高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專題復(fù)習(xí)之猜測(cè)詞義、主旨大意

高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解指導(dǎo)ReadingComprehension

要求考生讀懂熟悉的有關(guān)日常生活話題的簡(jiǎn)短文字材料，例如公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章?？忌鷳?yīng)能：

【考綱要求】１、理解主旨要義；

２、理解文中具體信息；４、作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和理解；

５、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；

６、理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度。３、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；近五年江蘇卷閱讀理解試題分類情況題目設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)量20102011201220132014試題設(shè)計(jì)分類細(xì)節(jié)理解88654詞義猜測(cè)10213推理判斷54687主旨大意13111高考閱讀文章體裁和題材說(shuō)明文(Expositorywriting)：科普類、社會(huì)生活類、介紹類等應(yīng)用文(Practicalwriting

)：廣告、新聞、調(diào)查報(bào)告、說(shuō)明書等記敘文(Narrativewriting)

：文學(xué)類（小說(shuō)、故事、人物傳記等）議論文(Argumentativewriting)：各種社會(huì)熱議話題是考生閱讀理解能力的一個(gè)重要方面.高考閱讀理解主要測(cè)試考生根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜出生詞詞義或舊詞新意的能力.

【考綱解讀】猜測(cè)詞義詞義猜測(cè)1）Theunderlinedword（phrase）inthepassagemeans/refersto_________．

2）Theword"it（them）"inthefirstparagraphrefersto________．

3）Theunderlinedsentenceinthepassagemeans________．4）Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthepassage？一、生詞生義（一）根據(jù)常識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)(2013湖北B）AchildoftheDepression(大蕭條),SheilawasraisedinBrooklynbyparentswhoconsiderededucationaluxuryforgirls.Q：Theword“l(fā)uxury”inParagraph3means__.A.somethingrarebutnotpleasantB.somethingthatcannotbeimaginedC.somethingexpensivebutnotnecessaryD.somethingthatcanonlybeenjoyedbyboys（二）根據(jù)針對(duì)性解釋1.根據(jù)文中的定義、解釋猜生詞。(2014課標(biāo)I,B)Sadly,theabundanceofpassengerpigeonsmayhavebeentheirundoing.Wherethebirdsweremostabundant,peoplebelievedtherewasanever-lastingsupplyandkilledthembythethousands.Q:Theunderlinedword“undoing”probablyreferstothepigeons’_______.A.escapeB.ruinC.liberationD.evolution解題技巧：要注意生詞或短語(yǔ)后面的定義或解釋符號(hào)，如破折號(hào)、thatis、itmeans、refersto、i.e.等2.根據(jù)舉例猜生詞（2014江西,D）Withthecommunicationgadgets,suchasmobilephonesandiPads,peopledonottaketheefforttovisitoneanotherpersonally.Q:Theunderlinedword“gadgets”isclosestinmeaningto__.A.toolsB.messagesC.barriersD.skills解題技巧：要注意suchas,forexample,forinstance,e.g.等詞后面的內(nèi)容。（三）根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義1.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系猜詞（2013福建,A）WhenIwas12,allIwantedwasasignet(圖章)ring.Theywerethe“in”thinganditseemedeverygirlexceptmehadone.Q：Theunderlinedword“in”inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans“_____”.

A.fashionableB.available

C.practicalD.renewable要注意理解同位關(guān)系，比如同位語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)從句，還有or,and,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely,i.e.等詞后面的解釋。2.根據(jù)對(duì)比、比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義1.Doctorsbelievethatsmokingisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.

（）2.Mostofusagreed.However,Billdissented.解題技巧：

（）

1.要注意表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while引導(dǎo)的并列句。2.要注意表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要有：similarly,like,likewise,justas,also,aswellas等。harmfuldisagreed3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutaskingtheopinionsofothers.（）獨(dú)裁的；專制的解題技巧:要注意表示因果關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要有：because,since,for,as,so,inorderto,soasto,asaresult,thus,so…that,therefore等。4.根據(jù)說(shuō)明、并列、同義近義、反義等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

MostwomeninChina---educatedandilliterate,urbanandrural,theyoungandold-----worktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.Q:Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“illiterate”______?A.repeatB.reiteratedC.uneducatedD.sick5.利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)猜測(cè)詞義Youmayborrowfromlibraryanyperiodical:TimeMagazine,NewsWeekly,ReadersDigest,TheNewYorkers….()解題技巧：如果生詞后使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)，引號(hào)或括號(hào)，常常表示解釋說(shuō)明，可根據(jù)其后的內(nèi)容來(lái)推斷詞義。期刊6.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇(2014福建,B)...However,hecannottakethecreditforcreatingotherwell-lovedcharacters,suchasCinderellaandSnowWhite.TheyarealmostautomaticallyassociatedwithDisneybecauseDisneyturnedoldfables(寓言)intocartoonmovies.Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedword”They”inthefirstparagraphreferto_______?A.Suchwonderfulthings B.Otherwell-lovedcharactersC.Oldfables D.Cartoonmovies6.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇(2014福建,B)...However,hecannottakethecreditforcreatingotherwell-lovedcharacters,suchasCinderellaandSnowWhite.TheyarealmostautomaticallyassociatedwithDisneybecauseDisneyturnedoldfables(寓言)intocartoonmovies.解題技巧：文章中的代詞it，that，he，him,they,them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it,this和that還可以指一件事。二、熟詞生義1.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)猜詞1)派生法（Derivation）定義：由詞綴和詞根相結(jié)合構(gòu)成單詞的方法。詞綴包括前綴和后綴。前綴改變?cè)~義；后綴通常改變?cè)~性，但詞義基本上和原來(lái)的詞根意義一致。incurable__________autobiography_______speechless________overestimate________二、熟詞生義2)合成法（compounding）定義：由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上詞組成的詞組成一個(gè)新詞的方法叫合成法。sleepwalker_______painkiller__________safeguard________colorblind__________二、熟詞生義3)轉(zhuǎn)化法（conversion）定義：是把一個(gè)詞從原來(lái)的詞類轉(zhuǎn)化成為另一種詞類，使其具有新的意義和作用。Theotherteams,disappointed,wereonthebusheadinghome.()2.根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境猜詞（2014北京,D）Anotherbrandstoreseekstobemuchmorethanashop,butratheradestination.Andscentisjustonewaytoachievethis.Q:Theunderlinedword"destination"inthelastparagraphprobablymeans____A.aplatformthatexhibitsgoodsB.aspotwheretravelersliketostayC.aplacewherecustomerslovetogoD.atargetthatastoreexpectstomeetDCCCD高考鏈接一、生詞生義（一）常識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)（二）針對(duì)性解釋定義、解釋舉例（三）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義1.同位2.對(duì)比、比較3.因果4.說(shuō)明、并列、同義近義、反義等5.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)6.上下文的指代二、熟詞生義構(gòu)詞法+上下文contextIsenough?

要求考生在理解全文后歸納文章要點(diǎn)，概括中心思想，考生需要分析文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住文章開頭的主題句和最后的結(jié)論，從而找出能夠概括文章主旨的內(nèi)容和中心思想。

【考綱解讀】主旨大意主旨大意1)Thelastparagraphischieflyconcernedwith_______.2)Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat_____.3)Whichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthispassage?2014年全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解主旨大意題型數(shù)量mainidea山東D，四川C,江蘇C，北京C，重慶E，山東C，陜西Ctitle浙江C，安徽E,福建D，課標(biāo)IIA，重慶A，遼寧C，湖南B，江西C

2014年全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解主旨大意題型體裁mainidea說(shuō)明文2，議論文2，記敘文2，應(yīng)用文1title說(shuō)明文2，議論文2，記敘文3Mainidea(2014江蘇,C)Whatisthekeymessageofthelastparagraph?(2014山東,C)Whatisthetextmainlyabout?(2014陜西,C)Thistextismainlyabouttherelationshipbetween______.(2014重慶,E)Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthepassage?Titleaword,aphraseorasentence3principles---general,purposeful,eye-catching/striking說(shuō)明文(Expositorywriting)：科普類、社會(huì)生活類、介紹類等應(yīng)用文(Practicalwriting

)：廣告、新聞、調(diào)查報(bào)告、說(shuō)明書等記敘文(Narrativewriting)

：文學(xué)類（小說(shuō)、故事、人物傳記等）議論文(Argumentativewriting)：各種社會(huì)熱議話題Whereisthetopicsentence?Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.

（1）TS-SS-SS-SS-SS在議論文，說(shuō)明文和應(yīng)用文（新聞報(bào)道、廣告、調(diào)查報(bào)告）中多采用這種格式。Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）SS-SS-SS-TS

議論文、說(shuō)明文、記敘文中常見Sample3

ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.”Shusaid…...“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.”Shusaid.（3）TS-SS-SS-SS-TS

記敘文、議論文中常見Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.

（3）SS-SS-TS-SS-SS1)but,

yet,

however,

in

fact,

indeed

2)

in

brief/short,

above/in/after/all

in

all,

conclusion,

inaword

3)show,indicate,suggest

議論文中常見

Sample4Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,…Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,…Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.…alongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.

(4)high-frequencywords高頻率詞/主題詞

Sample4Thepassageismainlyabout_____.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftworailwaysD.thedesignoftwotunnels

說(shuō)明文、記敘文中常見ArgumentativeWriting

TopicPara.

Supportingideas

ConclusionPara1.SS→SS→TSTS→SS→SSSupportingideasTS→SS→SS→SSSS

→TS→SS→SS

ConclusionSS

→SS→SS→TS

ArgumentativeWriting…Practicemakesperfect.Servalsayshewasinspiredbyhisexperienceasafather.Hewouldcomehomefromworkandaskhiskidsiftheyhadbrushedtheirteeth.Theysaid“yes”,butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry.Hedecidedheneededabrushthatreallytoldhimhowwellhischildrenbrushed.(2014山東,D說(shuō)明文)

WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A.HowServalfoundouthiskidsliedtohim.B.WhyServalthoughtbrushingteethwasnecessaryC.HowServaltaughthiskidstobrushtheirteeth.D.WhatinspiredServaltoinventthetoothbrush.Passage1

TruckdriverColm,35,sufferedamysteriousallergicreactionsonSaturdayandwastakentohospital,butwassenthomeonlyforittohappenagainthenextday.Thesecondattackwassoseriousthathisairwayswelled,preventinghimfrombreathing,hisbloodpressuredroppedsuddenly,andhisheartstoppedforamoment.(2014四川,C記敘文)WhatdoesParagraph8mainlytalkabout?A.WhatColmsuffered.B.Colm’spresentsituation.C.WhatcausedColm’sallergy.D.SymptomsofColm’sallergicreactions.Passage2WhydoAmericansstrugglewithwatchingtheirweight,whiletheFrench,whoconsumerichfood,continuetostaythin?NowaresearchbyCornellUniversitysuggestshowlifestyleanddecisionsabouteatingmayaffectweight.ResearchersconcludethattheFrenchtendtostopeatingwhentheyfeelfull....(2014陜西,C應(yīng)用文)Thistextismainlyabouttherelationshipbetween__.A.AmericansandtheFrenchB.lifestyleandobesityC.childrenandadultsD.fastfoodandoverweightPassage3Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthepassage?A.Pers