托福語法基礎第五章

第五章定語5.1

定語5.1.1

定義future]5.1.2

可作定語的成分名詞A

[sales]

man,

a

[police]

station形容詞A

[beautiful]

girl, a

book

[useful

for

your動詞現(xiàn)在分詞A

woman

[walking

on

the

street]5.1定語動詞過去分詞A

painting

[painted

by

Picasso]動詞不定式A

way

[to

solve

the

problem]介詞短語[A

bottle

of]

water

[on

the

table]句子Is

he

the

man

[who

wants

to

see

you]?5.1.3定語從句定義Is

he

the

man

who

wants

to

see

you?who是一個關系詞。其修飾的名詞man就是先行詞architecture

employs

methods

thathavechanged

littlethat是關系詞，所修飾的名詞methods是先行詞。5.1.3定語從句課堂練習：The

skull

is

cetacean-like

but

its

jawbones

lack

theenlarged

space

that

is

filled

with

fat

or

oil

and

usedfor

receiving

underwater

sound

in

modern

whales.The

incentive

of

the

farmers

who

wish

to

conservewater

is

reduced

by

their

knowledge

that

many

oftheir

neighbors

are

profiting

by

using

greatamounts

of

water,

and

in

the

process

are

drawingdown

the

entire

region’s

water

supplies.a.非限制性定語從句先行詞為專有名詞及獨一性名詞。I

met

David,

who

is

my

classmate.我碰到了大衛(wèi)，他是我的同學。I

live

in

Shanghai,

which

is

a

big

city.我住在上海，那是個大城市。Here

comes

my

father,

who

is

a

teacher.我爸爸來了，他是一個老師。b.限制性定語從句先行詞沒有特殊性，一般可以翻譯為“…的”。He

is

a

boy

who

works

hard.他是一個努力工作的男孩。I

like

the

book

which

he

bought

yesterday.我喜歡他昨天買的書。課堂練習The

explanation

may

be

that

the

terrestrial

planetswere

once

much

larger

and

richer

in

these

materialsbuteventually

lost

them

because

of

these

bodies'relative

closeness

to

the

Sun,

which

meant

that

theirtemperatures

were

relatively

high.The

skull

is

cetacean-like

but

its

jawbones

lack

theenlarged

space

that

is

filled

with

fat

or

oil

and

used

forreceiving

underwater

sound

in

modern

whales.5.1.4

定語處理方法改為兩個簡單句例：The

skull

is

cetacean-like

but

its

jawbones

lack

theenlarged

space

that

is

filled

with

fat

or

oil

and

usedfor

receiving

underwater

sound

in

modern

whales.Scientists

feltthat

they

could

get

an

ideaof

howlong

the

extinctions

took

by

determining

how

longit

took

to

deposit

this

one

centimeter

of

clay

andthey

thought

they

could

determine

the

time

it

tookto

deposit

the

clay

by

determining

the

amount

ofthe

element

iridium

(Ir)

it

contained.5.2同位語5.2.1定義作用Mr.Smith,

our

new

teacher,is

very

kind

to

us。our

new

teacher補充解釋說明Mr.Smith，所以它就是Mr.Smith的同位語。They

must

also

keep

swimming

to

keep

fromsinking,

since

most

have

largely

or

completely

lostthe

swim

bladder,

the

gas-filled

sac

that

helps

mostother

fish

remain

buoyant.A

2003

Mars

Global

Surveyor

image

shows

whatmission

specialists

think

may

be

a

delta

―

a

fan-shaped

network

of

channels

and

sediments

where

ariver

once

flowed

into

a

larger

body

of

water,

in

thiscase

a

lake

filling

a

crater

in

the

southern

highlands.5.2.2同位語從句定義：跟同位語從句的名詞是一些特定的抽象名詞I

heard

the

news

that

our

team

had

won.The

incentive

of

the

farmers

who

wish

to

conservewater

is

reduced

by

their

knowledge

that

many

oftheir

neighbors

are

profiting

by

using

greatamounts

of

water,

and

in

the

process

are

drawingdown

the

entire

region’s

water

supplies.The

hypothesis

that

begging

calls

have

evolvedproperties

that

reduce

their

potential

for

attractingpredators

yields

a

prediction:

baby

birds

of

speciesthat

experience

high

rates

of

nest

predation

shouldproduce

softerbeggingsignals

of

higher

frequencythan

nestlings

of

other

species

less

often

victimizedby

nest

predators.There

is

growing

evidence

in