英語作文寫作指導課件

ChapterFive

—TheWholeComposition

A.OrganizationofacompositionB.Typesofwriting1.Modelforacomposition2.Componentsofacomposition3.Principlesforacomposition4.Processforwritingacomposition

OrganizationofacompositionModelofessaystructureTopicsentenceSupportingidea1Supportingidea2Supportingidea3conclusionIntroductionFirstbodyparagraphSecondbodyparagraphThirdbodyparagraphConclusionParagraphEssayComponentsofacomposition+Themiddle(thebody)

+☆gainsthereader’sattention☆givesnecessarybackgroundinformation☆statesthepurposeofthepapergivesaclearandlogicalpresentationofthefactsandideas☆mustbeintegrallyrelatedtothethesisstatement☆shouldcontainasummaryofthemainpoints☆maycontainasolution,apredictionorarecommendationThebeginning(theintroduction)Theend(theconclusion)TitlemyfirstvisittothepalacemuseumMyFirstVisittothePalaceMuseum2.thepeoplewithoutacountryThePeopleWithoutaCountry3.rulestoabidebyRulestoAbideBy4.DickensandDavidCopperfield

DickensandDavidCopperfield(DavidCopperfield)5.theEnglish-speakingpeopleinQuebec

TheEnglish-SpeakingPeopleinQuebecwhatcantheartistdointheworldoftodayWhatCantheArtistDointheWorldofToday?Howtorevisethesetitles:Principlesforwritingtitles

Writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline.Capitalizethefirstandlastwordsofthetitleandallotherwords(includingwordsfollowinghyphensincompoundwords)exceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions(and,orbut,nor,for,etc),shortprepositionsandthe“to”ininfinitivesAttention:1. Adescription(描寫法)2. Thecentralidea(觀點法/主題法)3. Figuresorstatistics(數據法)4. Adefinition(定義法)5. Acontrast(對立法)6. Aquestionorseveralquestions(問題法)7. Aquotation(引用法)8. Aphenomenon(現象法)9. Acomparison(對比法)ThebeginningHerearesomeopeningswhichshouldbeavoided.1)

Anapologyoracomplain:eg:AsIhavereadverylittleoftheauthor’swork,I’mafraidthatIcanhardlywriteanythingofvalueonthetopic.2)

Arestatementoftheassignment:eg:ThetopicIamassignedtowriteonis“AnIdealCollege.”Note:Possibleapproachestobeginanessay:

Beginwithadescription描寫法：通過生動的描寫把文章要討論的主題、事物、現象反映出來，以引起讀者的興趣。既可以用在記敘文，也可以用在論說文。

Sample:WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart-timeJobNowadayscollegestudentsareseenwaitingontables,cleaninginstores,advertisinginstreets,teachinginfamiliesanddoingwhateverworktheycanfind(描寫作為引言).Ithasbecomefashionableforcollegestudentstodosomeoddjobsintheirsparetime(中心思想).*Note:Donotwritetoomuch,adescriptionofoneortwosentencesisenough.Thepurposeofthedescriptionistointroducethethesis/centralthoughtoftheessay.Beginwiththecentralidea觀點法/主題法：文章開門見山，直截了當地指出文章的主題。即作者這對文章要討論的問題的觀點，也即文章的中心思想。這種方法比較適用于議論文的寫作，便于抓住主題，避免離題。Sample:NoMoreVideoGamesTeenagersarespendingfartoomuchtimeandmoneyonvideoarcadesthesedays(現象陳述作為引言句).Inmyopinion,videogamesshouldbedoneawaywith.Theyarenothingbutawasteoftime,moneyandenergy(thesis/centralidea)BeginwithaFigureorstatistics數據法：開頭段引用權威性地統計數字，把問題或現象顯現于讀者面前，然后進行分析，是作者地觀點顯得客觀，具有較強的說服力。Sample:WhyCollegeGraduatesHaveDifficultiesFindingaJobAccordingtoarecentsurveybyChinaDaily,about15percentofcollegegraduateshavedifficultiesfindingajobaftertheirgraduation,andthenumberseemstobeincreasing(通過數據法引導出中心思想)…Beginwithadefinition定義法：通過對文章要討論的主題，尤其是人們不太熟悉的主題進行釋義來引出議論。Sample:ShouldEuthanasiaBeAdvocated?Euthanasia,aquietandeasydeath,or“mercykilling”(下定義),hasbecomeaheatedtopicamongpeoplerecently.Manypeopleapplauditandarguethateuthanasiashouldbeadvocatedinoursociety(centralidea).Beginwithacontrast對立法：文章一開頭列舉人們對所討論的問題所持的不同觀點。然后筆鋒一轉，點出作者自己對這個問題的看法，此方法一般用于論說文中。對立法多用于有爭議性的主題。Sample:MyViewonEasingSchoolChildren’sStudyBurdenEversincetheeasingofschoolchildren’sstudyburdenisadvocatedbyeducators,someteachersandparentsfrownatit,sayingthatitwillexertbadeffectsonthechildren(引言先引出某些人的觀點).But(通過轉折引出自己不同的觀點——全文主題)Ithinkeasingschoolchildren’sstudyburdenwilldogoodtoschoolchildrenbothphysicallyandmentally.Beginwithaquestionorseveralquestions問題法：通過提問來引出要討論或有爭議性的問題。由于作者的回答針對性很強，所以此開頭具有較強的邏輯性。Sample:IsMoneyAllPowerful?“Ismoneyallpowerful?”Ifsomeoneasksmethisquestion(引言句提出問題),myanswerisalwaysthesame:Nomoneyisbynomeansallpowerful(通過回答問題引出全文的主題).Beginwithaquotation引用法：文章開頭用名人名言，諺語，或有代表性的看法見解來引出文章要展開討論的一種觀點。Example: “AllIhavelearntincollegeisjunk.”That’showonecollegegraduatedescribedhisfrustrationinlookingforajob.Heishardlyaloneintheexperience.Actuallytherearethousandsofgraduateswhocomplainthatthedegreetheytookawaycan’thelpthemtosecurearewardingjob,andtheknowledgetheyacquiredinclasscan’tbetransformedintousefuljobskills.Beginwithaphenomenon現象法：對某種社會現象、傾向或社會問題進行剖析的文章往往在文章一開始首先引出這種現象或問題，然后評論。Example:

Theproblemofdevelopmentvs.environmenthasnowbeeninthelimelight.NowhereistheclashmorevisiblethaninChina,wheretheworld’slargestpopulationfacespollution,deforestationandaidrainonalargescale.Beginwithacomparison比較法：比較法句型主要用于通過對過去與現在兩種不同傾向、態(tài)度和觀點的比較，引出文章主要討論的主題。Example:Topic:Nowadaysithasbecomefashionableforcollegestudentstotakeapart-timejobintheirsparetime.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthistrend.Severalyearsago,peoplewereoftenalittlesurprisedwhentheyheardthatacollegestudentwasdoingapart-timejob.“Why?Maybeheisshortofmoney,”theythought.Nowadays,itisnotanuncommonoccurrencethatcollegestudentsareworkingastutors,salesmenandtourguides.Manystudentsputupadvertisementsonbulletinboardsorlamppoststosearchforoddjobs.Whydomanystudentsshowgreatinterestinapart-timejoborasummerjob?Theend1.Summarizing(總結式)2.Restating(復述式)3.Lookingforward(展望式)4.Suggesting(建議式)5.Warning(警示式)Herearesomeineffectiveendingsyoushouldtrytoavoid:1)

Endwithanapology:eg:AsIaminexperienced,IamafraidthatIhavelittletosayaboutthesubject.2)

Endwithanannouncementthatyouhaveended.eg:Inconclusion,Iwishtostatethatearthquakesareamajorproblemofournation’sfuture.Note:1.Summarizing總結式:在文章結尾處對全文闡述的內容進行概括和總結,以揭示主題.Sample:WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart-timeJob Thesignificanceforcollegestudentsofdoingapart-timejobmeansmorethanmoneyandexperience:Itwillbroadentheirout-lookandexertaprofoundinfluenceontheirpersonalityandlife(總結式).2.Restating復述式:通過重復引言部分提出的觀點,以達到強化主題,首尾呼應的效果,加深印象.Sample:TheNecessityofVoluntaryBloodDonation Sincevoluntaryblooddonationisbeneficialtothebloodreceivers,tothedonatorsthemselvesandtothesociety,whydon’twealljoinintheline?(復述前面提到的三個方面)3.Lookingforward展望式:對文章討論的問題提出解決辦法,同時對問題的解決充滿信心,對發(fā)展中的新情況、新事物寄予厚望，并向讀者展示良好的發(fā)展前景。此方法能給人以鼓舞，有助于增加文章的感染力。Sample4WhyDoIChoosetoLiveintheSuburbs Livinginthesuburbsisbecomingapredominantpattern,andwiththeimprovementoftrafficandtheperfectionofservices,itwillprovetoholdgreatsuperiorityovercitylife(展望).4.Suggesting建議式：對文章討論的問題或現象，提出解決的方法和建議，指明發(fā)展規(guī)律的方向。Sample:TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPrivateTutoringGenerallyspeaking,thedisadvantagesofprivatetutoringoverweightheadvantages.Therefore,greateremphasisshouldbelaidonclassroomteachingandpractice,ontheimprovementofteachingqualityandonthetappingofthepupil’spotentialities(提出建議).Onlyinthiswaycananewgenerationbehealthilybroughtup(作出展望).5.Warning警示式：結尾指出所討論問題的嚴重性或可能出現的嚴重性，以引起讀者對所討論的問題的高度重視。Sample6EaseBurdenofourSchoolChildren Ifwedon’teaseourschoolchildren’sstudyburdennow,justimaginewhatwouldbecomeofourchildreninafewyears:theireyesshort-sighted,theirbackshunched,theyarenothingbutbookworms（指出后果）.Therefore,easingourschoolchildren’sstudyburdenisnotanecessity,butamust(得出結論).

Bodyparagraphs:☆containatopicsentencedirectlyrelatedtothethesis☆containsupportingstatementsthatexplain,clarify,define,illustratethetopicsentenceoftheparagraph☆showcoherentthoughtdevelopment☆usecoherentdevices(e.g.tansitions)Someprinciples:Likeaparagraph,acompositionmusthaveunity.Allthefactsandalltheideasinanessayshouldcontributetothepresentationofitsthesisorcentralthought.Acompositionconsistsofseveralparagraphs,eachofwhichhasonecentralthought.Theymustbearrangedinsomekindoforder,sothatoneparagraphleadsnaturallytoanothertoformanorganicwhole.ComingupwithideasCollectmaterialforwritingthroughbrainstorm,websurfing,etcIdentifyinganaudienceAskyourselfwhowouldbeinterestedinsuchatopicOrganizingyourideasTrytheoutliningtechniqueFollowachronological,spatial,orcause-and–effectorderWritingyourfirstdraftNarrowdownthetopictomakeiteasiertowriteBegintowritethebodyparagraphfirstRevisingyourdraftSeetheckecklistofrevisionAddingmoredetailsShowratherthanjusttell,tryusingexamplestoillustrateunderdevelopedpointsFindingtherightwordsChoosespecificandsimplewordsReadthroughyourdraftandunderlinethevaguewordsRewritesentencestoexpressyourideainanotherwayProcessforwritingContentAsingle,cleartopicsentenceInterestingandthought-provokingEnoughfacts,enoughspecificdetailsExamplestoclarifyanyitemsorideasConvincingreasonsforreaderstoacceptcontroversialstatementsOrganizationEveryideahelpstogetthemainideaacrossWell-organizedparagraphConnectionsbetweenparagraphsobviousEffectiveintroductionandconclusionStyleUsethesimplestwordstogetideasacrossAllthesentencesareclearEmphasizethemostimportantideasMechanicsCompletesentencesSubjectandverbagreementPronounsTensescorrectandconsistentKeeppartsofthesentencesparallelWordsspelledcorrectlyAchecklistforrevision1.Description—ispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.2.Narration—tonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Itincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.3.Exposition—Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.4.Argumentation—thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince,tomakethereaderagreewithitspointofview,andtopersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior.B.TypesofwritingTypesofdescription:descriptionofaperson—eg:MyfriendRobertodescriptionofaplace——eg:DiningRoomdescriptionofanobject—eg:TheEarliestCoinsinChinadescriptionofascene——eg:TyphoonDescriptionGoldenrulesfordescription:Thedescriptiveessayreliesonconcrete,sensorydetailtocommunicateitspoint.Rememberwehavefivesenses,notoneortwo.ChoosedetailscarefullyMakeastrongimpressioninyourreader’smindTheorderisofgreatimportanceindescription:fromoutsidetoinside,fromgeneraltoparticular,byfollowingthespatialorder,byfollowingthechronologicalorderDescriptionNarrativewritingisusuallycharacterizedbythefollowing:Context—plot,character,settingSelectionofdetails—onlyrelavantdetailsthatcontributetobringingoutthemainideastothenarrative,areusefulandeffectivePointofview—useoffirstorthird-personnarratorOrganization—eventsorganizedintime-orderPurpose—theremustbeapurposeintellingastory.Thewritermaywanttoproveatheory,toillustrateaconcept,topraiseavirture,tocondemnavice,etc.NarrationGuidelinesfornarration:OrganizetheeventseffectivelyDepictcharactersandsettingvividlyShow,nottellCreateamainidea,impression,orthemeNarrationDifferencebetween

narrationanddescriptionNarrative:thenarrativeessaytellsastory,justlikeanarratorinaplay.Descriptive:thedescriptiveessaypaintsapicture.Itdescribesaperson,place,thing,oridea.Thepurposeforexpositorywritingistoinform,explain,clarify,define,orinstruct.Typesofexposition:IllustrationDivisionandclassificationComparisonandcontrastCauseandeffectDefinitionExpositionThemostimportantqualityofexpositionisclarity.Toachievethisthewritershould:Limithissubjectorthescopeofdiscussion,foritisimpossibletoexplainmanythingsclearlyinashortessay;Prepareenoughmaterial(detailsorexamples)tohelphisexplanation;theordinaryreaderoftenfindsabstractdiscussionshardtofollowiftheyarenotillustratedbyconcreteexamples;Presenthisfactsandviewsinproperorder,intheorderoftimeoroflogicalsequencedependingonthenatureofthesubject;Payattentiontotheaccuracyandclarityofwordsandsentences;avoidornamentalaswellasambiguousexpressions1. Thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Anexpositoryessaymakesknownsomethingandexplainsittomakethereaderunderstand. Anargumentationessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.Whatisargumentation:ArgumentationAdebatablepoint—sth.thatcanbeviewedfrommorethanoneangleandisthereforeopentodispute.Sufficientevidence:A)commonknowledge; B)specificexamples; C)hard,notsoftevidence,orfacts,notopinions,unlessthepinionsareexpertandauthoritative;D)statistics E)quotationsfromauthoritiesRequirementsforargumentation:ArgumentationChinesedoctorsuseacupunctureanesthesiatoperformcertainoperations

Acupunctureanesthesiashouldreplaceconventionalanesthesiainalloperations2.BaJinismyfavoriteauthor

BaJinisthegreatestChinesewriterofthe20thcentury3.Noisepollutionisharmfultopeople’shealth

NoisepollutionisthemostharmfulofallenvironmentalpollutionArgumentationGenerally,thefollowingarenotgoodthemes: A)Merestatementsoffacts B)Statementsofpersonalpreference C)ViewpointsthataregenerallyacceptedorcanbeeasilyverifiedGoodlogic

A)Inductivereas