三次大征服中古世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)課件

OldandMiddleEnglishThreeConquests2EnglishisaMeltingPotofIndo-EuropeanLanguagesIndo-Europeans’hometown:VolgaRiver伏爾加河+DonRiver3EnglishisaMeltingPotofIndo-EuropeanLanguagesCeltic塞爾特

LatinGermanFrenchGeneralIntroductionTwoperiods—the

OldEnglishandtheMiddle

English—aresharplydistinguished杰出的fromeachotherasaresultoftheNormanConquestoftheislandin1066.5EarlyHistoryEarlySettlers3ConquestsRomansAnglo-SaxonsNormans6EarlyEnglandCreatedby

ThreeInvasionsRomanOccupation55B.C.-410A.D.2.Anglo-SaxonandVikingInvasions410–1066A.D.3.TheNormanInvasion(TheBattleofHastings)in1066A.D.LATINGERMAN(IC)FRENCHHistory

EarlyHabitantsExceptinIrelandwheretheyareinthemajority,theCeltsareanindigenouspeopleofEuropewithlargenumbersintheUnitedKingdomandFrance.History

EarlyHabitantsTheCeltsmovedfromEuropeancontinenttotheBritishIslesinabout500B.C.Language:Celtic,theoldestrecordedlanguagebeforetheformingofoldEnglish.Celtic,NOTEnglishTheMovementoftheCeltsCelticAppearanceCelticwomenCelticClothesStonehengeinWiltshire(SouthernEngland)StonehengeinWiltshire(SouthernEngland)CelticPatternsandWeavingsCelticKnotsCelticKnotsDecorationsCelticWarriorsCelticLanguage:

Gaelic蓋爾語(yǔ)/IrishIrishGaelicGoodbyeMynameisChristinaMacLeanandIam13yearsoldBeannachdLeibhIsmiseCairistionaNicGilleathainagusthamitribliadhnadeugCeltsToday1CeltsToday2BagpipesandCelticDancesCeltsinKiltsFirstConquest:RomanConquest

（55B.C.-410A.D

）TheearlyinhabitantsCeltswereconqueredbytheRomansTheAnglo-SaxonsTheNormansFirstConquest:RomanConquestTheearlyinhabitantsCeltswereconqueredbytheRomansTheAnglo-SaxonsTheNormansWhydidtheRomansinvade入侵?In55B.C.theRomangeneralJuliusCaesar凱撒wasinbattlewithGauls（高盧人）whohadbeenhelpedbyCeltsinBritain.CaesarwasupsetbytheirassistanceanddecidedtoteachtheBritons（不列吞人，BritishCelts）alesson.

InhisportraitJuliusCaesarworeawreathonhisheadtohidehisbaldness!28RomanizingBritainWhatdidRomanruleleavebehind?ManytypesofanimalsandplantswerebroughttoBritain.Miles,feetandinchesareRomanmeasurements.ChristianityReadingandwritingwerealsointroducedbytheRomans.ManywordsinEnglishandWelshhavebeenborrowedfromtheLatin

language.E.g.autumn,beautiful,continue,different....Hadrian’sWallBuiltbyRomanemperor

Hadrianinaround122ADinnorthernEnglandtofightenemyfromthenorth.Hadrian’sWall:north-westernborderoftheRomanEmpireHadrian’sWallIn1987,theWorld’sCulturalHeritage遺產(chǎn),length:118kilometersBritanniaBritainBritonQuestion1BeforetheRomansinvadedthepeopleofBritainwerecalled?CeltsGaulsVikingsQuestion1BeforetheRomansinvadedthepeopleofBritainwerecalled?CeltsGaulsVikings36TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod

410–1066A.D(OldEnglish)WhoweretheAnglo-Saxons?.WhoareAnglo-SaxonsGermanictribesinScandinavia.Whydidthemcome?Badlivingconditionsintheirhomeland.OldEnglishFourmajordialectsinoldEnglish:WestSaxon(西撒克遜語(yǔ)),Kentish（肯特語(yǔ)）,Mercian（麥西安語(yǔ)）andNorthumbrianOldEnglishsuffixessuchas:dom,ness,ship,hood,ful,ish,comefromoldEnglishIdioms:mightandmay全力地，friendandfoe敵友，alaboroflove出自喜愛(ài)而作的事情Wheredidtheysettle?WhathappenedtotheAnglo-Saxons?AlfredtheGreat（最偉大的盎格魯撒克遜國(guó)王之一）VikingRaidBy878theVikingshadconqueredallofEnglandexceptWessex.WessexremainedAnglo-SaxonasKingAlfredofWessexdefeatedtheVikingsinbattle.Gradually,theareasofEnglandunderVikingrulewerereconqueredbyAlfred'sdescendants由阿爾弗雷德的后裔奪回.AlfredisconsideredthefirstKingofEngland.Hismainaccomplishmentsincludechampioningeducationandstartingschoolsinanageoflittleeducation.TheAnglo-SaxonChroniclesKingArthurtheLegendWhatisanepic?Alongnarrativepoeminanelevatedstylethatpresentsaheroicfigureandhisadventuresimportanttothehistoryofaraceornation.

InoldEnglishbyAnglo-SaxonsBackgroundandSetting:ancientScandinaviaTopic:Beowulf,anancientScandinaviaWithtracesofChristianityTime:5ADBeowulfasEpic

ResourcesforStudyingBeowulfAHistoryofEnglishLiterature/faculty/irvinem/english016/beowulf/beowulf.htmlBeowulf貝奧武夫BeowulfQuestion2WhowastryingtoinvadeBritaininthe5thcenturyA.D.?KingArthurTheSaxonsTheEmperorHonouiousQuestion2WhowastryingtoinvadeBritaininthe5thcenturyA.D.?KingArthurTheSaxonsTheEmperorHonouious

Question3KingAlfredwastheKingofwhichkingdom?WessexEastAngliaNorthumbria

Question3KingAlfredwastheKingofwhichkingdom?WessexEastAngliaNorthumbriaTheNormanConquest(from1066)59

Anglo-NormansDukeWilliamofNormandysetsailacrosstheEnglishChannelon28thSeptember1066.BattleofHastings1WilliamdefeatedtheSaxonking(Harold)attheBattleofHastings:HastingsonthesouthcoastofEngland62BattleofHastingsTwomonthslater,onChristmasDay,WilliamofNormandywascrownedKingofEnglandinWestMinsterAbbey(1066-87).HastingsCastle

Britain’sfirstNormanCastle城堡65TheHouseofNormandy66NormanInfluenceNormanFrench–officiallanguageWrittenrecordsinEnglishstoppedAfter1204,Englishresumeditsdominance.Peopleofallclassesdailyuse.CowbeefBuildingmansionEmployeemuttonmadamBorrowedWordsinEnglishrise--mount—ascendask--question—interrogategoodness--virtue--probityfast--firm—securefire--flame—conflagrationfear--terror—trepidationholy--sacred—consecratedtime-age-epoch

NormanInfluence1TheAnglo-SaxonlanguagewasreplacedbyNormanFrenchasthelanguageoftheupperclasses,modernEnglishisthenaturaloutgrowthofboth.

NormanInfluence1政府和行政管理方面的詞多數(shù)來(lái)自法語(yǔ)，例如：government（政府），govern（統(tǒng)治），administer（管理），crown（王冠），state（國(guó)家），empire（帝國(guó)），realm（王國(guó)），reign（君主統(tǒng)治），royal（王室的），prerogative（君權(quán)），authority（權(quán)力），sovereign（君主），majesty（陛下），tyrant（專制統(tǒng)治者),oppress（壓迫），court（宮廷），council（地方議會(huì)），parliament（國(guó)會(huì)），assembly（議會(huì)），treaty（條約），alliance（聯(lián)盟），tax（稅），subsidy（補(bǔ)貼金），revenue（稅收），

mayor（市長(zhǎng))法律方面的詞更是大部分來(lái)自法語(yǔ)，例如：justice（正義），equity（公平）；judgement（審判NormanInfluence1MostlawwordscomefromFrench，eg：justice（正義），equity（公平）；judgement（審判),crime（罪行），plea（抗辯），suit（訴訟），plaintiff（原告），defendant（被告），judge（法官），advocate（辯護(hù)者），attorney（律師）NormanInfluence1AftertheNormanConquest,systemwasestablishedinEnglishsociety.BythetimewhenEnglandenteredintofeudalsociety,thesocietywasdividedintotwoclasses:andlandlordspeasantsfeudal72GeneralIntroductionThebeginningofMiddle

English——theNormanConquestoftheislandin1066.GeneralIntroductionTwoperiods—theOldEnglishandtheMiddleEnglish—aresharplydistinguishedfromeachotherasaresultoftheNormanConquestoftheislandin1066.OldEnglishLiteratureFromabout450to1066(theAnglo-SaxonPeriod)TheAnglo-Saxonlanguage:thebasisofModernEnglishMiddleEnglishLiterature1066A.D.-about1500A.D.Beowulf--------thefirstEnglishnationalepicGeneralIntroductionTwoperiods—theOldEnglishandtheMiddle

English—aresharplydistinguishedfromeachotherasaresultoftheNormanConquestoftheislandin1066.WhowereNormans?TheNormanswereoriginallyVikings,whohadmovedtonorthFranceinaboutAD900.

WhoweretheVikings?TheVikingpeoplecamefromthreecountriesofScandinavia:Denmark,NorwayandSweden.TheywerealsoknownastheNorsepeople.Theyweremostlyfarmers,butsomeworkedascraftsmenortraders.MapoftheVikingraidsYellowlines:theroutesoftheDanishVikingssouthtoEngland,Germany,France,Spain,

andthenorthwesternMediterraneancoast.

Whitelines:theNorwegianVikingsRedlines:theroutesoftheSwedishVikingsVikingSoldiersVikingRaidBy878theVikingshadconqueredallofEnglandexceptWessex.WessexremainedAnglo-SaxonasKingAlfredofWessexdefeatedtheVikingsinbattle.Gradually,theareasofEnglandunderVikingrulewerereconqueredbyAlfred'sdescendants.

Anglo-NormansDukeWilliamofNormandysetsailacrosstheEnglishChannelon28thSeptember1066.WindsorCastleManycastleswerebuilt,includingWindsorCastleandtheWhiteTower,thefirstbuildingintheTowerofLond