英語作文寫作指導(dǎo)課件

ChapterFive

—TheWholeComposition

A.OrganizationofacompositionB.Typesofwriting1.Modelforacomposition2.Componentsofacomposition3.Principlesforacomposition4.Processforwritingacomposition

OrganizationofacompositionModelofessaystructureTopicsentenceSupportingidea1Supportingidea2Supportingidea3conclusionIntroductionFirstbodyparagraphSecondbodyparagraphThirdbodyparagraphConclusionParagraphEssayComponentsofacomposition+Themiddle(thebody)

+☆gainsthereader’sattention☆givesnecessarybackgroundinformation☆statesthepurposeofthepapergivesaclearandlogicalpresentationofthefactsandideas☆mustbeintegrallyrelatedtothethesisstatement☆shouldcontainasummaryofthemainpoints☆maycontainasolution,apredictionorarecommendationThebeginning(theintroduction)Theend(theconclusion)TitlemyfirstvisittothepalacemuseumMyFirstVisittothePalaceMuseum2.thepeoplewithoutacountryThePeopleWithoutaCountry3.rulestoabidebyRulestoAbideBy4.DickensandDavidCopperfield

DickensandDavidCopperfield(DavidCopperfield)5.theEnglish-speakingpeopleinQuebec

TheEnglish-SpeakingPeopleinQuebecwhatcantheartistdointheworldoftodayWhatCantheArtistDointheWorldofToday?Howtorevisethesetitles:Principlesforwritingtitles

Writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline.Capitalizethefirstandlastwordsofthetitleandallotherwords(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)exceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions(and,orbut,nor,for,etc),shortprepositionsandthe“to”ininfinitivesAttention:1. Adescription(描寫法)2. Thecentralidea(觀點(diǎn)法/主題法)3. Figuresorstatistics(數(shù)據(jù)法)4. Adefinition(定義法)5. Acontrast(對立法)6. Aquestionorseveralquestions(問題法)7. Aquotation(引用法)8. Aphenomenon(現(xiàn)象法)9. Acomparison(對比法)ThebeginningHerearesomeopeningswhichshouldbeavoided.1)

Anapologyoracomplain:eg:AsIhavereadverylittleoftheauthor’swork,I’mafraidthatIcanhardlywriteanythingofvalueonthetopic.2)

Arestatementoftheassignment:eg:ThetopicIamassignedtowriteonis“AnIdealCollege.”Note:Possibleapproachestobeginanessay:

Beginwithadescription描寫法：通過生動(dòng)的描寫把文章要討論的主題、事物、現(xiàn)象反映出來，以引起讀者的興趣。既可以用在記敘文，也可以用在論說文。

Sample:WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart-timeJobNowadayscollegestudentsareseenwaitingontables,cleaninginstores,advertisinginstreets,teachinginfamiliesanddoingwhateverworktheycanfind(描寫作為引言).Ithasbecomefashionableforcollegestudentstodosomeoddjobsintheirsparetime(中心思想).*Note:Donotwritetoomuch,adescriptionofoneortwosentencesisenough.Thepurposeofthedescriptionistointroducethethesis/centralthoughtoftheessay.Beginwiththecentralidea觀點(diǎn)法/主題法：文章開門見山，直截了當(dāng)?shù)刂赋鑫恼碌闹黝}。即作者這對文章要討論的問題的觀點(diǎn)，也即文章的中心思想。這種方法比較適用于議論文的寫作，便于抓住主題，避免離題。Sample:NoMoreVideoGamesTeenagersarespendingfartoomuchtimeandmoneyonvideoarcadesthesedays(現(xiàn)象陳述作為引言句).Inmyopinion,videogamesshouldbedoneawaywith.Theyarenothingbutawasteoftime,moneyandenergy(thesis/centralidea)BeginwithaFigureorstatistics數(shù)據(jù)法：開頭段引用權(quán)威性地統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，把問題或現(xiàn)象顯現(xiàn)于讀者面前，然后進(jìn)行分析，是作者地觀點(diǎn)顯得客觀，具有較強(qiáng)的說服力。Sample:WhyCollegeGraduatesHaveDifficultiesFindingaJobAccordingtoarecentsurveybyChinaDaily,about15percentofcollegegraduateshavedifficultiesfindingajobaftertheirgraduation,andthenumberseemstobeincreasing(通過數(shù)據(jù)法引導(dǎo)出中心思想)…Beginwithadefinition定義法：通過對文章要討論的主題，尤其是人們不太熟悉的主題進(jìn)行釋義來引出議論。Sample:ShouldEuthanasiaBeAdvocated?Euthanasia,aquietandeasydeath,or“mercykilling”(下定義),hasbecomeaheatedtopicamongpeoplerecently.Manypeopleapplauditandarguethateuthanasiashouldbeadvocatedinoursociety(centralidea).Beginwithacontrast對立法：文章一開頭列舉人們對所討論的問題所持的不同觀點(diǎn)。然后筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，點(diǎn)出作者自己對這個(gè)問題的看法，此方法一般用于論說文中。對立法多用于有爭議性的主題。Sample:MyViewonEasingSchoolChildren’sStudyBurdenEversincetheeasingofschoolchildren’sstudyburdenisadvocatedbyeducators,someteachersandparentsfrownatit,sayingthatitwillexertbadeffectsonthechildren(引言先引出某些人的觀點(diǎn)).But(通過轉(zhuǎn)折引出自己不同的觀點(diǎn)——全文主題)Ithinkeasingschoolchildren’sstudyburdenwilldogoodtoschoolchildrenbothphysicallyandmentally.Beginwithaquestionorseveralquestions問題法：通過提問來引出要討論或有爭議性的問題。由于作者的回答針對性很強(qiáng)，所以此開頭具有較強(qiáng)的邏輯性。Sample:IsMoneyAllPowerful?“Ismoneyallpowerful?”Ifsomeoneasksmethisquestion(引言句提出問題),myanswerisalwaysthesame:Nomoneyisbynomeansallpowerful(通過回答問題引出全文的主題).Beginwithaquotation引用法：文章開頭用名人名言，諺語，或有代表性的看法見解來引出文章要展開討論的一種觀點(diǎn)。Example: “AllIhavelearntincollegeisjunk.”That’showonecollegegraduatedescribedhisfrustrationinlookingforajob.Heishardlyaloneintheexperience.Actuallytherearethousandsofgraduateswhocomplainthatthedegreetheytookawaycan’thelpthemtosecurearewardingjob,andtheknowledgetheyacquiredinclasscan’tbetransformedintousefuljobskills.Beginwithaphenomenon現(xiàn)象法：對某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、傾向或社會(huì)問題進(jìn)行剖析的文章往往在文章一開始首先引出這種現(xiàn)象或問題，然后評論。Example:

Theproblemofdevelopmentvs.environmenthasnowbeeninthelimelight.NowhereistheclashmorevisiblethaninChina,wheretheworld’slargestpopulationfacespollution,deforestationandaidrainonalargescale.Beginwithacomparison比較法：比較法句型主要用于通過對過去與現(xiàn)在兩種不同傾向、態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)的比較，引出文章主要討論的主題。Example:Topic:Nowadaysithasbecomefashionableforcollegestudentstotakeapart-timejobintheirsparetime.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthistrend.Severalyearsago,peoplewereoftenalittlesurprisedwhentheyheardthatacollegestudentwasdoingapart-timejob.“Why?Maybeheisshortofmoney,”theythought.Nowadays,itisnotanuncommonoccurrencethatcollegestudentsareworkingastutors,salesmenandtourguides.Manystudentsputupadvertisementsonbulletinboardsorlamppoststosearchforoddjobs.Whydomanystudentsshowgreatinterestinapart-timejoborasummerjob?Theend1.Summarizing(總結(jié)式)2.Restating(復(fù)述式)3.Lookingforward(展望式)4.Suggesting(建議式)5.Warning(警示式)Herearesomeineffectiveendingsyoushouldtrytoavoid:1)

Endwithanapology:eg:AsIaminexperienced,IamafraidthatIhavelittletosayaboutthesubject.2)

Endwithanannouncementthatyouhaveended.eg:Inconclusion,Iwishtostatethatearthquakesareamajorproblemofournation’sfuture.Note:1.Summarizing總結(jié)式:在文章結(jié)尾處對全文闡述的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié),以揭示主題.Sample:WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart-timeJob Thesignificanceforcollegestudentsofdoingapart-timejobmeansmorethanmoneyandexperience:Itwillbroadentheirout-lookandexertaprofoundinfluenceontheirpersonalityandlife(總結(jié)式).2.Restating復(fù)述式:通過重復(fù)引言部分提出的觀點(diǎn),以達(dá)到強(qiáng)化主題,首尾呼應(yīng)的效果,加深印象.Sample:TheNecessityofVoluntaryBloodDonation Sincevoluntaryblooddonationisbeneficialtothebloodreceivers,tothedonatorsthemselvesandtothesociety,whydon’twealljoinintheline?(復(fù)述前面提到的三個(gè)方面)3.Lookingforward展望式:對文章討論的問題提出解決辦法,同時(shí)對問題的解決充滿信心,對發(fā)展中的新情況、新事物寄予厚望，并向讀者展示良好的發(fā)展前景。此方法能給人以鼓舞，有助于增加文章的感染力。Sample4WhyDoIChoosetoLiveintheSuburbs Livinginthesuburbsisbecomingapredominantpattern,andwiththeimprovementoftrafficandtheperfectionofservices,itwillprovetoholdgreatsuperiorityovercitylife(展望).4.Suggesting建議式：對文章討論的問題或現(xiàn)象，提出解決的方法和建議，指明發(fā)展規(guī)律的方向。Sample:TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPrivateTutoringGenerallyspeaking,thedisadvantagesofprivatetutoringoverweightheadvantages.Therefore,greateremphasisshouldbelaidonclassroomteachingandpractice,ontheimprovementofteachingqualityandonthetappingofthepupil’spotentialities(提出建議).Onlyinthiswaycananewgenerationbehealthilybroughtup(作出展望).5.Warning警示式：結(jié)尾指出所討論問題的嚴(yán)重性或可能出現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重性，以引起讀者對所討論的問題的高度重視。Sample6EaseBurdenofourSchoolChildren Ifwedon’teaseourschoolchildren’sstudyburdennow,justimaginewhatwouldbecomeofourchildreninafewyears:theireyesshort-sighted,theirbackshunched,theyarenothingbutbookworms（指出后果）.Therefore,easingourschoolchildren’sstudyburdenisnotanecessity,butamust(得出結(jié)論).

Bodyparagraphs:☆containatopicsentencedirectlyrelatedtothethesis☆containsupportingstatementsthatexplain,clarify,define,illustratethetopicsentenceoftheparagraph☆showcoherentthoughtdevelopment☆usecoherentdevices(e.g.tansitions)Someprinciples:Likeaparagraph,acompositionmusthaveunity.Allthefactsandalltheideasinanessayshouldcontributetothepresentationofitsthesisorcentralthought.Acompositionconsistsofseveralparagraphs,eachofwhichhasonecentralthought.Theymustbearrangedinsomekindoforder,sothatoneparagraphleadsnaturallytoanothertoformanorganicwhole.ComingupwithideasCollectmaterialforwritingthroughbrainstorm,websurfing,etcIdentifyinganaudienceAskyourselfwhowouldbeinterestedinsuchatopicOrganizingyourideasTrytheoutliningtechniqueFollowachronological,spatial,orcause-and–effectorderWritingyourfirstdraftNarrowdownthetopictomakeiteasiertowriteBegintowritethebodyparagraphfirstRevisingyourdraftSeetheckecklistofrevisionAddingmoredetailsShowratherthanjusttell,tryusingexamplestoillustrateunderdevelopedpointsFindingtherightwordsChoosespecificandsimplewordsReadthroughyourdraftandunderlinethevaguewordsRewritesentencestoexpressyourideainanotherwayProcessforwritingContentAsingle,cleartopicsentenceInterestingandthought-provokingEnoughfacts,enoughspecificdetailsExamplestoclarifyanyitemsorideasConvincingreasonsforreaderstoacceptcontroversialstatementsOrganizationEveryideahelpstogetthemainideaacrossWell-organizedparagraphConnectionsbetweenparagraphsobviousEffectiveintroductionandconclusionStyleUsethesimplestwordstogetideasacrossAllthesentencesareclearEmphasizethemostimportantideasMechanicsCompletesentencesSubjectandverbagreementPronounsTensescorrectandconsistentKeeppartsofthesentencesparallelWordsspelledcorrectlyAchecklistforrevision1.Description—ispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.2.Narration—tonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Itincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.3.Exposition—Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.4.Argumentation—thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince,tomakethereaderagreewithitspointofview,andtopersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior.B.TypesofwritingTypesofdescription:descriptionofaperson—eg:MyfriendRobertodescriptionofaplace——eg:DiningRoomdescriptionofanobject—eg:TheEarliestCoinsinChinadescriptionofascene——eg:TyphoonDescriptionGoldenrulesfordescription:Thedescriptiveessayreliesonconcrete,sensorydetailtocommunicateitspoint.Rememberwehavefivesenses,notoneortwo.ChoosedetailscarefullyMakeastrongimpressioninyourreader’smindTheorderisofgreatimportanceindescription:fromoutsidetoinside,fromgeneraltoparticular,byfollowingthespatialorder,byfollowingthechronologicalorderDescriptionNarrativewritingisusuallycharacterizedbythefollowing:Context—plot,character,settingSelectionofdetails—onlyrelavantdetailsthatcontributetobringingoutthemainideastothenarrative,areusefulandeffectivePointofview—useoffirstorthird-personnarratorOrganization—eventsorganizedintime-orderPurpose—theremustbeapurposeintellingastory.Thewritermaywanttoproveatheory,toillustrateaconcept,topraiseavirture,tocondemnavice,etc.NarrationGuidelinesfornarration:OrganizetheeventseffectivelyDepictcharactersandsettingvividlyShow,nottellCreateamainidea,impression,orthemeNarrationDifferencebetween

narrationanddescriptionNarrative:thenarrativeessaytellsastory,justlikeanarratorinaplay.Descriptive:thedescriptiveessaypaintsapicture.Itdescribesaperson,place,thing,oridea.Thepurposeforexpositorywritingistoinform,explain,clarify,define,orinstruct.Typesofexposition:IllustrationDivisionandclassificationComparisonandcontrastCauseandeffectDefinitionExpositionThemostimportantqualityofexpositionisclarity.Toachievethisthewritershould:Limithissubjectorthescopeofdiscussion,foritisimpossibletoexplainmanythingsclearlyinashortessay;Prepareenoughmaterial(detailsorexamples)tohelphisexplanation;theordinaryreaderoftenfindsabstractdiscussionshardtofollowiftheyarenotillustratedbyconcreteexamples;Presenthisfactsandviewsinproperorder,intheorderoftimeoroflogicalsequencedependingonthenatureofthesubject;Payattentiontotheaccuracyandclarityofwordsandsentences;avoidornamentalaswellasambiguousexpressions1. Thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Anexpositoryessaymakesknownsomethingandexplainsittomakethereaderunderstand. Anargumentationessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.Whatisargumentation:ArgumentationAdebatablepoint—sth.thatcanbeviewedfrommorethanoneangleandisthereforeopentodispute.Sufficientevidence:A)commonknowledge; B)specificexamples; C)hard,notsoftevidence,orfacts,notopinions,unlessthepinionsareexpertandauthoritative;D)statistics E)quotationsfromauthoritiesRequirementsforargumentation:ArgumentationChinesedoctorsuseacupunctureanesthesiatoperformcertainoperations

Acupunctureanesthesiashouldreplaceconventionalanesthesiainalloperations2.BaJinismyfavoriteauthor

BaJinisthegreatestChinesewriterofthe20thcentury3.Noisepollutionisharmfultopeople’shealth

NoisepollutionisthemostharmfulofallenvironmentalpollutionArgumentationGenerally,thefollowingarenotgoodthemes: A)Merestatementsoffacts B)Statementsofpersonalpreference C)ViewpointsthataregenerallyacceptedorcanbeeasilyverifiedGoodlogic

A)Inductivereas