacquisitionthroughhardworking.So,ontheChristmasDaypeopleimploreGodtobestowthehappinesstopeople.TheChinesetraditionalisitsnon-religion.“Intheearlytime,thesocialstructureinChinawasestablishedonthebasisofnatureworshipandhumanspiritwhichwasinfavorofthemutualcoordinationandbalancebetweenGodandhuman.”④TheethicscultureTheethicalcultureisdifferent.SincesocialdevelopmentbetweentheWestandEastisdifferenttheethicalculturesarenaturallyquitedifferent.“Chinahasalonghistoryoflandcivilization,whilethewesternhasmarinecivilization”.Chinaisacountrywithalonghistoryoffivemillenniaandamulti-nationality'scountry.TraditionalcultureoriginisprimarilyrootedintheConfucianismculturewhichisacombinationofthevariousschoolsofthoughtculture.Chinesetraditionalfestivalscontainabundantspirithumaneandethicalculture.Fromancienttothemodern,therearedifferentkindsoffestivalsandcolorfulcontents,whichcomedowninonecontinuouslinewithChineselonghistory.Itnotonlyconstitutesprofoundculturaldetails,butalsobearstheoriginofthecultureoftheChinesenation.Itisavaluablespiritualheritage.Comparedwiththis,somewesternfestivals,suchasChristmasDay,Valentine’sDayandHalloweenDay,etc,theethicalcolorisabitweak,whilethecolorofentertainmentismuchmore,offeringmorechanceformodernpeopletoshowtheirpersonalitiesandenjoythejoy.Thusitcanattractmoreandmoreinvestment.InthewesttheChristianityculturehasagreatinfluenceonfestivals.emotionalexpression_rFestivalsbetweenChinaandWesterncountriesaredifferentintheformofemotionalexpression_r.Thus,ChineseveiltheirrealthoughtswhileWesternersalwaysrevealtheirmindsfreelyanddirectly.Thewayofacceptinggiftsandtheattitudesaredifferent.Duringfestivals,theChineseandtheWesterncountryhaveshownverydifferentattitudesaboutagiftforsomeone.TheChinesepeopleoftendeferaboutthepresent,asiftheyhavetoacceptit,buttheywillnotopenitinfrontofthrpresentee.Inwesterncountry,peopleaskforagift,andtheywillusuallyopenitinfrontofpeople’sfaceandexpresstheirthanks.五、中西節(jié)日禮儀差異在宴席上所反映的性格差異中西方的飲食方式有很大不同,這種差異對(duì)民族性格也有影響。在中國,任何一個(gè)節(jié)日宴席,不管是什么目的,都只會(huì)有一種形式,就是大家團(tuán)團(tuán)圍坐,共享一席。宴席要用圓桌,這就從形式上造成了一種團(tuán)結(jié)、共享的氣氛。美味佳肴放在中心,它既一桌人欣賞、品嘗的對(duì)象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人們相互敬酒、勸菜,在美好的事物面前,體現(xiàn)了人們之間相互尊重、禮讓的美德。它符合我們民族“大團(tuán)圓”的普遍心態(tài),反映了中國古典哲學(xué)中“和”這個(gè)觀念對(duì)后代思想的影響,利于集體情感的交流。西式宴席,食品和酒固然也重要,實(shí)際上僅是作為一種陪襯。宴會(huì)的核心在于交誼,通過與鄰座客人之間的交談,達(dá)到交誼的目的。倘若將宴會(huì)與舞蹈相類比,可以說,中式宴席好比是集體舞,而西式宴會(huì)好比是男女的交誼舞?？梢?中式宴會(huì)和西式宴會(huì)交誼的目的都很明顯:中式宴會(huì)更多地體現(xiàn)全席的交誼,而西式宴會(huì)更多體現(xiàn)于個(gè)體賓客之間的交誼。六、中西傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日文化差異之服裝的色調(diào)差異顏色的象征意義在中西文化之間也存在很大的差異,在傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。紅色,是我國文化中的崇尚色。紅色源于太陽,古人認(rèn)為“日至而萬物生”,陽光下萬物繁茂,生機(jī)勃勃,令人振奮。我們的祖先在祭、祈過程中,對(duì)陽光有一種本能的依戀和崇拜,紅色的喜慶和吉祥之意自然而然地產(chǎn)生了。喜慶日子要掛大紅燈籠、貼紅對(duì)聯(lián)、紅福字;男娶女嫁時(shí)貼大紅“喜”字。它還象征美麗、漂亮,如指女子盛妝為“紅妝”。西方文化中的紅色,原是一個(gè)貶義的詞,是“火”與“血”的聯(lián)想,它象征殘暴,流血。白色,在中國傳統(tǒng)文化中,是個(gè)禁忌詞,常用于喪葬禮中。而西方,白色的象征意義著眼于其本身色彩,如新下的雪、新鮮牛奶等。西方人認(rèn)為白色高雅、純潔,所以它是西方文化中的崇尚色。它象征純真、無邪。不同文化之間的顏色象征意義都是在社會(huì)的發(fā)展、歷史的沉淀中約定俗成的,是一種永久性的文化現(xiàn)象。隨著世界各國交流的日益頻繁及科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,在國際交往中,我們所面對(duì)的是來自陌生的文化和思維方式、生活習(xí)慣及行為方式與我們迥然不同的人,在與之交往的過程中不可避免的會(huì)出現(xiàn)文化沖突的現(xiàn)象。本文通過以上對(duì)中西傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日映射出的文化差異的比較,可以幫助語言