真題版2015年06月六級第3套

Part (30Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying“Ifyoucannotdogreatthings,dosmallthingsinagreatway."Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourpointofview.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Part ListeningComprehension(30SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.ConversationQuestions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Itiswell C)ItisItis D)ItisfairlyA)Aquick C)Moving D)AlighterA)HehasdifficultycommunicatingwithlocalHehastospendalotmoretravelingbackandHehastroubleadaptingtothelocalHehastosignalong-termA)ThewomanwillhelpthemanmakeaThemanisgoingtoattendajobThemanisintheprocessofjobThewomansympathizeswiththeConversationQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Toinquireabouttheinterestratesatthewoman’sToinquireaboutthecurrentfinancialmarketToseeifhecanfindajobinthe Toseeifhecangetaloanfromthewoman’sA)ThereisnodifferencebetweenrateandThemanhasagoodunderstandingofrateandTherateisthepercentageofsimpleinterestpaidontheTheyieldisonlyinfluencedbytheamountofA)Long-term C)Anyhigh-interestAthree-month D)Anyhigh-yieldA)Shetreatedhimtoa C)SheofferedhimdiningShegavehimloansatlow D)SheraisedinterestratesforSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions9to12arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Itisa sellingcoffeeinNewItsmostimportanttaskistoconductcoffeeItrepresentsseveralcountriesthatexportItsroleistoregulateinternationalcoffeeA) zingweatherinTheincreasedcoffeeTheimpactofglobalThefluctuationofcoffeeA)He ngabachelor’s C)HeisaheavycoffeeHeisyoung,handsomeand D)Heistall,richand A)Avisittoseveralcoffee- Coffeepricesandhis AvacationonsomebeautifultropicalAquickpromotionanda PassageQuestions13to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)TheywereheldupinatrafficTheyboardedawrongcoachinaTheywerelateforthefirstmorningTheyweredelayedbythetrainforA)ItwascanceledbecauseofanunexpectedItwasspoiledby ItwasthemostexcitingtriptheyeverItwaspostponedduetoterribleA)Go C)TakeromanticStayat D)TakeescortedSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeyedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to19arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)Theirextraordinaryin C)ThewaytheyThespecialbonesintheir D)ThewaytheygetA)Theylovetokeepthemaspetsjustlikecatsanddogs.B)Theylovethembutcannotlivewiththem.TheycanfindmanystoressellingsuchTheybelievesuchsouvenirscanbringgoodA)TheymadethemswimaroundtheirTheypaintedtheirimagesonsomeTheyhuntedthemingreatTheytrainedthemtoperformA)TheyarehuntedinmanycesexceptTheyhavebeenprotectedthanksto tureandTheyhaveadaptedtothelifeinTheyarelosingtheirhabitatandcleanQuestions20to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)Itwon’thaveanyside-Itcankilldrug-resistantItcanbeaseffectiveasconventionalItcanstopcancercellsfromspreadingintheA)Howtofindawayto estotumoursHowto esdirectlyintoHowto estodowhatchemotherapydrugsHowtostrengthenthebody’simmuneA)Touseittocure75%ofthepatientswithmalignantTomakeitacceptedbythepatientswithincurableToapplyittothosewithsecondaryToapplyittotreatallkindsofQuestions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)ItallowsusersofsomeKindledevicestoborrowbooksfromlocalIthasbenefitedmorethaneleventhousandlocallibrariesintheIthasledtoadebatebetweenpublishersandlibrariesovere-bookItaimsatallowingeveryonetoreadbooksanytimetheyA)TheycanpurchaseanykindofmediaTheycanlendbookstoreadersTheycandealwithdigitalproductsastheyTheycanlimitthetimethereaderskeepacertainA)Byallowinglibrariestopurchasee-booksforlendinginByadoptingthetechnologyknownasdigitalrightsByrequiringlibrariestopurchasemoreofitse-BypersuadingthecriticstosupportthePart Reading SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingTravelwebsiteshavebeenaroundsincethe1990s,whenExpedia,Travelocity,andotherholidaybookingsiteswerelaunched,allowingtravelerstocompareflightandhopriceswiththeclickofamouse.Withinformationnolonger26bytravelagentsorhiddeninbusinessnetworks,thetravelindustrywasrevolutionized,asgreatertransparencyhelped27 Today,theindustryisgoingthroughanewrevolution—thistimetransformingservicequality.Onlineratingtforms—28inhos,restaurants,apartments,andtaxis—allowtravelerstoexchangereviewsandexperiencesforalltosee.Hospitalitybusinessesarenowranked,yzed,andcomparednotby29,butbytheverypeopleforwhomtheserviceisintended—thecustomer.Thishas30anewrelationshipbetweenbuyerandseller.Customershavealwaysvotedwiththeirfeet;theycannowexintheirdecisiontoanyonewhoisinterested.Asaresult,businessesaremuchmore31,ofteninveryspecificways,whichcreatespowerful32toimproveservice.Althoughsomereadersmightnotcareforgossipyreportsofunfriendly（行李員)inBerlinormalfunctioning hairdryersinHouston,thetruepoweronlinereviewsliesnotjustintheindividualstories,butinthewebsites’aggregatealargevolumeofratings.

toTheimpactcannotbe34.Businessesthatattracttopratingscanenjoyrapidgrowth,asnewcustomersareattractedbygoodreviewsand35provideyetmorepositivefeedback.Sogreatistheinfluenceofonlineratingsthatmanycompaniesnowhiredigitalreputationmanagerstoensureafavorableonlineidentity.SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.sticAbettercreditcardisthesolutiontoeverlargerhackAthinmagneticstripe(magstripe)isallthatstandsbetweenyourcredit-cardinformationandthebadguys.Andthey’vebeenworkinghardtobreakin.That’swhy2014isshaupasamajorshowdown:banks,lawenmentandtechnologycompaniesarealltryingtostopanetworkofhackerswhoaresucceedinginstealingaccountnumbers,names, addressesandothercrucialdatausedinidentitytheft.Morethan100millionaccountsatTarget,NeimanMarcusandMichaelsstoreswereaffectedinsomewayduringthemostrecentattacks,startinglastNovember. Swipe（刷卡）istheoperativeword:cardsareincreasinglyvulnerabletoattackswhenyoumakepurchasesinastore.Inseveralrecent s,hackershavebeenabletoobtainmassiveinformationofcredit-debit-(借記)orprepaid-cardnumbersusingmalware,i.e.malicioussoftware,insertedsecretlyintotheretailers’point-of-salesystem—thecheckoutregisters.Hackersthensoldthedatatoasecondgroupofcriminalsoperatinginshadowycornersoftheweb.Notlongafter,thestolendatawasshowinguponfakecardsandbeingusedforonlinepurchases.Thesolutioncouldcostaslittleas$2extraforeverypieceofsticissued.ThefixisasecuritytechnologyusedheavilyoutsidetheU.S.WhileAmericancreditcardsusethe40-year-oldmagstripetechnologytoprocesstransactions,muchoftherestoftheworldusessmartercardswithatechnologycalledEMV(shortforEuropay,MasterCard,Visa)thatemploysachipembeddedinthecardplusacustomerPIN alidentificationnumber)toauthenticate（驗(yàn)證）everytransactiononthespot.IfapurchaserfailstopunchinthecorrectPINatthecheckout,thetransactiongetsrejected.(Onlinepurchasescanbemadebysettingupaseparatetransactioncode.Whyhaven’tbigbanksadoptedthemoresecuretechnology?Whenitcomestomailingoutnewcreditcards,it’sallaboutrelativecosts,saysDavidRobertson,whorunstheNilsonReport,anindustrynewsletter.“Thecostofthecard,puttingthestickeronit,codingtheaccountnumberandexpirationdate,embossing（凸?。﹊t,thesmallenvelope—allputtogether,you’reinthedollarrange.”Achip-and-PINcardcurrentlycostscloserto$3,saysRobertson,becauseofthepriceofchips.(Oncelargeissuersconverttogether,thechipcostsshoulddrop. Multiply$3bythemorethan5billionmagstripecreditandprepaidcardsincirculationintheU.S.Thenconsiderthatthere’sanestimated$12.4billionincardfraudonaglobalbasis,saysRobertson.With44%ofthatintheU.S.Americancredit-cardfraudamountstoabout$5.5billionannually.CardissuershavesofarcalculatedthatabsorbingtheliabilityforevenbighacksliketheTargetoneisstillcheaperthanrecingallthatstic. ThatleavesAmericanretailersprettymuchalonetheworldoverinrelyingonmagstripetechnologytochargepurchases—andleavesconsumersvulnerable.Eachmagstripehasthreetracksofinformation,exinspaymentssecurityexpertJeremyGumbley,thechieftechnologyofficerofCreditCall,anelectronic-payments.Thefirstandthirdareusedbythebankorcardissuer.Yourvitalaccountinformationlivesonthesecondtrack,whichhackerstrytocapture.“Malwareisscanningthroughthememoryinrealtimeandlookingfordata,”hesays.“Itcreatesatextfilethatgetsstolen.”Chip-and-PINcards,bycontrast,makefakecardsorskimmingimpossiblebecausetheinformationthatgetsscannedisencrypted（加密）ThehistoricalreasontheU.S.hasstuckwithmagstripe,ironicallyenough,isoncesuperiortechnology.Ourcheap,ultra-reliablewirednetworksmadecredit-cardauthenticationoverthephonefrictionless.InFrance,cardcompaniescreatedEMVinpartbecausetheephonemonopolywassomaddeninglyinefficientandexpensive.TheEMVsolutionallowedtransactionstobeverifiedlocallyandsecurely.Somebigbanks,likeWellsFargo,arenowofferingtoconvertyourmagstripecardtoachip-and-PINmodel.(It’sactuallyahybrid（混合體）thatwillstillhaveamagstripe,sincemostU.S.merchantsdon’thaveEMVterminals.)Shouldyoutakethemuponit?Ifyoutravelinternationally,theanswerisyes.Keepinmind,too,thatcreditcardstypicallyhavebetterliabilityprotectionthandebitcards.Ifsomeoneusesyourcreditcardfraudulently（性的），it’stheissuerormerchant,notyou,thattakesthehit.Debitcardshavedifferentliabilitylimitsdependingonthebankandtheeventssurroundinganyfraud.“Ifit’savailable,thelogicalthingistogetachip-and-PINcardfromyourbank,”saysEricAdamowsky,aco-founderofCredit .“Iwouldusecreditcardsoverdebitcardsbecauseofliabilityissues.”Cashstillworksprettywelltoo.Retailersandbanksstandtobenefitfromthelowerfraudlevelsofchip-and-PINcardsbuthavebeenreluctantforyearstoinvestinthenewinfrastructure（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）neededforthetechnologyespeciallyifconsumersdon’thaveaccesstoit.It’sachicken-and-eggproblemnoonewantstospendthemoneyonupgradedpoint-of-salesystemsthatcanreadthechipcardsifshoppersaren’tcarryingthem—yetthere’slittlepointinconsumers’carryingthefancysticifstoresaren’tequippedtousethem.(AnearliereffortbyTargettomovetochipandPINnevergainedprogress.)AccordingtoGumbley,there’sa“you-firstmentality.Thelogjam（僵局）hastobeJPMorganChaseCEOJamieDimonrecentlyexpressedhiswillingnesstodoso,notingthatbanksandmerchantshavespentthepastdecadesuingeachotheroverinterchangefees—thepercentageofthetransactionpricetheykeep—ratherthandealwiththegrowinghackingproblem.Chaseoffersachip-enabledcardunderitsownbrandandseveralothersfortravel-relatedcompaniessuchasBritishAirwaysand TheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculation:althoughretailershavebeenreluctanttospendthe$6.75billionthatCapgeminiconsultantsestimateitwilltaketoconvertalltheirregisterstobe patible,thepotentialliabilitytheynowfaceisdramaticallygreater.Targethasbeenhitwithclassactionsfromhackedconsumers.“It’stheultimatenightmare,”aretailexecutivefromawell-knownchainadmittedtoTIME.Thecard-paymentcompaniesMasterCardandVisaarepushinghardforchange.Thetwofirmshavewarnedallpartiesinthetransactionchain—merchant,network,bank—thatiftheydon’t pliantbyOctober2015,thepartythatisleastcompliantwillbearthefraudrisk.Intheme ,app-equippedsmartphonesanddigitalwallets—allofwhichcanuseEMVtechnology—arebeginningtomakeinroads（侵染）oncardsandcash.PayPal,forinstance,istestinganappthatletsyouuseyour phonetopayontheflyatlocalmerchants—withoutsurrenderinganycardinformationtothem.Andfurtherdowntheroadisbiometricauthentication,whichcouldbeencryptedwith,say,aCreditanddebitcards,though,aregoingtobewithusfortheforeseeablefuture,andsoarehackers,ifwestickwithmagstripetechnology.“Itseemscrazytome,”saysGumbley,whoisEnglish,“thatacutting-edge-technologycountryisdependingona40-year-oldtechnology.”That’swhyitmaybeuptoconsumerstomovetheneedleonchipandPIN.SaysRobertson:“Whenyougettheconsumerintoapositionofworryandinconvenience,that’swheretherubberhitstheroad.”36.ItisbesttouseanEMVcardforinternational37.alinformationoncreditanddebitcardsisincreasinglyvulnerabletoTheFrenchcardcompaniesadoptedEMVtechnologypartlybecauseofinefficientephoneservice.WhilemanycountriesusethesmarterEMVcards,theU.S.stillclingstoitsoldmagstripetechnology.AttemptsarebeingmadetopreventhackersfromcarryingoutidentityCreditcardsaremuchsafertousethandebitBigbankshavebeenreluctanttoswitchtomoresecuretechnologybecauseofthehighercostsinvolved.Thepotentialliabilityforretailersusingmagstripeisfarmorecostlythanupgradingtheirregisters.TheuseofmagstripecardsbyAmericanretailersleavesconsumersexposedtotherisksoflosingaccountinformation.Consumerswillbeadriving behindtheconversionfrommagstripetoEMVSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthePassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingWhat’stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollegegraduate???Brazil?Howabouttrade?WhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJuneapproached$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycouldcontributetoslowergrowth.Butthere'sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession--adeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates-butaneconomicTherisingvolumeoftrade—moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedStates—isgoodnewsformanysectors.Companiesengagedinship,trucking,railfreight,delivery,andlogistics(物流)haveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssignifygrowingvitalityinforeignmarket—whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthehandsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavetheabilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarket.Therisingtideoftradeisalsogoodnewsforpeoplewhoworkintrade-sensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproducecommoditiesforwhichglobaldemandsetstheprice-agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,oil.Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesare ingmoreinvolvedintheglobaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsinasinAmericaeachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdoeshelpGM'sbalancesheet—andhencemakesthejobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmoreOnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.Americansarepayingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That'stobeexpected,givenwhatwe'vebeenthrough.Butthere’sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobaldemand?Unlessyouwanttopickupandmoveto,orBrazil,or ,thebestwaytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit'snolongerenoughsimplytodobusinesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.Companiesandindividualswhodon'thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolvedinforeignmarkets,ortoyaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion’sshareofeconomicopportunityinourworld.HowdopessimistsinterprettheU,S.tradedeficitinItreflectsAmericans'preferenceforimportedgoods.B)ItsignifiesachangeinAmericaneconomicstructure.ItcouldleadtoslowergrowthofthenationalItistheresultofAmerica'sgrowingfocusondomesticWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetradedataofthepasttwoItindicatesthateconomicactivitiesintheU.S.haveItsignalsdecreasingdomesticdemandforgoodsandItreflectsthefluctuationsintheinternationalItshowsthatU.S.economyisslipfurtherintoWhoparticularlybenefitfromtherisingvolumeofPeoplewhohaveexpertiseininternationalC)ProducersofagriculturalgoodsandrawConsumerswhofavorimportedgoodsandD)RetailersdealinginforeigngoodsandWhatisoneofthechallengesfacingtheAmericanDecreasingCompetitionfromPeople'sreluctancetospend.D)Slacktradeactivities.Whatistheauthor'sadvicetoU.S.companiesandToimportmorecheapgoodsfromdevelocountries.B)Toincreasetheirmarketshareoverseas.TobealerttofluctuationsinforeignTomovetheircompaniestowherelaborisPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingArecurringcriticismoftheUK'suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessintranslatingnewknowledgeintonewproductsandservices.Recently,theUKNationalStemCellNetworkwarnedtheUKcouldloseitsceamongtheworldleadersinstemcellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured.Weshouldtakethisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovationsystem.However,wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughintakingideastomarket.ThemostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceofuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsinAustralia,Canada,USAandUKshowsthat,fromarelativelyweakstartingposition,theUKnowleadsonmanyindicatorsofcommercialisationactivity.Whenviewedatthenationallevel,theinterventionsofthepastdecadehavehelpedtransformtheperformanceofU.K.universities.EvidencesuggeststheUK’spositionismuchstrongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement.Butnationaldatamaskstheverylargevariationintheperformanceofindividualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumberofuniversitieshavefallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperformstronglyandtherestchasetheleaders.ThistypeofunevendistributionisnotpeculiartotheU.K.andismirroredacrossothereconomies.IntheUK,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesreceive75%oftheresearchfunding.ThesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduate,sciencecitations,patentsandlicencee.Theeffectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresourceconcentrationhasalsocreatedadistinctivesetofuniversitieswhicharerese