2023年考研考博考博英語(yǔ)西安交通大學(xué)考試高頻考點(diǎn)參考題庫(kù)帶答案

2023年考研考博考博英語(yǔ)西安交通大學(xué)考試高頻考點(diǎn)參考題庫(kù)帶答案（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）答案解析附后第1卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Farmingisstilltheworld'sgreatestindustry.Onaverage,overhalfofthepopulationspendtheirlivesploughingthesoil,plantingseeds,harvestingcrops,andraisinganimalswhichprovideuswithmeat,milk,eggs,wool,leather,andmanyotherproducts.Traditionalfarming,inwhichmostofthehardworkonthefarmisdonebymanuallaborandanimals,isstillpracticedinmanycountries.Buttraditionalmethodscannotproduceenoughfoodtocopewiththegreatexplosioninpopulation.Onlywithmodernmethodsoffarming——usingmachinestoreplacemenandanimals,artificialfertilizerstoenrichthesoil,andchemicalstokeepweedsanddiseasesundercontrol,canmanhopetoavoidacatastrophicworldfoodshortage.FormingmethodsarewelladvancedinmostpartsofEuropeandNorthAmerica,andfarmerselsewherearebeinghelpedbysuchorganizationsastheUnitedNationsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)tomodernizeasquicklyaspossible.Machineryhasbroughtaboutthegreatestrevolutioninfarming.Byfarthemostimportantmachineisthetractor,whichisusedforpullingmanykindsofimplements——ploughstobreakupthesoil,drillstosowtheseeds,trailerstocarrymanure,andsoon.Inthisrespectitdoesthesamekindofworkasteamsofhorses,oroxenoncedid.Butatractordoesmorethanjustpull.Italsoprovidespowertodriveothermachinery,suchasmowingmachines,andpotatoharvesters.Thestandardtypeoftractorhastwomassivewheelsattherearandtwosmallonesatthefront,butthosedesignedfortravelingoverheavygroundorforpullingheavyloadshavecaterpillarorcrawlertracks.Tractorssupplypowertodriveothermachineryeitherthroughapulleywheeldrivenbytheengineorbymeansofwhatiscalledpowertake-off(p.t.o).Inp.t.o.drive,themovingpartofthemachinethetractorispulling,suchastheknifebladeofamower,isturneddirectlybyashaftdrivenbytheengine.Amongthemanyotherfarmmachines,combineharvestersareprobablythemostimportant.Theyaresocalledbecausetheycombinetheactionsofreapingandthreshing.Cerealsarethemain,butnottheonlycropsthatareharvestedwiththecombine.Peasandbeanscanalsobeharvestedwithit.Growingplantstaketheirnourishmentfromthesoil.Theyneedcertainessentialelements,particularlycalcium,nitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassium,iftheyaretogrowwell.Itstandstoreasonthataftereverycroptherewillbelessoftheseelementsremaininginthesoilforasubsequentcrop.Toensureagoodcropeverytime,farmersapplyfertilizerstothesoilbeforeplantingtoreplacetheessentialelementsthepreviouscropremoved.Thefarmer'straditionalfertilizerisfarm-yardmanure,arottedmixtureofdungandstraw.Itimprovesthetextureofthesoilaswell.Butthereisnotenoughmanuretosupplytheneedsofamodernfarmer,andartificialfertilizersarewidelyusedinstead.Thereareavarietyofartificialfertilizers,eachsupplyingcertainoftheessentialelements.Sulphateofammoniasuppliesnitrogen,superphosphateoflimesuppliesphosphorus,bonemealsuppliesbothnitrogenandphosphorus,sulphateofpotashsuppliespotassium,andtherearemany,manymore.Superphosphateisprobablyoneofthemostwidelyusedofallthefertilizers.Limeisalsoaddedtothesoilonalargescale.Itisvaluablenotonlyasafertilizerbutalsoasasoilconditioner.Ofcourse,stimulatingcropsintobettergrowthmakestheweedsgrowbetter,too!Fortunatelythechemisthascometotheaidoffarmersanddevelopedselectiveweed-killers,properlycalledherbicides,forusewiththeircrops.Herbicideshaveaselectiveactioninthattheykilltheweedsbutleavethecropunharmed.Theyareusedparticularlywiththecerealcrops.Chemistshavealsodevelopedawiderangeoffungicidestokillfungusdiseases,suchaspotatoblightorrustnwheat,whichcoulddevastatethecrops.Farmerswagecontinualwaragainstinsects,too.Maggots,beetles,andweevilscandountolddamageiftheyarenotchecked.Again,modernsciencehasproducedpowerfulinsecticidestoprotectcropsagainstinsectattack.1.Whatisthesymboloftraditionalfarming?2.Accordingtotheauthor,tractor（）.3.Tosupplytheneedsofmodernfarming（）.4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.5.Theword"revolution"inline1ofparagraph3canbebestreplacedby（）.6.Theword"they"inline2ofparagraph5refersto（）.7.Thephrase“cometotheaidof”inline2ofthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans（）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.Ploughingthesoil,plantingseeds,harvestingcropsandraisinganimals.B.Enrichingthesoilwithartificialfertilizers.C.HardfarmworkisdonebymanuallaborandanimalsD.Ploughingthesoilwithtractors.問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.doesthesamekindofworkasteamsofhorses,oroxenoncedidB.isusedtobreakupthesoilsowtheseedsandcarriesmanureC.replacesbothmenandanimalsandprovidespowertodriveothermachineryD.hastwomassivewheelsattherear問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.growingplantsneedcertainessentialelementsB.farmersapplymanurebeforeplantingC.stimulatingcropsintobettergrowthalsohassideeffectD.artificialfertilizersarewidelyused問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.therearetremendousdifferencesbetweentraditionalfarmingandmodemfarmingB.inmodernfarmingtractorisessentialC.fertilizersarethesymbolofmodemfarmingD.farmersseldomapplymanurenow問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.gradualchangeB.completechangeC.suddenchangeD.slowchange問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)A.generalfarmmachinesB.farmersC.tractorsD.combineharvesters問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)A.runheretohelpB.cometotheareaC.offerhelptoD.serveasanaide2.寫(xiě)作題Differentpeoplehavedifferentideasabout“future”.Somepeopleunderstanditaspainanddeath;somebelieveitmeanshopeandexpectation;stillothersregarditassomewhereyoureachwithinanhourofsixtyminutes.Whatisyourownideaandhowwouldyousupportit?Writeacompositionaboutitofatleast150words.Youcaneitherusethegiventitle“FUTURE”,ormakesomeslightchangesasyoulike.3.單選題The（）ofthelakeiscoveredwithreedsandrushes.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.bankB.shoreC.bandD.coast4.單選題Deathcomesquicklyinthemountains.Eachwinterholidaymakersarecaughtunawaresastheyhappilyskiawayfromthefixedruns,littlerealizingthatasmallavalanchecansendthemcrashinginabone-breakingfalldowntheslopeandleavethemburiedundertonsofcrispwhitesnow.Therearelotsoftheoriesabouthowtoavoiddisasterwhenhitbyanavalanche.Practiceisnormallylesscheerful.ThesnowintheSalzburgofAustriawherearecentdisastertookplacewastypicalavalanchematerial.ForseveraldaysbeforetheincidentIhadskiedlocally.Earlywintersnowwaswearingthinandcoveredwithice.Ontopofthatnew,warmerflakesweregentlyfallingtoproduceadangerouscarpet.Totheskierwhoenjoysunmarkedslopesitistemptingstuff,deepnewpowersnowonahardbase—theskiingthatdreamsaremadeofandsometimesnightmares.Snowfallsinsectionslikeacake.Differentsectionshavedifferentdensitiesbecauseofthetemperaturesatthetimeofthefallandintheweeksafterwards.Problemscomewhenanyparticularsectionistoothickandnotstickingtothesectionbeneath.ThesnowofthepastfewweekshadbeenfallinginratherhighertemperaturesthanthoseofDecemberandearlyJanuary.Theresultoftheseconditionsisthatevenaslightincreaseinthetemperaturessendsathinstreamofwaterbetweenthenewsnowandtheold.Thenthenewsnowsimplyslidesoffthemountain.Suchslidesarenotunexpected.Localcitizensknowtheslopeswhichtendtoavalancheandtheweatherinwhichsuchslidesarelikely.Trapsaresettocatchthesnoworpreventitslipping;bombsareplacedandexplodedfromtimetotimetosetoffsmallavalanchesbeforeabigonehastimetobuildup;andaboveall,skiersarewarnednottoskiindangerareas.Inspiteofthis,avalancheshappeninunexpectedareasand,ofcourse,skiersignorethewarnings.Theonecomforttorecreationalskiers,however,isthatavalancheincidentsonthemarkedskislopesarequiterare.Noskiresortwantstheimageofbeingadeathtrap.1.Eachwinterholidaymakersinthemountainscomefacetofacewithdeathbecause（）.2.Accordingtothewriter,skiingconditionsintheSalzburgareaofAustriabeforetheaccidenthappenedwere（）.3.Inareaswhereavalanchesareknowntohappen（）.4.Althoughaccidentsdohappen,skierswillbereasonablysafeif（）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.theyfailtorealizehowdangerousavalanchescanbeB.theyarenotexpertenoughatskiingonthefixedruns.C.theyaretryingtoavoidareaswhereavalancheshappenD.theyskigreatdistancesdownthemountainsides問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.perfectfor,theinexperiencedskierB.unsafebecausethenewsnowwascoveredwithiceC.typicalofconditionsresultinginavalanchesD.suitableonlyforskiinglocally問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.localresidentsstayindoorswhentheweatherisbad.B.measuresaretakentopreventseriousavalanchesC.smallavalanchescaneasilybepreventedD.skiersformthemselvesintoawalltokeepthesnowinposition問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.theystayontheofficiallyapprovedslopesB.theyskionlyforpleasureC.theyskionlyatresortsD.theychooselesscrowdedskislope.5.單選題Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography'sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart,asdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves——anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteencentury,photography'sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart;lateinthetwentiethcentury,anambivalentrelationexistsbecauseoftheModernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.Photographers'disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisornotart.Forexamplethosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.2.Accordingtotheauthor,thenineteenth-centurydefendersofphotographymentionedinthepassagestressedthatphotographywas（）.3.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph?4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?5.TheauthorintroduceananalogyAbstractExpressionistpaintersinorderto（）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardartB.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext.C.defininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury.D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches.問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.atechnologicallyadvancedactivity.B.anartforobservingtheworldimpartially.C.anartcomparabletopainting.D.anartthatwouldeventuallyreplacethetraditionalarts.問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.ObjectiveB.MechanicalC.DramaticD.Paradoxical問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.Thephotographers'beliefthattheirrelianceonanimpersonalmachinetoproducetheirartrequiresthesurrenderoftheauthorityoftheirpersonalvision.B.Thephotographers'fearthatseriousphotographymaynotbeacceptedasanartbythecontemporaryartpublic.C.ThePhotographers'beliefthatthebestartissubversiveofartasithaspreviouslybeendefined.D.Thenotoriousdifficultyofdefiningartinitsrelationtorealisticrepresentation.問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.setforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters.B.provideacontrastagainstseriouscontemporaryphotographers.C.provideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,notandshouldnotpretendtobeanart.D.provideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodernart.6.單選題Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhytheyarealwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It'siniquitous,"theysay,"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it'stheconsumerwhopays.."Thepooroldconsumer!He'dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn'tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashing-machine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,ere,fromanadvertisementLotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements,wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybye-lawwhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofthenewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerfulwilyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialsradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice.Anotherthingwemustn'tforgetisthe"smallads",whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyFarthemostfascinatingsectionis!hepersonalor"agony"columns.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It'sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!1.Advertisersshouldstopadvertisingandreducepriceofgoodsbecause（）.2.Thepurposeofadvertisingisto（）.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?4.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe（）.5.Regardingadvertisements,wecanconcludethatthetoneoftheauthorofthispassageseemstobe（）.6.Theword"they"inline3ofparagraph3,refersto（）.7.Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthorseemstosuggestthat（）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.criticsresentthemB.theyhavesomuchtothrowaroundC.theconsumerpaysforallthecostsD.advertiserscomeinforcriticisms問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.informthatconsumergoodsarecheapB.informC.provideagreatdealofknowledgeD.bothsellgoodsandinform問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.B.Everythinghastwosides.C.Wastenot,wantnot.D.it'snousecryingeverspiltmilk.問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.AdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunityB.EntirelyUnproductiveIndustryC.ThinkBigD.GoodQualityProductsDon'tNeedtoBeAdvertised問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.criticalB.positiveC.negativeD.neutral問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)A.lotsofpeopleB.thesedaysC.advertisementsD.“they”inthefirstsentence問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)A.advertisementsareeverywhereB.advertisementsarealotoffunC.advertisementsareunnecessarilycostlyD.advertisementsmakeproductscheaper7.單選題（）youarefamiliarwiththeauthor'sideas,tryreadingallthesectionsasquicklyasyoucan.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.NowthatB.SothatC.EversinceD.Aslongas8.翻譯題Passage1肝臟是人體最大的腺體,它位于右上腹部。肝臟表面光滑,因血液供應(yīng)豐富而呈暗紅色。大約25%的心輸出量流向肝臟。肝臟有許多重要的功能：1)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物(蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物和脂肪)、藥物和毒素的攝取、儲(chǔ)存和代謝。2)合成蛋白的產(chǎn)生和機(jī)體物質(zhì)的代謝。Passage2100多年前,世界上第一輛汽車(chē)的誕生讓人們感受到速度帶來(lái)的震撼。然而,汽車(chē)在給人類(lèi)社會(huì)帶來(lái)便捷的同時(shí),消耗了大量的石油,而且每天排放大量污染物,對(duì)人類(lèi)健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境造成嚴(yán)重危害。因此,研發(fā)節(jié)能與新能源汽車(chē)成為全球汽車(chē)業(yè)發(fā)展的主題。Passage3管理是一種社會(huì)職能,隱藏在習(xí)俗、信念等傳統(tǒng)里,以及政府政策和政治制度中,管理也是‘文化'。人與人的關(guān)系正代替人與自然或人與物之間的關(guān)系成為相互交往的首要方式。人文文化從科學(xué)尋找自信心、理智能意念；科學(xué)從人文文化吸取朝向人的情感、價(jià)值觀念。

ChooseONLYONEtextformthefollowingandtranslateitintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovidedifmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

9.單選題Greatandsignificantmusiccan,however,bewrittenonthemesthatare,inthemselves,（）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.quitelovelyB.verymagnificentC.intriguingD.trivial10.翻譯題Passage1ShortagesoffluvaccinearenothingnewinAmerica,butthisyear’sisabiglie.Untillastweek,itappearedthat100millionAmericanswouldhaveaccesstoflushotsthisfall.ThenBritishauthorities,concernedaboutquality-controlproblemsataproductionplantinLiverpool,barredallfurthershipmentsbytheChironCorp.Overnight,theU.S.vaccinesupplydwindledbynearlyhalf.Whyissuchabasichealthservicesoeasilyknockedout?Mainlybecauseprivatecompanieshavehadlittleincentivetopursueit.Profitmarginsarenarrow,demandisfickleand,becauseeachyear’sfluvirusisdifferent,anyleftovervaccinegoestowaste.Expertsarehopingthatthisyear’sfiascowillspeedthepaceofinnovation.Infact,manyexpertsarehopingtheshortagewillserveasanawarenesscampaign—encouragingthepeoplewhoreallyneedaflushottogetone.Passage2Broadlyspeaking,theEnglishmanisaquiet,shy,reservedpersonwhoisfullyrelaxedonlyamongpeopleheknowswell.Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited,evenembarrassed.Youhaveonlytowitnessacitytrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersorhavingalightsleepinacorner;noonespeaks.Infact,todosowouldseemmostunusual.AnEnglishman,pretendingtobegivingadvicetooverseasvisitors,oncesuggested,“Onenteringarailwaycarriageshakehandswithallthepassengers.”Needlesstosay,hewasnotbeingserious.Thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich,ifbroken,makesthepersonimmediatelysuspect.Passage3Theprincipallinesofdevelopmentofmachineryhavebeenanincreaseinthespeedofoperationtoobtainhighratesofproduction,improvementinaccuracytoobtainqualityandeconomyintheproduct,andminimizationofoperatingcosts.Thesethreerequirementshaveledtotheevolutionofcomplexcontrolsystems.Themostsuccessfulproductionmachineryisthatinwhichthemechanicaldesignofthemachineiscloselyintegratedwiththecontrolsystem,whetherthelatterismechanicalorelectricalinnature.Amodemconveyorforthemanufactureofautomobileenginesisagoodexampleofthemechanizationofacomplexseriesofmanufacturingprocesses.Developmentsareinhandtoautomateproductionmachines,further,usingcomputerstostoreandprocessthevastamountofdatarequiredformanufacturingavarietyofcomponentswithasmallnumberofversatilemachinetools.Oneaimisacompletelyautomatedmachineshopforbatchproduction.ChooseONLYONEpassagefromthefollowingpassageandtranslateitaswellasyoucan.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.Ifmorethanonetranslationappearsonyouranswersheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored.11.單選題TheFourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,ratifiedin1868,prohibitsstategovernmentsfromdenyingcitizensthe“equalprotectionofthelaws”.Althoughpreciselywhattheframersoftheamendmentmeantbythisequalprotectionclauseremainsunclear,allinterpretersagreethattheframers'immediateobjectivewastoprovideaconstitutionalwarrantfortheCivilRightsActof1866,whichguaranteedthecitizenshipofallpersonsbornintheUnitedStatesandsubjecttoUnitedStatesjurisdiction.Thisdeclaration,whichwasechoedinthetextoftheFourteenthAmendment,wasdesignedprimarilytocountertheSupremeCourt'srulinginDredScottVSanfordthatBlackpeopleintheUnitedStatescouldbedeniedcitizenship.TheactwasvetoedbyPresidentAndrewJohnson,whoarguedthattheThirteenthAmendment,whichabolishedslavery,didnotprovideCongresswithauthoritytoextendcitizenshipandequalprotectionthefreedslaves.AlthoughCongresspromptlyoverrodeJohnson'sveto,supportersoftheactsoughttoensureitsconstitutionalfoundationswiththepassageoftheFourteenthAmendment.ThebroadlanguageoftheamendmentstronglysuggeststhatitsframerswereproposingtowriteintotheConstitutionnotalaundrylistofspecificcivilrightsbutaprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatforbidsorganizedsocietyfromtreatinganyindividualasamemberofaninferiorclass.Yetforthefirsteightdecadesoftheamendment'sexistence,theSupremeCourt'sinterpretationoftheamendmentbetrayedthisidealofequality.IntheCivilRightsCasesof1883,forexample,theCourtinventedthe“stateaction”limitation,whichassertsthat“private”decisionsbyownersofpublicaccommodationsandothercommercialbusinessestosegregatetheirfacilitiesareinsulatedfromthereachoftheFourteenthAmendment'sguaranteeofequalprotectionunderthelaw.AftertheSecondWorldWar,ajudicialclimatemorehospitabletoequalprotectionclaimsculminatedintheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BroadofEducationthatraciallysegregatedschoolsviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.1.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingiscorrect?2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelyindicatesthesequenceoftheeventslistedbelow?I.CivilRightsActof1866II.DredScottV.SanfordIII.FourteenthAmendmentIV.VetobyPresidentJohnson3.Accordingtothepassage,theoriginalproponentsoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereprimarilyconcernedwith（）.4.TheauthorimpliesthattheFourteenthAmendmentmightnothavebeenenactedif（）.5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheprincipaleffectofthestateactionlimitationwasto（）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.Bypresentingalistofspecificrights,framersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereattemptingtoprovideaconstitutionalbasisforabroadjudicialprotectionoftheprincipleofequalcitizenship.B.InterpretersoftheFourteenthAmendmenthavenotreachedconsensuswithregardtowhatitsframersmeantbytheequalprotectionclause.C.NotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWardidtheSupremeCourtbegintointerprettheFourteenthAmendmentinamannerconsistentwiththeprincipleofequalcitizenshipthatitexpresses.D.TheframersoftheFourteenthAmendmentwereawarethatthephrase“equalprotectionofthelaws”hadbroadimplications.問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.I-II-IV-IIIB.I-IV-III-IIC.III-II-I-IVD.II-I-IV-III問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.detailingtherightsaffordedbytheprincipleofequalcitizenshipB.providingsupportintheConstitutionforequalprotectionforallcitizensoftheUnitedStates.C.overturningtheCivilRightsActof1866D.assertingthatthecivilrightsprotectedbytheConstitutionincludednonracialdiscriminationaswellasracialdiscrimination.問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.Congress'authoritywithregardtolegislatingcivilrightshadnotbeenchallenged.B.theframershadanticipatedtheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.C.theframershadbelievedthatitwouldbeusedindecidingcasesofdiscriminationinvolvingnon-racialgroups.D.Moststategovernmentshadbeenwillingtoprotectcitizens'civilrights.問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.allowsomediscriminatorypracticestocontinueunimpededbytheFourteenthAmendment.B.influencetheSupremeCourt'srulinginBrownV.BoardofEducation.C.provideexpandedguidelinesdescribingprohibitedactions.D.prohibitstatesfromenactinglawsthatviolatedtheintentoftheCivilRightsActof1866.12.單選題Men'sandwomen'sbrainsarenotonlydifferent,butthewayweusethemdifferstoo.Womenhavelargerconnectionsandmorefrequentinteractionbetweentheirbrain'sleftandrighthemispheres.Thisaccountsforwomen'sabilitytohavebetterverbalskillsandintuition.Men,ontheotherhand,havegreaterbrainhemisphereseparation,whichexplainstheirskillsforabstractreasoningandvisual-spatialintelligence.Bothmenandwomentendtofollowtheirbiologicalprograms.Mentendtoretainafirmsenseofdirection:theyneedtotracethegame,catchit,andfindthewayhome,whilewomenhaveabetterp